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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Efeito da exposição in vitro à bifenila policlorada nº 126 em células 3T3-L1 / In vitro exposure effect of polychlorinated biphenyl n° 126.

Cruz, Wesley Soares 29 October 2015 (has links)
A bifenila policlorada n° 126 (3,3\',4,4\',5-Penta-cloro-bifenil, PCB126) é um poluente orgânico persistente (POP), tóxico para os seres vivos. Recentemente, a associação entre a exposição aos POPs e doenças metabólicas têm sido descrita. No entanto, os mecanismos desta toxicidade não estão esclarecidos. Desta forma, este trabalho visou elucidar os efeitos da exposição ao PCB126 sobre pré-adipócitos da linhagem 3T3-L1, diferenciados ou não, focando nos mecanismos de morte celular, proliferação, diferenciação e metabolismo. O PCB 126 foi diluído em DMSO (0,13%). Células 3T3-L1 foram mantidas em meio Dulbecco\'s modified Eagle\'s (DMEM, 5% de CO2 a 37ºC) e sua diferenciação foi realizada pela incubação com solução contendo coquetel adipogênico durante 10 dias. As células foram incubadas com diferentes concentrações de PCB126, DMSO (0,13%) ou DMEM. Células não diferenciadas foram empregadas em ensaios de viabilidade, morte, proliferação, ciclo celular, fragmentação do DNA (citometria de fluxo) e ensaios de produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS, espectrofotometria de fluorescência). Células diferenciadas foram empregadas para quantificação dos mediadores inflamatórios (ELISA), acúmulo de triglicérides intracelulares (Oil red, microscopia de luz), produção de óxido nítrico (NO, reação de Greiss), expressão do receptor de aril hidrocarboneto (AhR, WB) e do proliferador de peroxissoma (PPAR-γ, WB). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a exposição ao PCB126 (10, 30 ou 100µM; 24, 48 ou 72 h) não alterou a viabilidade e proliferação celular; reduziu a porcentagem de células em apoptose (30, 100µM; 24 ou 72 h); não alterou o ciclo celular (10, 30 ou 100µM; 24 ou 72 h); induziu a fragmentação do DNA (10, 30 ou 100µM; 24h); não induziu a geração de ROS (30, 100µM; 24 ou 72 h); induziu a produção de NO (300µM; 24 ou 72h); não alterou a secreção do fator quimiotáxico para monócito (MCP-1); aumentou a secreção do fator de necrose tumoral (TNF-α; 100 ou 300µM, 72 h) e da interleucina 12 (IL-12; 300µM, 72 h); reduziu a secreção de interleucina 1β (IL-1β, 300 µM, 72 h) e de interleucina 10 (IL-10; 300µM; 24h, 100 ou 300µM; 48 h; 100µM, 72 h); aumentou a expressão de PPARγ (100 ou 300µM, 24h; 300µM, 72h) e de AhR (300µM, 72h); aumentou a concentração de triglicérides intracelulares (100 ou 300µM; 24, 48 ou 72h). Em conjunto, os resultados obtidos mostram as ações diretas do PCB126 em células 3T3-L1 envolvidas na adipogênese, o que reforça, embora que em ensaios in vitro, o papel desta classe de poluentes na obesidade. / The polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 126 is a persistent organic pollutant and toxic to human being. The association between exposition to POPs and metabolic diseases has been described. Nevertheless this toxicity mechanism is not yet elucidated. This way this work aim to elucidate the exposure over pre adipocytes 3T3-L1 line to PCB 126, differentiated or not, focused on cellular death mechanisms, proliferation, differentiation and metabolism. The PCB126 was diluted in DMSO (0,13%). 3T3-L1 cells were maintained in Dulbecco´s modified Eagle´s medium (DMEM, 5% CO2 at 37º) and the differentiation process was performed by incubation with adpogenic cocktail solution by 10 days. The cells were incubated with different concentration of PCB126, DMSO (0,13%) or DMEM. Cells not differentiated were used on viability assays, death, proliferation, cell cycle and DNA fragmentation (flow cytometry) and reactive oxygen species production assay (ROS, fluorescence spectrophotometry). Differentiated cells were used to quantify inflammatory mediators (ELISA), Intracellular triglycerides accumulation (Oil red staining, light microscopy), nitric oxide production (NO, Greiss reaction), aril hydrocarbon receptor expression (AhR, Western Blot) and Peroxisome proliferator receptor gamma (PPAR-y, Western Blot). The obtained results showed that exposure to PCB126 (10, 30 or 100 µM; 24, 48 or 72 hours) did not interfere on cellular viability and proliferation; reduced the cells percentage in apoptosis (30, 100 µM; 24 or 72h); did not interfere on cellular cycle (10, 30 or 100 µM; 24 or 72h); induced DNA fragmentation (10, 30 or 100 µM; 24h); did not induced ROS generation (30, 100 µM; 24 or 72h); induced the production of NO (300 µM; 24 or 72h); did not alter the secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1); enhanced the secretion of tumoral necrosis factor (TNF-α; 100 or 300 µM; 72h) and interleukin 12 (IL12; 300 µM; 72h); reduced secretion of interleukin 1β (IL1β 300 µM; 72h) and interleukin 10 (IL10; 300 µM; 24h; 100 or 300 µM; 48h; 100 µM; 72h); increased PPAR-y expression (100 or 300 µM; 24h; 300 µM; 72h) and AhR (300 µM, 24h); increased intracellular triglycerides concentration (100 or 300 µM, 24, 48 or 72h). In summary the results show direct actions of PCB126 in 3T3-L1 cells evolved on adipogenesis, reinforcing, although in vitro, the role of this pollutant class on obesity.
32

Representação compressiva de malhas / Mesh Compressive Representation

Lima, Jose Paulo Rodrigues de 17 February 2014 (has links)
A compressão de dados é uma área de muito interesse em termos computacionais devido à necessidade de armazená-los e transmiti-los. Em particular, a compressão de malhas possui grande interesse em função do crescimento de sua utilização em jogos tridimensionais e modelagens diversas. Nos últimos anos, uma nova teoria de aquisição e reconstrução de sinais foi desenvolvida, baseada no conceito de esparsidade na minimização da norma L1 e na incoerência do sinal, chamada Compressive Sensing (CS). Essa teoria possui algumas características marcantes, como a aleatoriedade de amostragem e a reconstrução via minimização, de modo que a própria aquisição do sinal é feita considerando somente os coeficientes significativos. Qualquer objeto que possa ser interpretado como um sinal esparso permite sua utilização. Assim, ao se representar esparsamente um objeto (sons, imagens) é possível aplicar a técnica de CS. Este trabalho verifica a viabilidade da aplicação da teoria de CS na compressão de malhas, de modo que seja possível um sensoreamento e representação compressivos na geometria de uma malha. Nos experimentos realizados, foram utilizadas variações dos parâmetros de entrada e técnicas de minimização da Norma L1. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a técnica de CS pode ser utilizada como estratégia de compressão da geometria das malhas. / Data compression is an area of a major interest in computational terms due to the issues on storage and transmission. Particularly, mesh compression has wide usage due to the increase of its application in games and three-dimensional modeling. In recent years, a new theory of acquisition and reconstruction of signals was developed, based on the concept of sparsity and in the minimization of the L1 norm and the incoherency of the signal, called Compressive Sensing (CS). This theory has some remarkable features, such as random sampling and reconstruction by minimization, in a way that the signal acquisition is done by considering only its significant coefficients. Any object that can be interpreted as a sparse sign allows its use. Thus, representing an object sparsely (sounds, images), you can apply the technique of CS. This work explores the viability of CS theory on mesh compression, so that it is possible a representative and compressive sensing on the mesh geometry. In the performed experiments, different parameters and L1 Norm minimization strategies were used. The results show that CS can be used as a mesh geometry compression strategy.
33

Representação compressiva de malhas / Mesh Compressive Representation

Jose Paulo Rodrigues de Lima 17 February 2014 (has links)
A compressão de dados é uma área de muito interesse em termos computacionais devido à necessidade de armazená-los e transmiti-los. Em particular, a compressão de malhas possui grande interesse em função do crescimento de sua utilização em jogos tridimensionais e modelagens diversas. Nos últimos anos, uma nova teoria de aquisição e reconstrução de sinais foi desenvolvida, baseada no conceito de esparsidade na minimização da norma L1 e na incoerência do sinal, chamada Compressive Sensing (CS). Essa teoria possui algumas características marcantes, como a aleatoriedade de amostragem e a reconstrução via minimização, de modo que a própria aquisição do sinal é feita considerando somente os coeficientes significativos. Qualquer objeto que possa ser interpretado como um sinal esparso permite sua utilização. Assim, ao se representar esparsamente um objeto (sons, imagens) é possível aplicar a técnica de CS. Este trabalho verifica a viabilidade da aplicação da teoria de CS na compressão de malhas, de modo que seja possível um sensoreamento e representação compressivos na geometria de uma malha. Nos experimentos realizados, foram utilizadas variações dos parâmetros de entrada e técnicas de minimização da Norma L1. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a técnica de CS pode ser utilizada como estratégia de compressão da geometria das malhas. / Data compression is an area of a major interest in computational terms due to the issues on storage and transmission. Particularly, mesh compression has wide usage due to the increase of its application in games and three-dimensional modeling. In recent years, a new theory of acquisition and reconstruction of signals was developed, based on the concept of sparsity and in the minimization of the L1 norm and the incoherency of the signal, called Compressive Sensing (CS). This theory has some remarkable features, such as random sampling and reconstruction by minimization, in a way that the signal acquisition is done by considering only its significant coefficients. Any object that can be interpreted as a sparse sign allows its use. Thus, representing an object sparsely (sounds, images), you can apply the technique of CS. This work explores the viability of CS theory on mesh compression, so that it is possible a representative and compressive sensing on the mesh geometry. In the performed experiments, different parameters and L1 Norm minimization strategies were used. The results show that CS can be used as a mesh geometry compression strategy.
34

Efeito da exposição in vitro à bifenila policlorada nº 126 em células 3T3-L1 / In vitro exposure effect of polychlorinated biphenyl n° 126.

Wesley Soares Cruz 29 October 2015 (has links)
A bifenila policlorada n° 126 (3,3\',4,4\',5-Penta-cloro-bifenil, PCB126) é um poluente orgânico persistente (POP), tóxico para os seres vivos. Recentemente, a associação entre a exposição aos POPs e doenças metabólicas têm sido descrita. No entanto, os mecanismos desta toxicidade não estão esclarecidos. Desta forma, este trabalho visou elucidar os efeitos da exposição ao PCB126 sobre pré-adipócitos da linhagem 3T3-L1, diferenciados ou não, focando nos mecanismos de morte celular, proliferação, diferenciação e metabolismo. O PCB 126 foi diluído em DMSO (0,13%). Células 3T3-L1 foram mantidas em meio Dulbecco\'s modified Eagle\'s (DMEM, 5% de CO2 a 37ºC) e sua diferenciação foi realizada pela incubação com solução contendo coquetel adipogênico durante 10 dias. As células foram incubadas com diferentes concentrações de PCB126, DMSO (0,13%) ou DMEM. Células não diferenciadas foram empregadas em ensaios de viabilidade, morte, proliferação, ciclo celular, fragmentação do DNA (citometria de fluxo) e ensaios de produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS, espectrofotometria de fluorescência). Células diferenciadas foram empregadas para quantificação dos mediadores inflamatórios (ELISA), acúmulo de triglicérides intracelulares (Oil red, microscopia de luz), produção de óxido nítrico (NO, reação de Greiss), expressão do receptor de aril hidrocarboneto (AhR, WB) e do proliferador de peroxissoma (PPAR-γ, WB). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a exposição ao PCB126 (10, 30 ou 100µM; 24, 48 ou 72 h) não alterou a viabilidade e proliferação celular; reduziu a porcentagem de células em apoptose (30, 100µM; 24 ou 72 h); não alterou o ciclo celular (10, 30 ou 100µM; 24 ou 72 h); induziu a fragmentação do DNA (10, 30 ou 100µM; 24h); não induziu a geração de ROS (30, 100µM; 24 ou 72 h); induziu a produção de NO (300µM; 24 ou 72h); não alterou a secreção do fator quimiotáxico para monócito (MCP-1); aumentou a secreção do fator de necrose tumoral (TNF-α; 100 ou 300µM, 72 h) e da interleucina 12 (IL-12; 300µM, 72 h); reduziu a secreção de interleucina 1β (IL-1β, 300 µM, 72 h) e de interleucina 10 (IL-10; 300µM; 24h, 100 ou 300µM; 48 h; 100µM, 72 h); aumentou a expressão de PPARγ (100 ou 300µM, 24h; 300µM, 72h) e de AhR (300µM, 72h); aumentou a concentração de triglicérides intracelulares (100 ou 300µM; 24, 48 ou 72h). Em conjunto, os resultados obtidos mostram as ações diretas do PCB126 em células 3T3-L1 envolvidas na adipogênese, o que reforça, embora que em ensaios in vitro, o papel desta classe de poluentes na obesidade. / The polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 126 is a persistent organic pollutant and toxic to human being. The association between exposition to POPs and metabolic diseases has been described. Nevertheless this toxicity mechanism is not yet elucidated. This way this work aim to elucidate the exposure over pre adipocytes 3T3-L1 line to PCB 126, differentiated or not, focused on cellular death mechanisms, proliferation, differentiation and metabolism. The PCB126 was diluted in DMSO (0,13%). 3T3-L1 cells were maintained in Dulbecco´s modified Eagle´s medium (DMEM, 5% CO2 at 37º) and the differentiation process was performed by incubation with adpogenic cocktail solution by 10 days. The cells were incubated with different concentration of PCB126, DMSO (0,13%) or DMEM. Cells not differentiated were used on viability assays, death, proliferation, cell cycle and DNA fragmentation (flow cytometry) and reactive oxygen species production assay (ROS, fluorescence spectrophotometry). Differentiated cells were used to quantify inflammatory mediators (ELISA), Intracellular triglycerides accumulation (Oil red staining, light microscopy), nitric oxide production (NO, Greiss reaction), aril hydrocarbon receptor expression (AhR, Western Blot) and Peroxisome proliferator receptor gamma (PPAR-y, Western Blot). The obtained results showed that exposure to PCB126 (10, 30 or 100 µM; 24, 48 or 72 hours) did not interfere on cellular viability and proliferation; reduced the cells percentage in apoptosis (30, 100 µM; 24 or 72h); did not interfere on cellular cycle (10, 30 or 100 µM; 24 or 72h); induced DNA fragmentation (10, 30 or 100 µM; 24h); did not induced ROS generation (30, 100 µM; 24 or 72h); induced the production of NO (300 µM; 24 or 72h); did not alter the secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1); enhanced the secretion of tumoral necrosis factor (TNF-α; 100 or 300 µM; 72h) and interleukin 12 (IL12; 300 µM; 72h); reduced secretion of interleukin 1β (IL1β 300 µM; 72h) and interleukin 10 (IL10; 300 µM; 24h; 100 or 300 µM; 48h; 100 µM; 72h); increased PPAR-y expression (100 or 300 µM; 24h; 300 µM; 72h) and AhR (300 µM, 24h); increased intracellular triglycerides concentration (100 or 300 µM, 24, 48 or 72h). In summary the results show direct actions of PCB126 in 3T3-L1 cells evolved on adipogenesis, reinforcing, although in vitro, the role of this pollutant class on obesity.
35

L1 and L2 writing strategies: a study of Chinese graduate student writers using concurrent think-aloud

Guo, Xiaoqian 29 August 2012 (has links)
In the field of L2 (second language) writing, a great number of studies have been done to explore learners’ writing processes and writing strategies since the last three decades. However, the relationship between learners’ strategy use and writing performance is still not clear-cut, and researchers still debate about whether L1 (first language) writing processes and strategies are similar to or different from L2 writing processes and strategies. To explore these controversial issues, this study has examined the L1 and L2 academic writing processes of 35 Chinese ESL (English-as-a-second-language) learners by using concurrent think-aloud protocols and retrospective interviews. In line with previous strategy studies, the findings of present study also revealed that learners selected, used, and evaluated a wide range of writing strategies (i.e., approach, rhetorical, communication, cognitive, metacognitive, affective, and social strategies) in both L1 and L2 tasks. Moreover, the results of qualitative and quantitative analyses indicated that the overall pattern of strategy use by learners was similar between L1 and L2. Specifically, learners tended to transfer their approach, rhetorical, communication, and cognitive strategies across languages. As for the correlations between writing strategies and writing scores, statistical tests did not detect any significant relationships between learners’ strategy use and their writing performance in either the L1 writing task or the L2 writing task. One main implication suggested by the present study is that learners should not only be encouraged to reflect on their L2 writing performance and strategy use, but also be provided with the opportunities to reconsider and reflect on how they usually approach and process L1 writing tasks. / Graduate
36

Sur quelques applications du codage parcimonieux et sa mise en oeuvre / On compressed sampling applications and its implementation

Coppa, Bertrand 08 March 2013 (has links)
Le codage parcimonieux permet la reconstruction d'un signal à partir de quelques projections linéaires de celui-ci, sous l'hypothèse que le signal se décompose de manière parcimonieuse, c'est-à-dire avec peu de coefficients, sur un dictionnaire connu. Le codage est simple, et la complexité est déportée sur la reconstruction. Après une explication détaillée du fonctionnement du codage parcimonieux, une présentation de quelques résultats théoriques et quelques simulations pour cerner les performances envisageables, nous nous intéressons à trois problèmes : d'abord, l'étude de conception d'un système permettant le codage d'un signal par une matrice binaire, et des avantages apportés par une telle implémentation. Ensuite, nous nous intéressons à la détermination du dictionnaire de représentation parcimonieuse du signal par des méthodes d'apprentissage. Enfin, nous discutons la possibilité d'effectuer des opérations comme la classification sur le signal sans le reconstruire. / Compressed sensing allows to reconstruct a signal from a few linear projections, under the assumption that the signal can be sparsely represented, that is, with only a few coefficients, on a known dictionary. Coding is very simple and all the complexity is gathered on the reconstruction. After more detailed explanations of the principle of compressed sensing, some theoretic resultats from literature and a few simulations allowing to get an idea of expected performances, we focusson three problems: First, the study for the building of a system using compressed sensing with a binary matrix and the obtained benefits. Then, we have a look at the building of a dictionary for sparse representations of the signal. And lastly, we discuss the possibility of processing signal without reconstruction, with an example in classification.
37

Construção de vetores para superexpressão da proteína L1 do HPV16 em Pichia pastoris / Construction of vectors for overexpression of the HPV16 L1 protein in Pichia pastoris

João Renato Souza Negrão e Silva 23 June 2010 (has links)
O papilomavirus humano (HPV) é o agente etiológico da infecção sexualmente transmissível mais comum na população mundial. A prevalência da infecção por HPV é estimada em 660 milhões de pessoas e mais de 50% das mulheres serão acometidas pela infecção ao menos uma vez na vida. O HPV é responsável por virtualmente todos os casos de câncer de colo de útero (99%), além de causar muitos outros tipos de câncer de mucosa. O câncer cervical afeta aproximadamente 1.4 milhões de mulheres e 500 mil novos casos surgem anualmente, resultando em 250 mil mortes por ano. Os maiores índices de incidência são observados na América Latina e na África. Duas vacinas contra o HPV são comercializadas desde 2006 por empresas estrangeiras. Entretanto, o custo mínimo da vacinação é superior a 600 reais. Este preço torna sua incorporação pelo sistema de saúde um processo economicamente inviável. Dessa forma, devem ser buscadas alternativas para a produção de uma vacina eficaz, de qualidade e de baixo custo no Brasil. A proteína L1, principal proteína do capsídeo do HPV, tem a propriedade de se auto agregar em partículas semelhantes às virais (VLPs), que são o principal componente das vacinas atuais e possuem muita semelhança com os vírions nativos, introduzindo inclusive, uma imunização predominantemente tipo-específica. Este projeto se propôs a construir e avaliar vetores de expressão visando à produção em larga escala da proteína L1 do HPV 16, o tipo de HPV de maior risco e incidência na população mundial. Foram construídos cinco plasmídeos para Pichia pastoris, uma das principais plataformas industriais de expressão. Eles se diferenciam pelos marcadores de seleção e pelas sequências de manutenção do vetor, mas têm exatamente o mesmo objetivo: gerar sistemas que possuam múltiplas cópias do gene da L1 e que não necessitem da utilização de antibióticos. Essa estratégia foi escolhida porque a produtividade de muitas das proteínas heterólogas tem grande dependência da dosagem gênica e porque o uso de antibióticos encarece muito o custo da produção. Na primeira etapa do projeto foi avaliado um sistema de expressão epissomal auxotrófico, mas ele não se manteve estável ao longo de 60 gerações. Na segunda parte, dois vetores de integração ao sítio do DNA ribossomal foram testados. O sistema mais estável e produtivo foi caracterizado quanto ao número de cópias integradas ao genoma da P. pastoris e ao nível de expressão. O sistema é capaz de produzir clones com mais de 30 cópias do gene da L1 e dois clones expressaram cerca de 20 a 30 miligramas/litro de L1. Adicionalmente outros dois vetores integrativos que utilizam sequências teloméricas para integração foram construídos. Ainda são necessários estudos conjuntos de fermentação em larga escala e purificação da proteína para verificar a viabilidade do sistema / The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the etiologic agent of the sexually transmitted infection most common worldwide. The prevalence of HPV infection is estimated at 660 million people and over 50% of women will be affected by the infection at least once in their lifetime. HPV is responsible for virtually all cervical cancers cases (99%), and causes many other types of mucosal cancer. Cervical cancer affects approximately 1.4 million women, and 500.000 new cases occur annually, resulting in 250.000 deaths per year. The highest incidence rates are seen in Latin America and Africa. Two HPV vaccines are marketed since 2006 by foreign companies. However, the minimum cost of vaccination is higher than 360 dollar. This price makes its incorporation by the Brazilian Health System economically unfeasible. Thus, alternatives must be found to produce an effective vaccine, with low cost and high-quality in Brazil. The L1 protein, the major capsid protein of HPV, has the ability to self aggregate into virus-like particles (VLPs) which are the main component of current vaccines. The VLPs are very similar to the native virions and can introduce an immunization predominantly type-specific. This project aimed to construct and evaluate expression vectors to produce, at large scale, the L1 protein of HPV 16, which is the HPV type at greater risk and incidence in the world. Five plasmids were constructed for Pichia pastoris, one of the major industrial expression platforms. They differ in the selection markers and the vector maintenance sequences, but they have exactly the same goal: to create systems with multiple copies of the L1 gene and that don\'t require the use of antibiotics. This strategy was chosen because the productivity of many heterologous proteins have heavy dependence on gene dosage and because the use of antibiotics is extremely expensive for its production. In the first stage of the project, it was rated an episomal auxotrophic expression system, but it was unstable after a period of 60 generations. In the second part, two vectors for integration in the ribosomal DNA locus were tested. The most stable and productive system was featured on the number of copies integrated into the P. pastoris genome and on the expression level. It was proved that the system is able to produce clones with more than 30 copies of the L1 gene and two clones expressed approximately 20-30 milligrams/liter of L1. Additionally, two other integrative vectors for integration in telomeric sequences were constructed for future testing. More studies on large-scale fermentation and protein purification will be necessary to determine the feasibility of the system.
38

Tikhonov regularization with oversmoothing penalties

Gerth, Daniel 21 December 2016 (has links) (PDF)
In the last decade l1-regularization became a powerful and popular tool for the regularization of Inverse Problems. While in the early years sparse solution were in the focus of research, recently also the case that the coefficients of the exact solution decay sufficiently fast was under consideration. In this paper we seek to show that l1-regularization is applicable and leads to optimal convergence rates even when the exact solution does not belong to l1 but only to l2. This is a particular example of over-smoothing regularization, i.e., the penalty implies smoothness properties the exact solution does not fulfill. We will make some statements on convergence also in this general context.
39

Rôle de l’éctonucléotidase CD39 dans l’acquisition d’un phénotype immunorégulateur par les macrophages associés aux tumeurs / The ectonucleotidase CD39 in the acquisition of an immunosuppressive phenotype by tumor-associated macrophages

D'Almeida, Sénan 27 November 2015 (has links)
Les macrophages associés aux tumeurs (TAM) sont des cellules immunorégulatrices qui s’accumulent massivement dans le microenvironnement (ME) tumoral. Chez les patients atteints de cancer de l’ovaire (CO) ou de mésothéliome pleural malin (MPM), leur densité est associé à un mauvais pronostic. Le projet est porté sur la caractérisation des mécanismes impliqués dans leur recrutement et leur polarisation. L’éctonucléotidase CD39 hydrolyse l’ATP enadénosine extracellulaire, présentant des propriétés immunosuppressives. Nous avons montré que les TAMCD14+CD163+ isolés de CO et les M générés in vitro en présence de M-CSF, expriment un niveau élevé de CD39membranaire comparativement aux M immunostimulants. L’inhibition de CD39 diminue les fonctions immunorégulatrices des M CD163+CD39+high (i.e. IL-10 etPD-L1). Nous avons identifié la cytokine IL-27, sécrétée parles neutrophiles infiltrants la tumeur, comme rhéostat de l’expression de CD39. En conséquence, neutraliser l’IL-27pendant la différenciation des M en présence de M-CSF diminue l’expression de CD39 et PD-L1 ainsi que la sécrétiond’IL-10 par ces M . Parallèlement, nous avons montré que les effusions pleurales du MPM induisent la migration des monocytes via CCL2, polarisent les monocytes en MCD163+ et protègent des cellules tumorales de l’effet des agents cytotoxiques. L’ensemble de ces résultats suggère que le ciblage du recrutement (CCL2) et des molécules impliquées dans la polarisation des TAM (ligands du MCSFR,IL-27, CD39) représentent de nouvelles pistes thérapeutiques dans le traitement de certaines tumeurs solides. / Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are immunosuppressive cells that can massively accumulate in the tumor microenvironment (ME). In patients with ovarian cancer (OC) and malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), their density is correlated with poor prognosis. Targeting mediators that control the recruitment or the polarization of immunoregulatory macrophages (M ) represents therapeutic challenge to overcome tumor-associated immunosuppression. The ectonucleotidase CD39 hydrolyzes ATP into extracellular adenosine that exhibits potent immunosuppressive properties. We report here thatCD14+CD163+ TAM isolated from OC patients and Mgenerated in vitro with M-CSF, express high levels of the membrane ectonucleotidase CD39 compared to classically activated M . CD39 blockade diminished some of the immunosuppressive functions ofCD163+CD39hugh, such as IL-10 secretion. We identified the cytokine IL-27, secreted by tumorin-filtrating neutrophils, located close to infiltratingCD163+ M , as a major rheostat of CD39 expression and consequently, on the acquisition of immunoregulatory properties by macrophages. Accordingly, the depletion of IL-27 down-regulatedCD39, PD-L1 expression as well as IL-10 secretion byM-CSF-M . In parallel, we showed that pleural effusion of MPM induced monocytes migration via CCL2, the polarization of monocytes into CD163+ and induced protection to tumor cell death after chemotherapeutic treatments. Collectively, these data suggest that targeting the recruitment (CCL2) or molecules that maintain the immunosuppressive phenotype of TAM(CD39, drived by IL-27 and M-CSFR ligands) could give substantial benefit to the treatment of some solid tumors.
40

L1 retrotransposon activity : insights from genomic and molecular studies / L'activité du rétrotransposon L1 à travers des études génomiques et moléculaires

Kuciak, Monika 15 December 2011 (has links)
Les rétrotransposons L1 sont les seuls éléments transposables autonomes et actifs chez l'Homme et constituent 20% de notre ADN. Ils prolifèrent via un intermédiaire ARN et un processus couplé de réverse transcription et d'intégration, appelé rétrotransposition, et médié par une particule ribonucléoprotéique (RNP). Les L1s sautent de façon active dans les cellules germinales, les cellules souches embryonnaires et l'embryon précoce, ce qui provoque parfois de nouvelles maladies génétiques. Cependant ils sont considérés comme éteints dans la plupart des tissus somatiques. Dans le but d'explorer l'importance et les conséquences de la rétrotransposition des L1s chez l'Homme, nous avons développé une approche de cartographie des L1s actifs dans le génome humain, en combinant amplification sélective des sites d'insertion et séquençage à haut-débit. Nous avons utilisé cette stratégie afin d'obtenir la cartographie différentielle des L1s dans deux lignées cellulaires humaines apparentées. Ainsi, nous avons découvert plusieurs insertions de L1 présentes uniquement dans la lignée fille mais absente dans la lignée parentale, démontrant pour la première fois que les éléments L1 endogènes humains sont capables de mobilité dans des lignées de cellules somatiques en culture. D'autre part, afin d'éclaircir les déterminants qui dictent l'intégration des L1s, nous avons développé un test direct de réverse transcription in vitro à partir de RNP L1 natives partiellement purifiées de cellules humaines. Ceci nous a permis de montrer que la réverse transcriptase du L1 participe à la sélection du site d'insertion, ajoutant une couche additionnelle de spécificité après l'endonucléase L1. En conclusion, notre travail met en lumière la flexibilité de la machinerie des L1s, une propriété qui a certainement participé à l'efficacité de l'invasion des génomes de mammifères par ces éléments génétiques mobiles. / L1 retrotransposons are the only autonomous and active transposable elements in humans and comprise as much as 20% of our DNA. They proliferate via an RNA intermediate and a coupled reverse transcription and integration process, called retrotransposition and mediated by an L1-encoded ribonucleoprotein particle (RNP). L1s are actively jumping in germ cells, embryonic stem cells and in the early embryo, occasionally leading to de novo genetic diseases, but are considered silent in most somatic tissues. To comprehensively map active L1 elements in the human genome and to further explore the importance and consequences of L1 retrotransposition in humans, we combined selective amplification of L1 insertion sites and high-throughput sequencing. We applied this strategy to obtain a differential map of L1 insertions in two related human cultured cell lines and to question the possibility that endogenous L1 elements could be jumping in somatic cultured cells. We discovered several L1 insertions only present in the daughter cell line but absent in the parental cell line, demonstrating for the first time that retrotransposition of endogenous L1s takes place in a human somatic cell line. To get insights into the determinants of L1 integration, we have also developed a novel reverse transcription assay using partially purified native L1 RNPs. This enabled us to show that the L1 reverse transcriptase participates to insertion site selection, adding a second layer of specificity beyond the L1 endonuclease. Finally our work highlights the flexibility of the L1 machinery, which certainly participates to the efficient spreading of L1 elements within mammalian genomes.

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