This dissertation examines the preservation of Chinese kunqu, one of China’s indigenous operatic genres, in recent years with a special focus on renowned writer Pai Hsien-yung’s new adaptation of classic kunqu play The Peony Pavilion (Mudan ting). I use this adaptation as a case study to demonstrate how the actual shape of a stage production can be determined by a producer’s choice between tradition and innovation. The contention between the two variables can be identified in the hundreds of years of kunqu history. The introduction provides a brief overview of the ascension of kunqu to its dominance as a national opera between late Ming and early Qing dynasties (late sixteenth century to early nineteenth century). The first two chapters analyze the downfall of this genre and its struggle for existence and development from mid-Qing through the turbulent twentieth century with particular emphasis on exploring the interplay between tradition and innovation. The next two chapters focus entirely on Pai Hsien-yung’s stage production of Peony and its wide distribution. The last chapter examines the latest kunqu production modes developed under the influence of Pai’s approach. Through this detailed analysis of Pai’s kunqu production and its impact, this research identifies one of the most prominent trends in kunqu preservation and development in the twenty-first century. It explores the dialectical approach adopted in this trend to handle the relationship between tradition and innovation, and the particular redefinition of audience construction. A renewed wave of kunqu preservation efforts within China during the past decade created a favourable environment for Pai’s productions. The success of his works has drawn new attention to the opera and eased kunqu crisis to a fairly large extent. The most significant contribution of Pai’s works to Chinese kunqu discourse can be seen from the expansion of audience base, particularly among the educated youth, and the increasingly varied and creative strategies for kunqu production and distribution. These changes have greatly transformed the overall Chinese kunqu scene, and ushered in a new era when new kunqu stage works are made into collages of intrinsic kunqu aesthetics and certain traditional artistic values. Pai’s ability to negotiate a space for kunqu amidst fierce competition against the many different forms of modern entertainment has restored people’s confidence in both kunqu and Chinese cultural traditions at large. Pai’s experience of finding a particular balance between tradition and innovation, between art and market, has contributed critically not only to the emergence of more hybridized kunqu productions, but also to the preservation and development of other forms of traditional Chinese performing arts genres in the age of globalization and commercialization.

Chinese feudal women have long been identified as victims of the Chinese Confucian patriarchy and discussed in terms of notions of backwardness, dependency, female passivity, biological inferiority, intellectual inability, and social absence. This image of the victimized women, however, is a product of China’s modernization and Westernization processes since late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century. Its formation is inseparable from the appropriation of the colonialist categories of sex binarism by the May Fourth male “new intellectuals.” This binary, linear gender ideology, together with the social context of Confucianism’s long-term status as the official, orthodox ideology in premodern China, easily led to the conceptualization of women in terms of absence, marginalization, and ultimately victimization. In this process, Chinese women became Woman, the other of Man, which constitutes a monolithic, ahistorical entity that masks specificities and variations in different historical periods and concrete cultural contexts, and obscures the dynamics of gender relationships. Kunqu (Kun opera) and the literati culture of late Ming (1573-1644) and early Qing Dynasty (1644~1722) surrounding it could be of particular use to demonstrate the problem of this binary and static conceptualization of gender in premodern China. In this study, I will be examining the case of two distinguished kunqu, Mudan ting (The Peony Pavilion) and Taohua shan (The Peach Blossom Fan), whose text, music, and performance raise interesting questions about femininity and masculinity in the specific social and cultural context of the time. Through this study, I want to help illuminate the inadequacy of the modernist, rigid sex binarism in understanding traditional Chinese gender ideology which cannot be reduced to the Western sexual physiology and biology, and to refute the ahistorical construction of the victimized Chinese Woman. / text

Compared with its roles in pre-modern societies, traditional music, previously called “folklore,” has been playing very different roles in the globalized world. These new roles, however, are rarely articulated in a systematic manner. While most discourse on the contemporary use of traditional music comes from the case studies of ethnomusicologists, the concept of “intangible cultural heritage,” which is usually associated with the initiatives of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) in safeguarding intangible cultural heritage (including traditional music), provides a new perspective to understand the new roles that traditional music plays in the postmodern world. A systematic examination of these roles is crucial, because it allows an in-depth analysis of the hidden power relations behind the contemporary use of traditional music. Furthermore, with the idea of “salvation from disappearing” being more and more problematic in contemporary practice, the project of preserving traditional music cannot be firmly grounded unless its contemporary values are demonstrated. In order to systematically identify and analyze the contemporary use of traditional music, this paper examines the current literature on intangible cultural heritage and the related international initiatives undertaken by the United Nations and its specialized agencies such as UNESCO and UNDP, in combination with the major issues raised by ethnomusicologists regarding the use of traditional music in creative industries. Using two major case studies–Kunqu and HAN Hong’s new Tibetan music–to demonstrate the aesthetic, political, economic and ethical dimensions of the use of traditional music in contemporary society, I argue that there is a fifth dimension, the social dimension, of the value of traditional music in the postmodern condition. The articulation of this social dimension of the contemporary use of traditional music serves to establish its universal relevance and to identify its unique character that makes it a powerful tool to serve as a counter-hegemonic force. / text

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本文旨在論述學術意義上、體製劇種定義上的「南戲」，因為經歷「北曲化」、「文士化」與「崑曲化」的洗禮，體製規律層層蛻變，最後演化而為體製規律有別的「傳奇」。 曾師永義提出南戲「三化說」，本文據此為研究點，進一步探究三化現象的起因與結果。「北曲化」的時空背景是元代統一大江南北，促成南戲北劇的交會碰撞。而南戲進入「文士化」的歷史軌跡，從元末明初零星個案，到正德嘉靖年後南戲作家湧現的轉折點，筆者認為是正德末年武宗南巡欽點南戲南曲作家，抬升了南戲的藝術地位，環太湖流域的蘇州、南京、上海、浙江等地的文人相繼從事南戲創作，帶動了太湖流域的文人投入南戲寫作，繼而迎來了嘉靖萬曆年間吳中曲壇的盛況，也正是孕育崑山水磨調的最佳溫床。 「北曲化」的體製演進在於北曲宮調、曲牌、聯套和音樂的挹注，此時南戲尚未採用北曲的押韻，而是根據吳語音系來「一韻到底」。「文士化」意味著南戲作家身份的轉變，文人書寫南戲的同時將個人的思想情感投射到戲曲文本，直接且大力的提昇了南戲的文學層面，因此題材內容、曲文修辭明顯雅化，也促使「文士化關目」和「腳色分化」的體製演進。「崑曲化」圍繞在崑山水磨調的唱法改良，落實在音律論和演唱論兩大區塊，促使南戲體製有五項變革：曲牌八律的成熟、聯套套式的定型、排場共性的形塑、南戲韻叶官話化及一字三節的咬字行腔，而劇本體製的「開場」與「段落」也在萬曆年後的出版品中趨向整飭。 總結上述，「體製劇種」定義上的「傳奇」是以南戲為母體，與北劇之曲牌、韻協交化之後蛻變而成的南北混血兒，這個混血兒的體製規律，和宋元明南戲已經具備關鍵性的差異，所以就學術意義而言，「南戲」與「傳奇」確為兩種「體製劇種」。 / The purpose of this dissertation is to discuss the "Nanxi" based on definition of “Tizhi Juzhong” and the academic sense. As it undergoes the baptism of being affected by “Beiqu", "Wenshi," and "Kunqu", the systematic rules of Nanxi are transformed as well as metamorphosed and eventually evolve into distinct rules other than "Chuanqi". Given "Three Elements" of Nanxi that professor Yong-Yih Tseng proposed, the dissertation further explores the causes and consequences of the “Three Elements”. The historical background of "being affected by Beiqu" is the collision and interaction between the unification of both north and south China in the Yuan Dynasty. From the sporadic cases in the late Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty to the turning point where Nanxi writers presented and appeared after the Zhengde to Jiajing years, the author believes that Wuzong’s south tour handpicking Nanxi writers in the late Zhangde year uplifted the art of Nanxi status. As afterwards, the literati in Suzhou, Nanjing, Shanghai, Zhejiang and other places around the Taihu Lake Basin have been engaged in the creation of Nanxi, led the literati in the Taihu Lake Basin into Nanxi writing, and then made Wuzhong area a grand occasion of Chinese drama in the Wanli years, also bred Kunshan Shuimo Tune the best hotbed. The systematic evolution of "Being affected by Beiqu" lies in Beiqu GongTiao, QuPai, connection, and music. At this time, Nanxi has not yet adopted the rhyme of Beiqu, but has "a rhyme to finish" based on Wu's phonology. The "being affected by Wenshi" means the transformation of the identity of the southern playwrights. When the writers wrote the Nanxi, they projected the individual's thoughts and emotions into the texts and scripts and promoted the literary level of the Nanxi directly and vigorously. As a result, the systematic evolution prompted literary “Guanmu" and "differentiation of roles". The "Being affected by Kunqu" improves singing in Kunshan Shuimo Tune. It realized in the theory of temperament and singing and urged five changes to happen in the Nanxi system: the maturity of the tunes, the stereotyping of conjoined sets, the official rhyme of the Nanxi and the singing according to three syllables. In addition, the "opening" and "passage" of the script system were midway of finalizing in the publications after Wanliye years. To sum up, the "Chuanqi" by definition of "Tizhi Juzhong" is a mixture of Nanxi and Beiju, transformed and metamorphosed from the Nanxi as well as QuPai of the Beiqu. The mixture system varies from the counterparts of Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties. Therefore, in terms of academic significance, "Nanxi" and "Chuanqi" are indeed two different kinds of "Tizhi Juzhong"

乾隆年間蘇州曲家葉堂刊行的《納書楹曲譜》，為戲曲工尺譜之首，不僅在曲譜的發展脈絡中具有開創意義，且兼具選本性質，又為崑曲音樂作法集大成之作品，故筆者以其為研究對象，期對乾隆時期崑曲劇目的內容、作曲手法的發展，及葉譜承先啟後的重要性，展開翔實且深刻的論述。 葉堂於乾隆49年（1784）至60年（1795）間陸續刊行的曲譜，包括初刻《西廂記譜》、《納書楹曲譜》（正續外補四集）、《四夢全譜》、重鐫《西廂記全譜》，皆為帶曲文、板眼及工尺，不帶科白的樂譜，一時風行，號稱「葉譜」，其內容豐富，計收566齣／套曲，且訂譜成就向受稱道，影響深遠。筆者於撰述時，首先梳理乾隆時期蘇州的崑曲活動、葉堂之志趣及交遊、葉譜的刊行及影響，以為全文論述之基礎；繼而開展兩個主要的關注面向，第二章為葉譜選錄的內容，第三、四章則為葉堂訂譜的作法，為集中焦點，乃選擇最具曲樂創作意義之《四夢全譜》為核心，討論葉堂如何為馳騁才情、不拘格律的湯顯祖《四夢》曲文訂譜，以見在曲律及曲樂發展上的重要意義。 就葉譜選錄的內容，筆者歸納其特色有三：（一）「散齣」與「全本」兼收：《納書楹曲譜》選錄自元至清前期，名家名作與時俗流行的散齣，而《西廂記譜》與《四夢全譜》則為全本劇作。（二）「劇」與「曲」雙重觀照：除大量選入有曲可唱之演劇散齣，兼及新興時劇，又收錄部分可供清唱的散曲及散齣，尤其好尚北套曲。（三）「流行」與「追憶」並存：除選入當時流行的劇目，又有《千鍾祿‧慘睹》等，當是因葉譜收錄而引領演出風潮，至於《桃花扇》等漸次退出劇壇的散齣，葉譜的記錄則帶有追憶性質。再將葉譜收錄的內容與其前《九宮大成譜》等、其後殷溎深傳譜等刊行的曲譜相較，則可見收錄內容頗為相近；然而，曲譜的性質，則由重「曲」轉而至重「戲」，頗可比喻為「加上板眼、工尺的《綴白裘》」，由以記錄唱腔為主之樂譜，變為於演出頗有助益之臺本。 關於葉堂訂譜的作法，筆者以《四夢全譜》為核心，第三章先論「宛轉相就」之法，討論葉堂如何改調就詞，在譜曲時妥貼適應湯顯祖不盡合律的曲文。首先析論其中較富變化的集曲作法，以見不同曲牌的摘句如何銜接為集曲；其次，取鈕少雅《格正還魂記詞調》、馮起鳳《吟香堂牡丹亭曲譜》、劉世珩《雙忽雷閣彙訂還魂記曲譜》，與葉堂《納書楹四夢全譜》共同參照，綜論並評議各譜宛轉相就的處理方式，相較於諸家的作法往往較向「律」傾斜，葉堂訂譜的特殊之處在於：追求文、律、樂之間的平衡，故可見增刪部分曲文字句、移動板位以使語氣更為流暢、致力於以樂傳情，某些作法甚至遊走於合律邊緣，葉堂的手法固有獨到之處，然宜置入清前期曲律及曲樂發展的背景下考察，由《南詞新譜》、《南詞定律》、《九宮大成譜》漸次收錄《四夢》曲牌，可見曲律鬆動之趨勢，這些迥異於往的曲牌，無法套用既有腔調，故需曲譜記錄唱腔，然而，曲譜的刊行，雖便傳唱，卻也形同「定譜」，若過度襲用，反而侷限曲調發展。 第四章則比較諸譜《四夢》之曲腔，切入點有二：其一乃葉譜本身作法之比較，葉堂於相同曲牌，鑑於情境不同，各有變化發揮，展現曲牌音樂在律定字句及點板之下的活腔作法；其二乃與其他曲譜之比較，取葉堂為《四夢》所訂之曲腔，與其前《南詞定律》、《九宮大成譜》、其後《遏雲閣曲譜》等相同曲牌比較，固不乏曲腔一脈相承者，然亦見細節處的板眼、行腔參差變化，甚至腔句、曲牌之音樂構思不盡相同者，可見乾隆時期曲腔活潑變化之情形。最後，藉由比較的結果，探討曲樂相關問題，在曲文字聲與曲腔旋律方面，「依字行腔」雖是原則，然遇韻腳等處，則往往需配合全曲的結音；在曲牌行腔與固定曲調方面，每一牌調雖有其音樂框架，但實際的行腔，則是字聲與曲調互相調適而成；而綜觀葉譜的音樂成就，除首次為《四夢》訂定完整的工尺譜，更在於其作法有繼承亦有開創，可謂集曲樂作法之大成。 本文最後以「葉堂之曲樂觀點」、「葉譜之價值」綰結全文。就葉堂的觀點而言，重樂輕律，以盡度曲之妙；雅俗兼備，適度採錄時俗唱法、流傳劇目，俱見一代曲家的朗闊襟懷。就葉譜之價值而言，於刊行曲譜具有開創意義，為首度刊行之崑曲戲齣唱譜，收羅甚廣，兼有選本性質，乃藉譜以傳曲；且於曲樂發展具獨特貢獻，藉實際的訂譜成果，彰顯「不合律即不可歌」之謬，並將訂譜的觀照對象，由單隻曲牌之行腔，擴展為套內諸曲的和諧，其所譜曲腔，不僅穩稱湯顯祖揮灑才情之曲文，促成《四夢》在舞台上展演流傳，且安腔訂譜之法亦成為典範。