The basic aim of this study is to reveal a number of variables which influence the effectiveness of management development programmes. Such an attempt to help pave the way to a comprehensive understanding of the nature of management development and the factors that prevent it's effectiveness. It also helps to improve the performance of the individuals and the organisation. In order to achieve this purpose we have collected the data from twenty four companies and organisations specialising in industry, trade and investment. These companies and organisations conduct work in Kuwai t and they are leading in their specialisation. The aim of collecting the data from these companies and organisations is to verify the nature of relationships between the following factors: Firstly, the relationship between the effectiveness of management development programmes and the leadership style. Secondly, the relationship between the effectiveness of management development programmes and the manager as an individual. Thirdly, the relationship between the effectiveness of management development programmes and the manager's job. Fourthly, the relationship between the effectiveness of management development programmes and the interaction between the manager and his/her job. The study however, includes 15 variables and aims to examine the nature of the relationship between the above factors. These variables are as follows:The effectiveness of management development programmes, leadership style (production orientation, control of work, work facilitating problems solving, consideration, participation and decentralisation), career future, goal specificity, deal difficulty, intrinsic motivation, upward striving, concern for social status of the job, job involvement and pride of work. Finally, the study improves path model for the understanding of the nature of the relationship between the effectiveness of management development programmes and all the above mentioned variables. As the model shows, the variable that is concerned with leadership style --' appears to be a basic factor in influencing the effectiveness of the management development programmes. With regard to the influence on the effectiveness of MDPs this variable is followed by two other variables. The first is the career future of the job and the second is the manager himself as a job holder. Precisely, when we tested the theoretical model suggested in this study, we found that the conclusions generally tended to support the model in some aspects and do not support it in others. The result, however, shows that there is a consistent positive relationship between the effectiveness of management development programmes, leadership style, career future, and upward striving on one hand and very weak relationship between the EMPDs and pride of work, job involvement, intrinsic motivation, goal difficulty and concern for social status of the job.

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Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative, non-fermenting bacillus that has developed into an important nosocomial pathogen, affecting millions of patients worldwide. The widespread ease of transmission, and ability to become multidrug resistant are some of the characteristics that, at the present time, have developed this bacterium into one of the most significant nosocomial pathogens today. The special ability it exhibits in developing resistance to a wide variety of known antimicrobial agents also helped make this a pathogen of profound importance in modern day medical microbiology. Carbapenems are used as a last resort for treating patients infected with resistant or multi-drug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii. Hospitals have long served as reservoirs for the transmission of pathogenic bacteria, and this has become a problem in Kuwait. Unfortunately, very little research has been devoted exclusively to investigating Acinetobacter baumannii prevalence, resistance and pathogenicity in Kuwaiti Hospitals. Research on the local population in Kuwaiti Hospitals is important and beneficial to physicians, to help better diagnose and treat the infections, and prevent any outbreaks from spreading. Aim: This study aimed to examine the resistance and identify the genotypic changes in the organism as it spreads through Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital. Methods: A total of 88 Acinetobacter baumannii samples were collected from the Mubarak Al- Kabeer Hospital, over a three year period, 2006-2008, and they were identified phenotypically, by Vitek-2 systems, and then genotypically by PCR amplification of blaOXA-51-like gene. The resistance to the carbapenems: imipenem and meropenem, was identified by use of the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to type the strains and classify them into clonal groups. Identification of the blaOXA-51-like gene types of each of the isolates was done via gene sequencing. Results: All 88 isolates were identified as Acinetobacter baumannii by Vitek-2 system and were shown to carry a blaOXA-51-like gene. Resistance to Imipenem was found in 31.8% of the isolates, whereas resistance to meropenem was found in 23.8% of the isolates. Overall carbapenem resistance was observed in 55.7% of the total isolates, with a slight increase in resistance of isolated over the 3 years of collection. In all, there were 10 different blaOXA-51-like genes identified. The sequences of these genes suggested there was some degree of real-time evolution of the blaOXA-51-like genes during the study period. There were four main clonal clusters. There were three main European clones (blaOXA-66, blaOXA-69, and blaOXA-71) plus a new clone with blaOXA-51-like genes with sequences clustered around the blaOXA-98 gene. Conclusion: This study has shown four major clones were found in the hospital during the study period, three of the clones were closely associated with those found in Europe and elsewhere in the world, and one new clone, containing a blaOXA-98-like gene that appears to be more prevalent in this part of Asia. The gradual increase in resistance to carbapenems over the study period warrants further attention and study of this resilient bacterium.

This is the first monograph-length academic study of Shaikh Abdullah al-Salim al-Sabah, Ruler of Kuwait between 1950 and 1965. It is based on British and US government records, interviews, and a wide range of secondary sources in Arabic and English. It traces the development of modern Kuwait from the mid-eighteenth century under the al-Sabah up to the accession of Shaikh Abdullah in 1950. It considers the succession question in Kuwait before 1950, and Abdullah’s lengthy period as a candidate for succession, which enabled him to develop and expand his ideas for his country before becoming ruler. The study also examines the way that Abdullah transformed Kuwait into the first rentier state in Eastern Arabia and analyses his impact on the development of Kuwait’s administrative system. The influence of Arab nationalism and Britain on his decision-making and his relationship with Arab nationalists and the British Government, as well as his subtle handling of Kuwait’s border dispute with Iraq, are also investigated in detail. This study focuses on the six major challenges that Abdullah overcame in order to transform Kuwait into a rentier state: (1) his political victories and defeats prior to his reign that shaped his political ideas, (2) his twenty-nine-year struggle to become ruler of Kuwait, (3) how he changed the direction of Kuwait’s development process by moving away from the politics of his predecessors, (4) his troubled relationship with the al-Sabah in Kuwait’s government administration, (5) how he dealt with the pressure exerted by Arab nationalists and the British Government on his political decisions, and (6) how he handled Kuwait’s troubled relationship with Iraq. This thesis argues that Shaikh Abdullah al-Salim al-Sabah was an exceptional leader not only among the rulers of Kuwait (1752 to present), but also among the rulers of the Gulf Arab states in general. He was the first ruler to introduce a rentier state system that provided extensive welfare services for all of his country’s citizens, securing his family’s position in government in the process. He led Kuwait to independence in 1961 and oversaw the drafting of its constitution in 1962. He was a skilled politician and diplomat, who negotiated a delicate balance between the competing interests of the Kuwaitis, the ruling family (the al-Sabah), the Arab nationalists, the British Government, and the Iraqi government. As a result, he has enjoyed a popularity within Kuwait second only to the founder of modern Kuwait, Shaikh Mubarak al-Sabah (r.1896-1915).

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