The concept of reciprocal acoustical travel-time measurements as a means of determining path-averaged currents is well established. We have designed an instrument to exploit this principle in studies of the boundary layer just beneath the arctic ice cover. Such measurements are of interest both because of the opportunity provided for comparison with the more commonly acquired point measurements and because of a particular configuration allowing determination of average vorticity, which cannot be achieved with the traditional approach; in addition, their unprecedented sensitivity allows detection of phenomena not observable with traditional sensors. The acoustical instrument was deployed during the spring of 1989 in the sub-ice boundary layer of the Eastern Arctic in order to measure turbulence, path-averaged horizontal current, and relative vorticity. A triangular acoustic array of side 200 m was used to obtain reciprocal transmission measurements at 132 kHz, at 8, 10 and 20 m beneath an ice floe. Pseudo-random coding and real-time signal processing provided precise acoustic travel time and amplitude for each reciprocal path. Mean current along each acoustic path is proportional to travel time difference between reciprocal transmissions. Horizontal velocity normal to the acoustic paths is measured using scintillation drift. The instrument measures horizontal circulation and average vorticity relative to the ice, at length scales characteristic of high frequency internal waves in the region. The rms noise level of the measurements is less than 0.1 mm/s for velocity measurements and 0.01 for vorticity, averaged over one minute. Except near the mechanical resonance frequency of the moorings, the measurement accuracy is limited by multipath interference. Path-averaged horizontal velocity is compared to point measurements and marked differences are observed due to local anomalies of the flow field. The integral measurement of current is particularly sensitive to the passage of internal waves that have wavelengths longer than the horizontal separation of the transducers. A comparison of horizontal velocity at two depths in the boundary layer shows good coherence at internal wave frequencies and some attenuation as the ice is approached. Relative vorticity at internal wave length scales is dominated by horizontal shear caused by flow interaction with ice topography and not by planetary vorticity. Reciprocal acoustical travel time measurements over paths of several hundred meters can be used to probe the statistical behaviour of turbulent velocity fine structure in the ocean. For homogenous isotropic flows, and for long measuring baselines, an analytic expression relating line-averaged and point measurements of velocity is derived. Anisotropic and inhomogeneous flows are also considered. Correction formulas for the spatial and temporal variability of advection velocity along the measuring baseline are obtained. Practical limitations are established, and experimental data from the arctic boundary layer beneath ice is compared with the theory. A new remote sensing technique for measuring turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate is suggested. / Graduate

Orientador: Sérgio Eduardo de Paiva Gonçalves / Banca: Alessandra Bühler Borges / Banca: Andrea Anido Anido / Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência do laser Nd:YAG nas propriedades mecânicas (dureza e módulo de elasticidade) da interface adesiva, utilizando a técnica da nanoindentação, empregando-se sistema adesivo convencional Adper Single Bond 2 - 3M ESPE (SB) ou autocondicionante Clearfil SE Bond - Kuraray (CSE). Doze terceiros molares humanos tiveram suas superfícies oclusais desgastadas até a exposição da dentina superficial. Uma cavidade circular padronizada com fresa 3053 foi realizada na superfície oclusal proporcionando 2 mm de dentina remanescente. Os espécimes foram embutidos em resina acrílica, e seccionados no sentido mésio-distal, sendo as 24 hemi-coroas obtidas divididas em quatro grupos: Grupo controle (SBC) - aplicação do sistema SB de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante; Grupo laser (SBL) - aplicação do sistema adesivo SB e tratamento com laser Nd:YAG (140mJ/cm2/60s/não contato); Grupo controle (CSEC) - aplicação do sistema adesivo autocondicionante CSE de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante; Grupo laser (CSEL)- aplicação do sistema adesivo autocondicionante CSE e tratamento com laser Nd:YAG (140mJ/cm2/60s/não contato). Após a polimerização dos sistemas adesivos, foram aplicados dois incrementos da resina composta Filtek Z 350 (3M ESPE). Os corpos-de-prova foram imersos em água destilada e armazenados por 24h em estufa 37ºC e submetidos à nanoidentação em aparelho Nano Indenter® XP (MTS®, MN, EUA).. Os resultados foram submetidos aos testes estatísticos de Análise de Variância (ANOVA), Tukey e t-Student (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que a aplicação do laser Nd:YAG em ambos os sistemas adesivos não alterou o nível de dureza da interface adesiva, no entanto alterou o módulo de elasticidade / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of Nd: YAG laser on the mechanical properties (hardness and modulus of elasticity) of the adhesive interface, using the technique of nanoindentation, employing conventional adhesive system Single Bond 2 3M ESPE (SB) or selfetching adhesive system Clearfil SE Bond - Kuraray (CSE). On 12 human molars, a flat superficial dentin surface was exposed by abrasion. A standardized circular cavity with bur 3053 was performed on the occlusal surface and dentin thickness was standardized in 2 mm. The specimens were embedded in resin acrylic and sectioned mesio-distally through their long axes, and the 24 hemi-crowns obtained divided into four groups: Control Group (SBC) - the application of SB system according to the manufacturer's recommendations; Laser Group (SBL) - SB adhesive system and treatment with Nd: YAG laser (140mJ/cm2/60s/no contact) Control Group (CSEC) - application of CSE self-etching adhesive system according to the manufacturer's recommendations; Laser Group (CSEL) - application of CSE self-etching adhesive system and treatment with Nd: YAG laser (140mJ/cm2/60s/no contact). After polymerization of the adhesives, were applied two increments of composite resin Filtek Supreme and specimens were immersed in distilled water and stored for 24 hours at 37 ºC and submitted to nanoidentation in Nano Indenter ® XP (MTS ®, MN, USA. Nanoindentation were made on composite resin, adhesive system, hybrid layer and dentin. The results were analyzed by a tree-way ANOVA, Tukey and e t-Students (p<0,05). It was concluded that the application of Nd:YAG laser in both adhesive systems did not change hardness level of hybrid layer, however chanded the elastic modulus / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-02-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:57:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 batista_lhc_me_arafo.pdf: 673258 bytes, checksum: 3700ba511cf49dca06c634f504996cfb (MD5) / O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar in vitro a eficácia de um gel de EDTA associado ao detergente texapon na remoção da smear layer avaliando-se os fatores concentração da substância, tempo e forma de aplicação. Smear layer foi produzida experimentalmente em dentes extraídos. As amostras obtidas receberam a aplicação do gel de EDTA nas seguintes concentrações: controle (soro fisiológico), 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 24%. Para cada grupo experimental os tempos de aplicação foram de um, dois e três minutos. Quanto à forma de aplicação, foram testadas as maneiras passiva e ativa (pincel). A seguir foram obtidas fotomicrografias em microscópio eletrônico de varredura que foram avaliadas segundo o índice de Sampaio (1999). Os resultados demonstraram que a utilização do gel de EDTA-T removeu mais smear layer que o grupo controle. Durante a aplicação passiva, a concentração de 15% foi superior a de 5% e 10%, diferença que não existia durante a aplicação ativa. O tempo de três minutos parece ser o ideal para aplicação do gel de EDTA-T. A forma de aplicação ativa é superior a forma de aplicação passiva. A forma de aplicação parece ser o fator fundamental na remoção da smear layer, pois influencia os fatores concentração e tempo de aplicação e não é influenciado por eles. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro the efficacy of na EDTA-T gel on smear layer removal evaluating the influence of concentration, application time and application manner. Smear layer was experimentally promoved at extracted teeth. The root fragments assigned one of the EDTA gel concentration tested: control, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 24% . For each concentration, the gel was applied for one, two and three minutes, either in a passive or active manner. Photomicrographs was obtained with scanning electron microscope, which were evaluated using index of Sampaio (1999). The results demonstrated that the EDTA-T gel exhibitted a better smear layer removal than control. During the passive application, concentration of 15% was superior compared to 5% and 10% concentration, but when active application was used, there was no differenceamong the groups. Smear layer removal was more effective when EDTA gel was applied for three minutes. Application manner is the fundamental factor on smear layer removal because influenced concentration and application time and was not influenced by them.

Submitted by Alex Sandro R?go (alex@ifpb.edu.br) on 2016-11-23T14:14:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 An?lise_e_Simula??o_de_Antenas_de_Microfita_Atrav?s_do_M?todo_FDTD.pdf: 6733290 bytes, checksum: d36f54b35c59746e26d58dc9e823c7d6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alex Sandro R?go (alex@ifpb.edu.br) on 2016-11-23T14:15:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 An?lise_e_Simula??o_de_Antenas_de_Microfita_Atrav?s_do_M?todo_FDTD.pdf: 6733290 bytes, checksum: d36f54b35c59746e26d58dc9e823c7d6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-23T14:15:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 An?lise_e_Simula??o_de_Antenas_de_Microfita_Atrav?s_do_M?todo_FDTD.pdf: 6733290 bytes, checksum: d36f54b35c59746e26d58dc9e823c7d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-23 / Este trabalho tem como finalidade a aplica??o do m?todo das Diferen?as Finitas no Dom?nio do Tempo - Finite Difference Time Domain ? FDTD para an?lise num?rica de antenas de microfita, atrav?s de um programa escrito em linguagem C++. A condi??o de contorno absorvedora necess?ria adotada, para converg?ncia dos resultados, foi a camada perfeitamente casada - Perfect Matched Layer ? PML, posicionada em volta do dom?nio computacional. Para os quatro modelos de antenas propostos, os resultados do par?metro S11 foram encontrados por um programa desenvolvido em linguagem Matlab e os resultados obtidos para os modelos de antenas propostos, foram validados experimentalmente pela constru??o f?sica e medi??o com o analisador de redes vetorial Agilent N5230A e com o software comercial Ansys Design.

Materiais auto-organizados constituídos de V2O5 xerogel, poli(etilenoimina) (PEI) e nanopartículas de carbono (NpCs) foram obtidos por meio da técnica camada-por-camada (LbL). A metodologia aplicada permitiu a obtenção de filmes finos com elevado controle de espessura além de permitir um crescimento linear dos filmes, denominados neste trabalho V2O5/PEI e V2O5/PEI/NpCs. Além disso, o desempenho eletroquímico dos materiais auto-organizados foi comparado a um eletrodo de V2O5. Análises de FTIR mostraram que interações específicas entre os grupos amina do PEI e os grupos carboxila do V2O5 são responsáveis pelo crescimento do filme. Estas interações permitem a formação de um campo eletrostático capaz de blindar as interações entre os íons lítio e os oxigênios da vanadila (V=O) e, por consequência, são responsáveis pelo aumento na mobilidade iônica dos íons lítio no interior da matriz hospedeira e, portanto, um aumento na capacidade de armazenamento de carga. Resultados obtidos através de medidas de carga/descarga mostram que o V2O5/PEI/NpCs apresenta uma melhor desempenho do que os demais materiais estudados neste trabalho. Estes resultados mostram que a capacidade específica do V2O5/PEI/NpCs foi de 137 mA h g-1 para a menor densidade de corrente aplicada e aproximadamente 1,6 vezes maior do que os valores de capacidade específica para os outros materiais para a maior densidade de corrente aplicada. Além disso, estas medidas permitiram a observação de uma menor variação na razão estequiométrica máxima (xmáx) em função das densidades de corrente aplicadas para os filmes auto-organizados, fato este relacionado a uma maior mobilidade iônica dos íons lítio no interior dessas matrizes. Os resultados obtidos a partir de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIS) mostraram que a difusão dos íons lítio no interior das matrizes auto-organizadas é maior do que no caso do V2O5, cujos valores do coeficiente de difusão foram de 1,64 x 10-15, 1,21 x 10-14 e 2,26 x 10-14 cm2 s-1 para os filmes V2O5, V2O5/PEI e V2O5/PEI/NpCs, respectivamente. Sendo assim, o polímero e as NpCs promoveram novos caminhos condutores e permitiram a conexão elétrica entre camadas isoladas da matriz V2O5. Dessa forma, novos nanocompósitos foram obtidos visando demonstrar o método de auto-organização empregado para melhorar o transporte de carga em matrizes hospedeiras. / Self-assembled materials constituted of V2O5 xerogel, poly (ethyleneimine) (PEI), and carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) were obtained by the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique. The applied methodology permitted the obtainment of thin films with high thickness control and also permitted a linear growth of the films, which will be named V2O5/PEI and V2O5/PEI/CNPs. Besides, the electrochemical performance of the self-assembled materials was compared to a V2O5 electrode. FTIR analyses showed that the specific interactions between the amine groups of PEI and the vanadyl groups of the V2O5 are responsible for the film growth. These interactions permitted the formation of an electrostatic shield capable of hindering the interactions between the lithium ions and the vanadyl oxygen atoms (V=O) and are consequently responsible for the enhancement on the ionic mobility of the lithium ions within the host matrix, leading to a higher energy storage capability. Results obtained by the charge/discharge measurements showed that V2O5/PEI/CNPs presents a better performance than the other materials studied for this research. These results demonstrated that the specific capacity of the V2O5/PEI/CNPs was 137 mA h g-1 under the lowest current density applied and approximately 1.6 times higher than the specific capacity values obtained for the other materials under the highest current density applied. Moreover, it was observed that the variation of the maximum stoichiometric ratio (xmax) as a function of the current density is lower for the self-assembled materials than for the V2O5 electrode, which can be related to the higher ionic mobility of the lithium ion within the self-assembled materials. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) data demonstrated that the diffusion of the lithium ions within the self-assembled materials is higher than within the V2O5 electrode, and the diffusion coefficients were 1.64 x 10-15, 1.21 x 10-14 e 2.26 x 10-14 cm2 s-1 for V2O5, V2O5/PEI and V2O5/PEI/CNPs, respectively. Thus, the polymer and the CNPs provided new conducting pathways and connected isolated V2O5 chains in the host matrix. Therefore, novel spontaneous nanocomposites were formed, aiming to demonstrate the self-assembled method adopted for improving charge transport within host matrices.

This thesis presents several simple, robust, and optimal resource management schemes for multihop wireless access networks with the main focus on multi-channel wireless mesh networks (MC WMNs). In this regard, various resource management optimization problems are formulated arid efficient algorithms are proposed to solve each problem. First, we consider the channel as signment problem in MC-WMNs and formulate different resource management problems within the general framework of network utility maximization (NUM). Unlike most of the previously proposed channel assignment schemes, our algorithms can not only assign the orthogonal (i.e., non-overlapped) channels, but also partially overlapped channels. This better utilizes the avail able frequency spectrum as a critical resource in MC-WMNs. Second, we propose two distributed random medium access control (MAC) algorithms to solve a non-convex NUM problem at the MAC layer. The first algorithm is fast, optimal, and robust to message loss and delay. It also only requires a limited message passing among the wireless nodes. Using distributed learning techniques, we then propose another NUM-based MAC algorithm which achieves the optimal performance without frequent message exchange. Third, based on our results on random MAC, we develop a distributed multi-interface multi-channel random access algorithm to solve the NUM problem in MC-WMNs. Different from most of the previous channel assignment schemes in the literature, where channel assignment is intuitively modeled in the form of combinatorial and discrete optimization problems, our scheme is based on formulating a novel continuous optimization model. This makes the analysis and implementation significantly easier. Finally, we consider the problem of pricing and monetary exchange in multi-hop wireless access networks, where each intermediate node receives a payment to compensate for its offered packet forwarding service. In this regard, we propose a market-based wireless access network model with two-fold pricing. It uses relay-pricing to encourage collaboration among the access points. It also uses interference pricing to leverage optimal resource management. In general, this thesis widely benefits from several mathematical techniques as both modeling and solution tools to achieve simple, robust, optimal, and practical resource management strategies for future wireless access networks. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of / Graduate

The Open Systems Interconnect Model (OSI) is a conceptual model of networking thatcategorizes network functions into seven layers. It is defined in this model that how layerscommunicate with each other. In this thesis, we address common Layer 2 attacks and theirsolutions. Layer 2 is considered a very weak link in a secure network. If the data is compromisedat Layer 2, it cannot be detected at other layers because each layer works without the knowledgeof other layers. We discuss Layer 2 weakness and vulnerability exploitation tools briefly. It isexplained how an attacker can exploit network by using different attack tools. Our results showthat these attacks are very productive if a network administrator does not implement propersecurity at Layer 2 in the OSI model. We propose solutions to secure Layer 2 devices and thesesolutions are implemented by using attack tools. Security configurations are deployed to combatagainst attacks and protect the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of the network traffic.

In this thesis we develop analytical models for boundary layer flow through a two dimensional group of obstacles , based on the "distributed force" model. An array of obstacles is represented as a region without solid obstructions but with distributed body forces resisting the flow. Linear analyses are presented of inviscid, laminar (or constant eddy viscosity) and turbulent flow through such force distributions. For any group of obstacles, we show how to calculate the model force distribution which becomes the input for the linear analyses. The entire procedure can be iterated to take account of non-linear upstream sheltering effects. In general the model distributed force integrates to equal the actual force exerted by obstacles on the flow divided by the fraction of the array volume not occupied by solid obstacles. Turbulent stresses are modelled using a mixing length that is uniform up to a specified height and increases linearly above. Our physical arguments for a displaced mixing length above the obstacles provide an explanation for the observed coincidence between displacement height and the level of mean momentum absorption. Comparisons of the turbulent analysis results with numerical simulations and experimental data show very encouraging agreement and so support both the distributed force model and the assumptions of the mathematical analysis. From the results of the turbulent flow analysis, effective roughness and displacement heights can be calculated for the flow above the obstacles. When the displacement of the turbulent mixing length is correctly taken into account, the calculated parameters are comparable with those obtained experimentally. An analysis of plume dispersion through a group of obstacles shows how the flow field results can be applied to practical situations, and highlights the dominant effect of enhanced perturbation shear stress, especially in the obstacle roof top layer, on changes to the downstream evolution of the plume.

The oceanic surface boundary layer is of great importance and interest as its dynamics provides for the exchange of energy, momentum, heat and matter between the atmosphere and the ocean. It is crucial to have a thorough understanding of physical processes that might have a significant influence on its properties and variability. In this study I consider several different facets of mixed layer/boundary layer dynamics. One aspects concerns the consequences of the nonlinearity of the equation of state in mixed layer models. The nonlinearity of the equation of state gives rise to a term in the averaged surface buoyancy flux which can be comparable in magnitude to other terms. Its magnitude is shown to be proportional to the area enclosed by the seasonal cycle of sea-surface temperature T₅ versus the oceanic heat content H. The term always represents a buoyancy input into the ocean and is compensated exactly by the buoyancy loss via cabbeling (densification on mixing) whenever the mixed layer entrains water with different properties from below. Another problem of interest is the role of the coherent wind-induced vortices, commonly known as Langmuir circulation, in generating the surface mixed layer. A simple parameterization of the mixing due to Langmuir circulation is examined in the light of an oceanic dataset. Some evidence for the validity of the parameterization is found, thus drawing attention to Langmuir's assertion that Langmuir circulation is one of the key physical processes in the oceanic boundary layer. The third aspect of surface boundary layer dynamics explored is the mean effect on mixed layer entrainment of periodic vertical movement of isopycnals in the thermocline due to non-breaking internal waves (referred to as heaving). Seasonal model runs incorporating idealized heaving show that heaving can produce significant seasonal differences in sea-surface temperature compared to a reference case without heaving. It is inferred that by periodically stretching and compressing the mixed layer, heaving causes instabilities that result in additional entrainment of colder water from below. A heaving number RH is proposed, and two parameterizations of heaving for use in mixed layer models are suggested. / Graduate

Recent years have been marked by an enormous growth of wireless communication networks and an extensive use of wireless applications. In return, this phenomenal expansion induced more concerns about the privacy and the security of the users. Physical layer security is one of the most promising solutions that were proposed to enhance the security of next generation wireless systems. The fundamental idea behind this technique is to exploit the randomness and the fluctuations of the wireless channel to achieve security without conditional assumptions on the computational capabilities of the eavesdropper. In fact, while these elements have traditionally been associated with signal deterioration, physical layer security uses them to ensure the confidentiality of the users. Nevertheless, these technical virtues rely heavily on perhaps idealistic channel state information assumptions. In that regard, the aim of this thesis is to look at the physical layer security paradigm from the channel uncertainty perspective. In particular, we discuss the ergodic secrecy capacity of different wiretap channels when the transmitter is hampered by the imperfect knowledge of the channel state information (CSI). We consider two prevalent causes of uncertainty for the CSI at transmitter (CSIT); either an error of estimation occurs at the transmitter and he can only base his coding and the transmission strategies on a noisy version of the CSI, or the CSI feedback link has a limited capacity and the legitimate receivers can only inform the transmitter about the quantized CSI. We investigate both the single-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wiretap channel and the multi-user broadcast wiretap channel. In the latter scenario, we distinguish between two situations: multiple messages transmission and common message transmission. We also discuss the broadcast channel with confidential messages (BCCM) where the transmitter has one common message to be transmitted to two users and one secret message intended to only one of them. In all cases, we show that by appropriately designing the coding and the transmission schemes, a secure communication can still be achieved even with an imperfect knowledge of the CSIT.