Par une analyse comparative de la Bible, Ancien Testament, selon la méthode structurale de Cl. Lévi-Strauss, avec les textes d'Homère, d'Hérodote, de Platon, et d'autres auteurs grecs antiques, il est avancé que la Bible aurait été écrite à l'époque hellénistique, par des auteurs juifs acculturés, éduqués à la grecque. L'Israël biblique tel que raconté dans les livres de Genèse à II Rois serait alors une fiction littéraire inspirée de la Cité idéale des Lois de Platon, nantie de mythes grecs, tirés de l'Enquête d'Hérodote et des principaux cycles de la mythologie grecque (Argonautes, Thèbes, Héraclès, Troie), adaptés en hébreu à des personnages du Proche-Orient (dont certains sont historiques, comme les rois). Par une accumulation de parallèles très précis, aussi bien au niveau des récits que des lois, et le relevé de certains anachronismes, il peut être démontré que l'emprunt s'est fait dans le chef de la Bible envers la littérature grecque, lorsqu'on sait que l'époque hellénistique tardive constitue le terminus ad quem de la Bible, correspondant à l'apparition des premiers manuscrits. En pointant les sources grecques de la Bible, il est montré que les livres de Genèse à Rois auraient été écrits par le même auteur : "l'hypothèse documentaire", édifiée par des théologiens, considérant que la Bible est un assemblage de récits et lois disparates issus de différentes époques de l'histoire d'Israël, hypothèse déjà en désuétude depuis quelques décennies, se trouve contestée par des arguments en faveur d'une unité rédactionnelle, allant de paire avec une datation plus tardive que celles généralement avancées. Through a comparative analysis of the Bible, Old Testament, according to the structuralist method of Cl. Lévi-Strauss, with the texts of Homer, Herodotus, Plato, and several other Greek ancient authors, it is stated that the Bible would have been written in the Hellenistic era, by acculturated Jewish authors, educated in a Greek fashion. The Biblical Israel as told in the books of Genesis to II Kings would then be a literary fiction inspired by the Ideal City of Plato's Laws, supported by Greek myths, inspired by Herodotus' Histories and the main Greek mythic cycles (Argonauts, Thebes, Heracles, Troy), adapted in Hebrew to characters of the Ancient Near East (some of them being historical, as the kings). By an acculumation of very accurate parallelisms, and by pointing some anachronisms, it can be shown that the borrowing was made in the head of the Bible to the Greek literature, knowing that late Hellenistic era constitutes the terminus ad quem for the Bible, corresponding to the appearance of the first manuscripts. By pointing the Greek sources of the Bible, it is shown that the books from Genesis to Kings would have been written by the same author. The "documentary hypothesis", built by theologians, considering that the Bible is an assembling of various narratives and laws, coming from differents eras of Israel's history, a hypothesis alreday falling into disuse in the last decades, is challenged by arguments in favor of a redactionnal unity, going along with a later dating than those usually stated.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The basic aim of this mini-dissertation is to apply the Levi-Straussian theory to the Setswana short story: 0 nkutlwe by R.M. Malope in order to determine the dynamism of binary oppositions in the structure of the story and relate these to the context of the Batswana community. The study is divided into four chapters. The objectives as well as the central problem are outlined and motivated in the first chapter. The second chapter deals with the theoretical concepts. An explanation of binary oppositions and a discussion of the Levi-Straussian theory with reference to the Tsimshian myth, The story of Asdiwal are provided. The third chapter concentrates on the structural analysis of 0 nkutlwe in the context of the Batswana community. The binary oppositions are identified in the essential aspects of the structure of the story on various levels (the geographic, economic, sociological and cosmological) according to LeviStrauss's theory. The theme of contrast between modern life and traditional life should not be misunderstood as an attack on modem life as such, but as an appeal to the Batswana community not to disregard their tradition. Chapter four is a summary of the main points of this study and conclusion. In 2:eneral it can be concluded that Levi-Strauss theory can be successfully applied to a reading of modem literature. / Thesis (MA (Tswana))--PU for CHE, 1998

The basic aim of this mini-dissertation is to apply the Levi-Straussian theory to the Setswana short story: 0 nkutlwe by R.M. Malope in order to determine the dynamism of binary oppositions in the structure of the story and relate these to the context of the Batswana community. The study is divided into four chapters. The objectives as well as the central problem are outlined and motivated in the first chapter. The second chapter deals with the theoretical concepts. An explanation of binary oppositions and a discussion of the Levi-Straussian theory with reference to the Tsimshian myth, The story of Asdiwal are provided. The third chapter concentrates on the structural analysis of 0 nkutlwe in the context of the Batswana community. The binary oppositions are identified in the essential aspects of the structure of the story on various levels (the geographic, economic, sociological and cosmological) according to LeviStrauss's theory. The theme of contrast between modern life and traditional life should not be misunderstood as an attack on modem life as such, but as an appeal to the Batswana community not to disregard their tradition. Chapter four is a summary of the main points of this study and conclusion. In 2:eneral it can be concluded that Levi-Strauss theory can be successfully applied to a reading of modem literature. / Thesis (MA (Tswana))--PU for CHE, 1998

This dissertation explores myth-making in Latin America by focusing specifically upon four Amerindian and mestizo figures: Doña Bárbara, mestiza protagonist of Rómulo Gallegos’ 1929 novel; Anacaona and Hatuey, Taíno caciques who first appeared in Bartolomé de las Casas’ Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias (1552); and Andrés Chiliquinga, indigenous protagonist of Jorge Icaza’s Huasipungo (1934). The present analysis examines the evolution of these myths from their original appearance to literary and film versions throughout the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries in the Caribbean and Andean regions. The project focuses upon the ways in which artists have interpreted these myths, their embedding in society’s collective memory, and their mythical functions in anti- and postcolonial discourse. By breaking down each myth into its most basic structure, this project identifies the core connotations contained within that reveal each myth’s function as a cultural foundation in Latin America. It also examines how the versions of a myth depart from one another, thus underscoring possible critiques of the myth. Finally, it examines the ways in which some of these myths have become commodities, particularly in contemporary popular culture. By examining these figures as cultural myths—bridging past and present—, this research argues that a mythic-interpretive model proves effective as it leads us to a deeper understanding of the universal connotations contained not only within the stories chosen here, but the Latin American narrative as a whole.

Esse trabalho analisa a formação de coleções etnográficas no periodo entre guerras a partir da documentação da Sociedade de Etnografia e Folclore e do anteprojeto de Mário de Andrade para o SPHAN, a primeira proposta de uma ação governamental na tentativa de identificação, coleta, registro e estudo desses aspectos para preservar manifestações da cultura popular brasileira. O período entre guerras é um momento importante para a constituição e estudo de coleções etnográficas no Brasil, por ser o momento da profissionalização e institucionalização das ciências sociais. Discutimos e o papel do Departamento de Cultura e a influência da presença francesa na formação de profissionais na área de etnografia brasileira, por meio do Curso de Etnografia ministrado por Dina Lévi-Strauss e oferecido pelo Departamento de Cultura dirigido por Mário de Andrade. / This work analyzes the formation of ethnographic collections created between the first and second World Wars. The starting points were the Sociedade de Etnografia e Folclore´s documentation and the Mario de Andrade project to SPHAN. The Mario de Andrade project is the first proposition for a governmental action that tried to preserve of the aspects of the so called Brazilian Popular Culture. The period between the first and second World Wars is a very important moment to the construction and study of ethnographic collections in Brazil, because it was the the moment when the social sciences were professionalized and institutionalized. We discuss the Department of Culture role and the influence of the french presence in the formation of professionals in the brazilian ethnography.

A presente pesquisa acompanha os diálogos e experiências comuns entre Mário de Andrade, Dina Dreyfus Lévi-Strauss e Claude Lévi-Strauss na cidade de São Paulo entre 1935 e 1938, quando Mário de Andrade era o diretor do Departamento de Cultura da Prefeitura de São Paulo, e Lévi-Strauss e Dreyfus vieram ao Brasil junto à Missão Francesa na Universidade de São Paulo, tendo como objetivo primeiro a realização de pesquisa de campo entre povos ameríndios. Acompanhando a sua interlocução e seus projetos comuns para um laboratório antropológico que se concretizará na Sociedade de Etnografia e Folclore (1937-1941), pretendo captar de um ponto de vista preciso uma imagem do laboratório antropológico tal como ele era concebido - na imaginação e na prática - no período entre-guerras no Brasil e alhures. / This research follows the dialogues and shared experiences between Mário de Andrade, Dina Dreyfus Lévi-Strauss and Claude Lévi-Strauss in São Paulo, 1935-1938, when Andrade was director at the City of São Paulos Department of Culture and Recreation, and Lévi-Strauss and Dreyfus come to Brazil along with the French Mission at the University of São Paulo, aiming to do fieldwork among amerindian peoples. By following their dialogues and the common projects they develop regarding the establishment of an anthropological laboratory that would come to be the Society of Ethnography and Folklore (Sociedade de Etnografia e Folclore, 1937-1941), I intend to obtain, from a precise point of view, an image of the anthropological laboratory as conceived in imagination and practice during the interwar period in Brazil and elsewhere.

Esta tese é dedicada ao estudo de processos composicionais que se desencadeiam a partir de obras musicais preexistentes e acabadas. Dentre a enorme variedade de possíveis abordagens criativas a materiais musicais preexistentes, o presente estudo se volta para o que, a exemplo de Berio, denominamos comentário composicional: processos que se caracterizam, grosso modo, por operações de cunho intrínseco, isto é, que buscam desdobrar uma obra preexistente através da exploração de potencialidades latentes na própria obra e nos processos formativos que lhe são inerentes. Para tanto, nossa abordagem orienta-se por uma dupla pergunta de faces complementares: pela abertura que (a) se pode reconhecer nas obras (em suas dobras) e que (b) emerge por meio de novos processos (nas redobras e desdobras). A fim de investigar de forma ampla as condições para que uma obra musical já consolidada possa vir a ser tomada como ponto de partida - e como objetoproblema - para um nova composição, a primeira etapa de nossa exposição - capítulo I - busca examinar um princípio de abertura composicional. Conforme a hipótese que assumimos, tal abertura seria imanente às obras e apreensível na forma de um excedente de potencialidades criativas que emerge do inacabamento e da não-univocidade dos processos que as formaram. As noções de atual e virtual elaboradas por Deleuze e o circuito dinâmico - de virtualizações e reatualizações - no qual elas interagem, servirão como chave conceitual que auxiliará o exame deste principio de abertura intrínseca em peças de autores diversos, entre eles Pergolesi, Bach, Schumann, Stravinsky, Berio e Andriessen. Os capítulos II e III se voltam para duas modalidades de reelaboração de obras preexistentes que, de modos distintos, acionam a tensão entre o acabamento da obra e o inacabamento de seus processos. No capítulo II, nos debruçamos sobre a prática da transcrição a fim de interrogar em que medida a operação básica que a caracteriza, a saber, a reconstrução de uma peça em um meio instrumental distinto daquele para o qual fora anteriormente concebida, pode implicar uma intervenção em níveis processuais, acessando e refazendo dimensões formativas da obra original. À luz das reflexões estéticas de Lévi-Strauss - em especial da noção de modelo reduzido -, e a partir da análise de transcrições de Bach, Stravinsky, Webern, Messiaen, Sciarrino e Kurtág, propomos que a transcrição possa ser entendida como um processo de reatualização, que traz à tona dimensões que se mantinham latentes na versão original e assegura o caráter composicionalmente aberto das obras. No capítulo III, examinamos uma variedade de exemplos - de Monteverdi aos Chemins de Berio - em que uma obra preexistente, tomada como objeto de um comentário composicional, é integralmente conservada em meio à expansão de seu efetivo instrumental e/ou o desdobramento, \'em tempo real\' e in loco, de seus processos formativos. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é fundamentar teoricamente, com base em uma diversidade de exemplos de diferentes períodos históricos, uma prática composicional que se desenvolva como um modo de reflexão explícita e direta sobre obras e processos musicais preexistentes. Ao final, complementamos este percurso relatando um conjunto de estratégias de comentário desenvolvidas em nossa própria prática composicional. / This thesis investigates compositional processes that are triggered out from preexisting and finished musical works. Among the wide variety of possible creative approaches to preexisting musical materials, the current study is interested in the practice of compositional commentary (as originally named by Luciano Berio): processes which are distinguished for operating intrinsically upon the work from which they stem, i.e., by endeavoring to unfold a preexisting work through the exploration of latent potentialities in the work itself and its inherent formative processes. For this, our approach is oriented by a twofold investigation of (a) the openness that can be identified within the works (on its folds), as well as (b) the openness that emerges by means of new compositional processes (through its refolding and unfolding). In order to widely investigate the conditions required for a preexisting musical work to be taken as the starting point - and as a problematic object - to a new composition, we initiate our exposition (Chapter I) by examining a principle of compositional openness which, accordingly to our hypothesis, would be immanent in the works and apprehensible as a surplus of potentialities that emerges from the incompleteness and the non-univocity of its inherent formative processes. The notions of actual and virtual as elaborated by Deleuze and the dynamic circuit of virtualization and re-actualization in which they interact are taken as a conceptual key for the examination of this principle of intrinsic openness in pieces by several composers, including Pergolesi, J.S. Bach, Schumann, Stravinsky, Berio and Andriessen. Chapters II and III are respectively focused on two modalities of reworking of preexisting works which activate in their own peculiar ways the tension between the completeness of the work and the incompleteness of the composition (i. e., of the compositional process). In Chapter II, we approach the practice of transcription in order to investigate to what extent its basic operation (namely, the reconstruction of a musical piece in a different instrumental medium) entails a compositional intromission which brings to question the completeness of the work by reactivating its incompleteness. Through the notion of reduced model elaborated by the anthropologist Lévi-Strauss, and based the analysis of transcriptions by J.S. Bach, Stravinsky, Webern, Messiaen, Sciarrino and Kurtág, we propose that transcription may be understood as a process of re-actualization, which brings up aspects which remained latent within the original version and thus assures its compositional openness. In Chapter III, we examine a variety of examples - including, among other works, a couple madrigals by Monteverdi as well as a few of Berio\'s Chemins - in which a preexisting work, taken as the object for a compositional commentary, is fully conserved within an expanded ensemble and/or amidst the unfolding of its formative processes. The general aim of this research is to provide theoretical ground - supported by musical examples from different historical periods - to a compositional practice which consists in an explicit and direct form of reflection on preexisting works and musical processes. At last we report a set of commentary strategies developed in our own compositional practice.

Esta tese é dedicada ao estudo de processos composicionais que se desencadeiam a partir de obras musicais preexistentes e acabadas. Dentre a enorme variedade de possíveis abordagens criativas a materiais musicais preexistentes, o presente estudo se volta para o que, a exemplo de Berio, denominamos comentário composicional: processos que se caracterizam, grosso modo, por operações de cunho intrínseco, isto é, que buscam desdobrar uma obra preexistente através da exploração de potencialidades latentes na própria obra e nos processos formativos que lhe são inerentes. Para tanto, nossa abordagem orienta-se por uma dupla pergunta de faces complementares: pela abertura que (a) se pode reconhecer nas obras (em suas dobras) e que (b) emerge por meio de novos processos (nas redobras e desdobras). A fim de investigar de forma ampla as condições para que uma obra musical já consolidada possa vir a ser tomada como ponto de partida - e como objetoproblema - para um nova composição, a primeira etapa de nossa exposição - capítulo I - busca examinar um princípio de abertura composicional. Conforme a hipótese que assumimos, tal abertura seria imanente às obras e apreensível na forma de um excedente de potencialidades criativas que emerge do inacabamento e da não-univocidade dos processos que as formaram. As noções de atual e virtual elaboradas por Deleuze e o circuito dinâmico - de virtualizações e reatualizações - no qual elas interagem, servirão como chave conceitual que auxiliará o exame deste principio de abertura intrínseca em peças de autores diversos, entre eles Pergolesi, Bach, Schumann, Stravinsky, Berio e Andriessen. Os capítulos II e III se voltam para duas modalidades de reelaboração de obras preexistentes que, de modos distintos, acionam a tensão entre o acabamento da obra e o inacabamento de seus processos. No capítulo II, nos debruçamos sobre a prática da transcrição a fim de interrogar em que medida a operação básica que a caracteriza, a saber, a reconstrução de uma peça em um meio instrumental distinto daquele para o qual fora anteriormente concebida, pode implicar uma intervenção em níveis processuais, acessando e refazendo dimensões formativas da obra original. À luz das reflexões estéticas de Lévi-Strauss - em especial da noção de modelo reduzido -, e a partir da análise de transcrições de Bach, Stravinsky, Webern, Messiaen, Sciarrino e Kurtág, propomos que a transcrição possa ser entendida como um processo de reatualização, que traz à tona dimensões que se mantinham latentes na versão original e assegura o caráter composicionalmente aberto das obras. No capítulo III, examinamos uma variedade de exemplos - de Monteverdi aos Chemins de Berio - em que uma obra preexistente, tomada como objeto de um comentário composicional, é integralmente conservada em meio à expansão de seu efetivo instrumental e/ou o desdobramento, \'em tempo real\' e in loco, de seus processos formativos. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é fundamentar teoricamente, com base em uma diversidade de exemplos de diferentes períodos históricos, uma prática composicional que se desenvolva como um modo de reflexão explícita e direta sobre obras e processos musicais preexistentes. Ao final, complementamos este percurso relatando um conjunto de estratégias de comentário desenvolvidas em nossa própria prática composicional. / This thesis investigates compositional processes that are triggered out from preexisting and finished musical works. Among the wide variety of possible creative approaches to preexisting musical materials, the current study is interested in the practice of compositional commentary (as originally named by Luciano Berio): processes which are distinguished for operating intrinsically upon the work from which they stem, i.e., by endeavoring to unfold a preexisting work through the exploration of latent potentialities in the work itself and its inherent formative processes. For this, our approach is oriented by a twofold investigation of (a) the openness that can be identified within the works (on its folds), as well as (b) the openness that emerges by means of new compositional processes (through its refolding and unfolding). In order to widely investigate the conditions required for a preexisting musical work to be taken as the starting point - and as a problematic object - to a new composition, we initiate our exposition (Chapter I) by examining a principle of compositional openness which, accordingly to our hypothesis, would be immanent in the works and apprehensible as a surplus of potentialities that emerges from the incompleteness and the non-univocity of its inherent formative processes. The notions of actual and virtual as elaborated by Deleuze and the dynamic circuit of virtualization and re-actualization in which they interact are taken as a conceptual key for the examination of this principle of intrinsic openness in pieces by several composers, including Pergolesi, J.S. Bach, Schumann, Stravinsky, Berio and Andriessen. Chapters II and III are respectively focused on two modalities of reworking of preexisting works which activate in their own peculiar ways the tension between the completeness of the work and the incompleteness of the composition (i. e., of the compositional process). In Chapter II, we approach the practice of transcription in order to investigate to what extent its basic operation (namely, the reconstruction of a musical piece in a different instrumental medium) entails a compositional intromission which brings to question the completeness of the work by reactivating its incompleteness. Through the notion of reduced model elaborated by the anthropologist Lévi-Strauss, and based the analysis of transcriptions by J.S. Bach, Stravinsky, Webern, Messiaen, Sciarrino and Kurtág, we propose that transcription may be understood as a process of re-actualization, which brings up aspects which remained latent within the original version and thus assures its compositional openness. In Chapter III, we examine a variety of examples - including, among other works, a couple madrigals by Monteverdi as well as a few of Berio\'s Chemins - in which a preexisting work, taken as the object for a compositional commentary, is fully conserved within an expanded ensemble and/or amidst the unfolding of its formative processes. The general aim of this research is to provide theoretical ground - supported by musical examples from different historical periods - to a compositional practice which consists in an explicit and direct form of reflection on preexisting works and musical processes. At last we report a set of commentary strategies developed in our own compositional practice.

Esse trabalho analisa a formação de coleções etnográficas no periodo entre guerras a partir da documentação da Sociedade de Etnografia e Folclore e do anteprojeto de Mário de Andrade para o SPHAN, a primeira proposta de uma ação governamental na tentativa de identificação, coleta, registro e estudo desses aspectos para preservar manifestações da cultura popular brasileira. O período entre guerras é um momento importante para a constituição e estudo de coleções etnográficas no Brasil, por ser o momento da profissionalização e institucionalização das ciências sociais. Discutimos e o papel do Departamento de Cultura e a influência da presença francesa na formação de profissionais na área de etnografia brasileira, por meio do Curso de Etnografia ministrado por Dina Lévi-Strauss e oferecido pelo Departamento de Cultura dirigido por Mário de Andrade. / This work analyzes the formation of ethnographic collections created between the first and second World Wars. The starting points were the Sociedade de Etnografia e Folclore´s documentation and the Mario de Andrade project to SPHAN. The Mario de Andrade project is the first proposition for a governmental action that tried to preserve of the aspects of the so called Brazilian Popular Culture. The period between the first and second World Wars is a very important moment to the construction and study of ethnographic collections in Brazil, because it was the the moment when the social sciences were professionalized and institutionalized. We discuss the Department of Culture role and the influence of the french presence in the formation of professionals in the brazilian ethnography.