Cheung Yin Har = 瑞利-柏納德湍流對流中Nusselt與縱橫比的關係以及邊界層性質的研究 / 張燕霞. / Thesis submitted in: October 2004. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-119). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Cheung Yin Har = Ruili-Bonade tuan liu dui liu zhong Nusselt yu zong heng bi de guan xi yi ji bian jie ceng xing zhi de yan jiu / Zhang Yanxia. / Abstract --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.iii / Acknowledgments --- p.iv / Contents --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.x / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background of turbulence --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Rayleigh-Benard convection --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Theoretical background --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- The convection equations --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Characteristic parameters --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Reynolds equations --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- Recent developments --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Heat transport --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Large scale flow and thermal plumes --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Boundary layers --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5 --- Motivation --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Nusselt measurements --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Boundary layer properties measurements --- p.14 / Chapter 1.6 --- Synopsis of this thesis --- p.15 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Experimental setup and measurement techniques --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1 --- The turbulent convection system --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- The convection cells --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- The temperature probe --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- The thermistors --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2 --- Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Image capture system --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Image analysis system --- p.36 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Aspect ratio dependence of heat transport and the flow field --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1 --- Motivation for this experiment --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2 --- Heat transfer efficiency measurements --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3 --- Heat correction --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Temperature correction --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Heat current density J correction --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Finite conductivity of plate --- p.50 / Chapter 3.4 --- Aspect ratio dependence --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Without correction of finite conductivity --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- With correction of finite conductivity --- p.59 / Chapter 3.5 --- Time-averaged velocity field --- p.65 / Chapter 3.6 --- Summary --- p.70 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Local temperature and velocity measurements near the boundary layers --- p.71 / Chapter 4.1 --- Motivation for this experiment --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2 --- Temperature profile measurement --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Temperature and fluctuation profiles --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Thermal boundary thickness --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Temperature time series --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- PDF --- p.83 / Chapter 4.3 --- Velocity profile measurement --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 2D velocity and fluctuation profiles --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Scaling properties --- p.93 / Chapter 4.4 --- Shear stress --- p.98 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Viscous and Reynolds stresses --- p.99 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Laminar or Turbulent? --- p.101 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.104 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.106 / Chapter 5.1 --- Heat flux measurement --- p.106 / Chapter 5.2 --- Boundary layers --- p.107 / Chapter 5.3 --- Perspective for further investigation --- p.108 / Appendix A Heat flux measurement for high Prandtl number --- p.109 / Chapter I. --- Experimental conditions --- p.110 / Chapter II. --- Result and discussion --- p.112 / Chapter III. --- Summary and perspective for further investigation --- p.114 / Bibliography --- p.115

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND AERO. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Peter Frederick Lorber. / M.S.

Adesivos de frasco único, tanto auto-condicionantes como condicione-e-lave, são misturas complexas de monômeros resinosos hidrofílicos e hidrofóbicos dissolvidos em combinações de água/solvente.Embora a inclusão de monômeros hidrofílicos tenha conseguido altas forças de adesão imediata, estudos têm mostrado que a interface resina-dentina têm se tornado muito mais fraca através do tempo. Nesse estudo através da microtração, avaliamos a resistência adesiva de 4 sistemas adesivos e através da espectroscopia micro-Raman analisamos quantitativamente a camada híbrida formada por esses adesivos. Para a microtração, os fatores de variação foram 2: o tipo de adesivo (AdperScotchbondMulti-Purpose, AdperSingle Bond 2, Adper SE Plus, AdperEasyOne), e o período de armazenamento, em 3 níveis (1 dia, 30 dias, 180 dias), totalizando 12 níveis de variação. As unidades experimentais foram confeccionadas sobre 120 superfícies de dentina de terceiros molares humanos hígidos e não irrompidos (n= 10).Para análise estatística foi utilizado o teste paramétrico de análise de variância ANOVA e o teste de múltipla comparação de Games Howell.Para a espectroscopia micro-Raman foram utilizados 3 dentes para cada sistema adesivo, totalizando 12 dentes (n=3).Os espectros Raman dos espécimes foram registrados num espectrômetro Micro-Raman RENISHAW InVia com excitação em 785 nm (laser de diodo, RENISHAW) acoplado a um microscópio LEICA DM2500M, com estágio motorizado (x;y;z)RENISHAW MS 20 EncodedStage com resoluções lateral e axial de 100 nm e 1 m. Os adesivos condicione-e-lave ScotchbondMulti-Purpose e SingleBonddesse estudo apresentaram os maiores valores de resistência adesiva, apresentando valores dentro de uma faixa de 44,36 a 50,66 MPa, enquanto que os adesivos AdperSE e Easy One apresentaram valores de 17,97 a 24,60 MPa. O adesivo que apresentou os maiores valores de resistência adesiva foi o ScotchbondMulti-Purpose e o que teve o pior desempenho foi o adesivo Easy One. Todos os adesivos apresentaram queda significativa de resistência de união após 30 e 180 dias. Na análise micro- Raman, o adesivo ScotchbondMulti-Purpose mostrou-se mais homogêneo e com valores de penetração do adesivo semelhantes aos do Single Bond e do Easy One. O adesivo SE Plus apresentou a menor penetração do adesivo e a camada híbrida mais fina. Concluímos neste trabalho que avaliando 4 diferentes tipos de adesivos de uma mesma marca, existe uma relação negativa entre as estratégias de adesão (diminuição do número de passos e frascos) e a resistência de união e a qualidade da camada híbrida. / One-bottle adhesives, both self-etching as etch-and-rinse, are complex mixtures of hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers resin combinations dissolved in water / solvent. Although the inclusion of hydrophilic monomers has achieved high immediate adhesion forces, studies have shown that dentin-resin interface have become much weaker over time. In this study, bond strength of four adhesive systems was evaluated bymicrotensile test and quantitative analyze ofthe hybrid layer was obtained by micro-Raman spectroscopy. For microtensile test, the factors of variation were 2: the type of adhesive (AdperScotchbondMulti-Purpose, AdperSingle Bond 2, Adper SE Plus, AdperEasy One), and the period of storage at 3 levels (1 day, 30 days, 180 days), totaling 12 levels of variation. The experimental units were made on 120 dentin surfaces of intact humanunerupted third molars (n = 10). The parametric analysis of variance ANOVA and multiple comparison Games Howell was used for statistical analysis. For micro-Raman spectroscopy were used three teeth for each adhesive system, with a total of 12 teeth (n = 3). Raman spectra of the samples were recorded on a Micro-Raman spectrometer RENISHAW invia with 785 nm excitation (laser diode, RENISHAW) coupled to a microscope LEICA DM2500M with motorized stage (x, y, z) RENISHAW MS 20 EncodedStage with lateral and axial resolutionof 100 nm and 1 microns. Etch-and-rinse adhesives ScotchbondMulti-Purposeand SingleBond of this study showed the highest bond strength values, with values within a range from 44.36 to 50.66 MPa, whereas the self-etch adhesives SE Plusand Easy One had values of 17.97 to 24.60 MPa. The adhesive that showed the highest bond strength was ScotchbondMulti-Purpose and the worst performance was fromEasy One.All adhesives showed a significant decrease in bond strength after 30 and 180 days. In micro-Raman analysis, the ScotchbondMulti-Purpose was more homogeneous and had penetration values similar to those of the adhesive Single Bond and Easy One. The SE Plus had the lowest penetration of the adhesive and the thinner hybrid layer. We conclude that evaluating 4 different types of adhesives of the same brand, there is a negative relationship between the strategies of adhesion (decreasing the number of steps and bottles) and bond strength and quality of the hybrid layer.

In a rectangular cross-section wind tunnel a separated oblique shock reflection is set to interact with the turbulent boundary layer (oblique SBLI) both on the bottom wall and in the corner formed by the intersection of the floor with the side-walls. In such a scenario, shock-induced separation is often seen in each of the streamwise corners, resulting in a highly three-dimensional flow field in the near-wall region. To examine how the corner separations can affect the `quasi-two-dimensional' main interaction and by what mechanism this is achieved, an experimental investigation has been conducted. This examines how modifications to the corner separation influence an oblique shock reflection. The nature of the flow field is studied using flow visualisation, Pressure Sensitive Paint and Laser Doppler Anemometry. A nominal freestream Mach number of 2.5 is used for all experiments with a unit Reynolds number of $40\times10^6$m$^{-1}$, and the shock-generator angle is set to $8^\circ$. The flow conditions are chosen to result in substantial separations both in the corners and along the centreline for the baseline case, which is thought to be a good starting point for this study. The results show that the size and shape of central separation vary considerably when the onset and magnitude of corner separation change. The primary mechanism coupling these separated regions appears to be the generation of compression waves and expansion fans as a result of the displacement effect of the corner separation. The presence and strength of the expansion waves have been overlooked in previous studies. This is shown to modify the three-dimensional shock-structure and alter the adverse pressure gradient experienced by the tunnel floor boundary layer. It is suggested that a typical oblique SBLI in rectangular channels features several zones depending on the relative position of the corner waves and the main interaction domain. In particular, it has been shown that the position of the corner `shock' crossing point, found by approximating the corner compression waves by a straight line, is a critical factor determining the main separation size and shape. Thus, corner effects can substantially modify the central separation. This can cause significant growth or contraction of the separation length measured along the symmetry line from the nominally two-dimensional baseline value, giving a fivefold increase from the smallest to the largest observed value. Moreover, the shape and flow topology of the centreline separation bubble is also considerably changed by varying corner effects.

The application of composite action ushered a new era in the use of double-layer spaceframes as efficient floor systems in addition to their competitiveness as roof coveringstructural systems. Earlier research on space frames demonstrated large improvementsin their static behaviour caused by the introduction of composite action. Theseimprovements included an increase in ductility to avoid progressive collapse, a largeincrease in load-carrying capacity and a considerable reduction in materialconsumption.In this work, the effect of introducing composite action in changing the dynamiccharacteristics of space frames, in particular the natural frequencies and damping ratioswas presented. The study was expanded to determine the effect of composite action inchanging the response to dynamic excitations. The measured responses included thelateral displacements and changes in the internal member force distribution undershaking table vibrations.Three aluminium space frame models of the square on square (SOS) configuration weremanufactured. The first model was non-composite, while composite action was appliedto the other two models with a top aluminium deck and a timber deck, respectively.Two common cases of support conditions were used in connecting the models to theloading frame, which was the platform of the shaking table.Initial displacement method (snap test) was used to determine the frequency of vibrationand the damping ratio of test models in the vertical and horizontal directions usinglogarithmic decrement method. All models were then exposed to shaking tablevibrations to determine the changes in dynamic responses between different models.These tests were repeated for the three models after the successive removal of panelsfrom one direction to identify the changes to their characteristics and behaviour withdifferent aspect ratios.The second part of the study was carried out numerically by using the finite elementpackage ABAQUS. It started by selecting a valid finite element model from nineproposed models using experimental test results on physical structures. A parametricstudy was conducted using the validated finite element model to expand the study toinclude two common space frame configurations; the square on large square (SOLS)and square on diagonal (SOD), and two other cases of support configurations, namely,fully edge-supported and supports at corners and middle edges of models.Based on the work done in this study, it can be concluded that composite actionchanged the dynamic characteristics of space frames, which was clear in the increase oftheir vibration frequencies in all directions as a result of the increase in stiffness.Furthermore, the increase in stiffness resulted in a general reduction in the dampingratio of space frames covered with aluminium deck, while the high friction with topjoints and the nature of timber as a good energy absorbent material resulted in a variableeffect on the damping ratio associated with the increase in aspect ratio.The effect of composite action was clear in reducing the lateral displacement ofcomposite models by more than 50% compared to the non-composite case. Moreover,composite action resulted in changing the distribution of internal forces in diagonal andlower chord members such that forces became more concentrated at corners and edgesparallel to the direction of vibrations in both cases of corner and edge-supportedmodels.

Results are presented for towing tank experiments of a surface-piercing flat plate with superimposed Stokes wave in order to examine free surface and wave effects on the boundary layer and wake. Measurements with servo wave gauges are made to characterize the Stokes-wave wave field in terms of its two-dimensionality, amplitude, and wavelength. Flow field measurements using stereo particle image velocimetry are used to identify the boundary layer and wake velocities. Particular attention is drawn to the juncture region to resolve the complex and poorly understood secondary flow patterns. Four test cases are presented (1) flat free surface without plate, (2) Stokes-wave without plate, (3) flat free surface with plate, and (4) Stokes-wave with plate; the cases were chosen in order to isolate and identify the performance of the velocimeter system, Stokes-wave flow field, free-surface effects, and combined Stokes-wave and free surface effects, respectively. All cases are conducted at Froude numbers of Fn = 0.4, length-based Reynolds number of Re = 1.64×106, and momentum thickness-based Reynolds number of about Re = 4000. Results show, as expected, that the free surface effects penetrate to a depth slightly greater than the boundary layer thickness and wave effects diminish at roughly one half the wavelength. The juncture region flow was resolved to levels that far exceed previous towing tank experiments, but leave more to be desired. The data and analysis are important, not only from a scientific perspective, but have a practical application with regard to development of turbulence models for computational fluid dynamic techniques.

The electrochemical double layer (EDL) at the solid–liquid interface is the near surface region where important electrochemical processes (e.g., electrodeposition, corrosion, and heterogeneous catalysis) take place. Subtle changes in the electrode surface material/topography and the nature of the fluid medium can drastically alter interactions between liquid molecules and the solid surface. A better understanding of this interfacial region can help advance numerous applied fields, such as battery technologies, solar cells, double layer capacitors, and carbon dioxide capture/conversion. Ionic liquids (IL) are an emerging class of solvents that could replace traditional aqueous/non-aqueous solvents due to their advantageous physiochemical properties (e.g., wide solvent window, high thermal stability, and excellent solvating power). However, our understanding of the near-surface structure of ILs in the EDL is still being developed. This thesis focuses on the fundamental electrochemical behavior of ILs to help understand its interfacial behavior in three main areas: 1) the nature of capacitance-potential relationships in neat ILs, 2) the role of ‘user-defined’ experimental variables on capacitive electrochemical measurements, and 3) the impact of IL + water mixtures on experimental data. The general shape of capacitance-potential curves can suggest at the broad architecture of the EDL region. Fundamental capacitive studies of the IL EDL show a wide range of results, even for similar electrochemical systems. Theoretical predictions suggest the capacitance-potential curve should exhibit bell- or camel-shaped curvature depending on the nature of the IL. Experimental observations have demonstrated several functional shapes such as U-shaped, bell-shaped, camel-shaped, and relatively featureless responses. Much of the work in this thesis starkly contrasts theoretical expectations by demonstrating capacitive behavior that is analogous to high temperature molten salts and dilute aqueous electrolytes with metallic and non-metallic electrode materials. However, our systematic studies of a model IL electrochemical system reveal that there are several ‘user-defined’ experimental variables (i.e. potential scan direction, data acquisition protocol, experimental technique, and potential range probed) which in some instances can significantly impact the resulting capacitance curvature. Some of these variables are often overlooked in the literature and our efforts are aimed at uniting the scientific community in this area to help better compare and understand results. An additional experimental variable of importance is the sorption of water into ILs, which is nearly impossible to prevent due to their hygroscopic nature. The presence of water is known to have a significant effect on the resulting mixtures’ bulk and interfacial properties. While the interaction between ILs and water can significantly vary depending on the nature of the IL, this thesis demonstrates that within small quantities (e.g., < 5000 ppm) of sorbed water there are only minor changes in spectroscopic and electrochemical responses. Collectively, the work outlined in this thesis helps the scientific community better understand electrochemical measurements in IL solvents by examining key analytical variables associated with capacitive measurements. The fundamental electrochemical studies described in this thesis demonstrate that the solid-liquid interface for IL solvents is response to even subtle changes in surface chemistries. These governing interfacial properties have ramifications in myriad applications from energy storage to lubrication.

La cellulose étant l'un des biopolymères les plus abondants, elle est employée dans ce travail de thèse sous sa forme nano-fibrille (2 à 5nm de diamètre et plusieurs microns de long) pour préparer des nanomatériaux durables. Les microfibrilles de cellulose (MFC) chargées positivement ou négativement sont assemblées en couches minces dans ces nanomatériaux par la méthode « Layer by Layer » (LbL) par trempage, pulvérisation ou spin assisté. Les différences entre ces films LbL à base de MFC et les films LbL à base de polymères standards sont discutées brièvement et sont reliées à la forme nanofibrillaire de la cellulose. Les MFC réagissent comme des nano-objets anisotropes et rigides. Les films LbL de MFC sont ensuite intégrés à des membranes de séparation, entre la couche polymérique de séparation et le support poreux, pour améliorer le débit à travers ces membranes. Ces films minces sont également déposés sur des aérogels de cellulose pour améliorer la stabilité de ces aérogels en milieu aqueux. Dans les deux applications, les résultats était encouragent et montre une validation de principe. / Cellulose, one of the most abundant biopolymers, is used in this PhD work in its nanofibrillated form, 2-5 nm in diameter and microns long, to prepare sustainable nanomaterials. Both positively and negatively charged microfibrillated celluloses (MFC) are assembled in these nanomaterials using the versatile Layer by Layer (LbL) assembly methods: dipping, spray assisted-deposition and spin-assisted deposition. A brief comparison between the MFC based LbL assembled films and the standard polymeric LbL films is carried out. Thedifferences between the two species are related to the fibrillar form of cellulose. MFC behaves like rigid anisotropic nano-objects. MFC LbL assembled films are then integrated in separation membranes between active polymeric separation layers and a mechanically stable porous support to improve the flux through these membranes. MFC LbL assembled films are also coated on cellulosic aerogels to improve the wet stability of these aerogels. In both cases, results were encouraging and showed a proof of concept.

A “biomedical event” is a broad term used to describe the roles and interactions between entities (such as proteins, genes and cells) in a biological system. The task of biomedical event extraction aims at identifying and extracting these events from unstructured texts. An important component in the early stage of the task is biomedical trigger classification which involves identifying and classifying words/phrases that indicate an event. In this thesis, we present our work on biomedical trigger classification developed using the multi-level event extraction dataset. We restrict the scope of our classification to 19 biomedical event types grouped under four broad categories - Anatomical, Molecular, General and Planned. While most of the existing approaches are based on traditional machine learning algorithms which require extensive feature engineering, our model relies on neural networks to implicitly learn important features directly from the text. We use natural language processing techniques to transform the text into vectorized inputs that can be used in a neural network architecture. As per our knowledge, this is the first time neural attention strategies are being explored in the area of biomedical trigger classification. Our best results were obtained from an ensemble of 50 models which produced a micro F-score of 79.82%, an improvement of 1.3% over the previous best score.

No description available.