As agressões ao meio ambiente, num contexto de esgotamento de recursos naturais, vêm recebendo crescente importância aos olhos da sociedade e, nesse cenário, o meio ambiente passou a ser protegido pelo Direito Penal. Assim, muitas destas agressões, como a poluição, passaram a ser qualificadas como crimes ambientais tornando se necessária a produção de prova técnica para o seu devido julgamento. Este trabalho apresenta uma nova estratégia para caracterização de crimes ambientais de poluição e correlatos baseado em abordagem multiparamétrica. Para isso foram utilizadas análises de diferentes parâmetros como metais, razões de isótopos estáveis e compostos orgânicos (hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos), e análise estatística multivariada, com o intuito de obter uma assinatura química robusta dos poluentes da fonte suspeita e assim estabelecer correspondência com os mesmos parâmetros determinados no compartimento ambiental receptor. Ainda, foram incorporados alguns conceitos de metrologia, como o cálculo de incerteza de amostragem, conforme preceituam as novas tendências de desenvolvimento conceitual e metodológico das ciências forenses. Os sedimentos de um curso dágua altamente impactado por descargas diversas foram o objeto das investigações como sendo o compartimento receptor e o percolado de um aterro de resíduos industriais perigosos envolvido em um crime ambiental foi analisado como possível fonte. A abordagem multiparamétrica utilizada neste trabalho proporcionou uma melhor discriminação dos pontos de coleta com base na sua localização com relação às fontes de poluição por meio da Análise de Componentes Principais e as análises de metais realizadas nos sedimentos permitiram caracterizar um crime de poluição ambiental. As estimativas de incerteza de amostragem evidenciaram variações nos resultados principalmente decorrentes da heterogeneidade da distribuição dos contaminantes no meio o que implica que as incertezas devem, preferencialmente, ser estimadas e reportadas nas medições no âmbito forense para um efetivo apoio às tomadas de decisões nelas baseadas. / The aggressions to the environment in a context of depletion of natural resources have been receiving increasing attention in the eyes of society; therefore, the environment became protected by criminal law. For this reason, many assaults, such as pollution, were classified as environmental crimes, generating the need for scientific evidence to be used in the due judgment of these crimes. This paper presents a new method for characterization of environmental pollution and related crimes based on a multiparameter approach. This approach employs the analysis of different parameters such as metals, stable isotope ratio and organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and statistical techniques of multivariate analysis in order to obtain a robust chemical signature of the suspected source pollutants and then establish correspondence with the same parameters determined in the affected environmental compartment. In addition, some concepts of metrology were incorporated, such as uncertainty of sampling, as demanded by the conceptual and methodological trends in the development of forensic sciences. Watercourse sediments highly impacted by various discharges were investigated as the pollution sink and the leachate from a landfill of hazardous industrial waste involved in an environmental crime was analyzed as a possible source. The multiparameter approach used in this study provided a better discrimination of sampling points based on their location with respect to sources of pollution with the principal components analysis. The metal analysis in sediments allowed the characterization of a pollution crime in the studied stream. The estimates of uncertainty of sampling showed large variations in the results mainly arising from the heterogeneity of the distribution of contaminants in the environment. Hence, the uncertainties should preferably be estimated and reported in the forensic measurements to provide an effective support to decision making.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elmo Rowe Junior.pdf: 2223394 bytes, checksum: a4b7124a9cc938a2f5105cfca3c921c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-17 / This present research was developed in the State University of the West of Paraná - Unioeste - using the area of Cascavel s Sanitary landfil for the obtaining of coming data of contamination of the disposition of solid residues. Being like this monitoring the flow of originated pollutants of the sanitary landfil, through a conjugated diagnosis being used of soil analyses (done through located perforations along the area of the embankment), quality of the leachate (before and after-treatment) and monitorament system of groundwater, it can verify the efficiency of the drainage system, base impermeabilization and leachate treatment, pointing the points where the same ones can be being operated in a deficient way. The experiment was driven in field, being used an area of 7056 m2 jusant of the deposit of solid residues, where are located the system of leachate treatment and the monitorament system of groundwater. To characterize the leachate and the groundwaters, 4 collections of each point were accomplished, where the following parameters were verified: pH, Electric Conductivity, DBO, DQO and heavy metals (Hg, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr and Ass). Soil samples were collected, of meter in meter, until the final depth of 5 meters, totaling 375 samples. The samples then were taken to the laboratory where they took place the pH, electric conductivity and organic matter, measurements, being generated later the maps of contamination to each depth, using the software SURFER32. The obtained results demonstrate that the leachate of the sanitary embankment of Cascavel, possesses high organic load and low levels of contamination for heavy metals. The maps of contamination generated for each depth demonstrate clearly the places where the leachate had higher influences in the quality of the soil. It is also verified larger variation levels in the pH and of electric conductivity of the soil in the close areas to the embankment, and smaller variations in the close areas to the monitorament system. As for the groundwaters, the system of monitorament of the embankment is possibly committed due to the contamination for superficial waters. / A presente pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Unioeste campus de Cascavel, utilizando a área do Aterro Sanitário de Cascavel para a obtenção de dados sobre contaminação, provenientes da disposição de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Monitorando o fluxo de contaminantes originados do aterro sanitário, com base num diagnóstico conjugado utilizando-se de análises de solo (feitas por meio de perfurações localizadas ao longo da área do aterro), qualidade do percolado (antes e pós-tratamento) e monitoramento de lençol freático (poços de monitoramento) pode-se verificar a eficiência do sistema de drenagem, impermeabilização de base e tratamento de percolado, apontando os pontos nos quais eles possam estar sendo operados de forma deficiente. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, utilizando-se de uma área de 7056 m2 a jusante do depósito de resíduos sólidos, onde estão localizados o sistema de tratamento de percolados e o sistema de monitoramento de águas subterrâneas. Para caracterizar o percolado e as águas subterrâneas foram realizadas quatro coletas de cada ponto, nas quais se verificaram os seguintes parâmetros: pH, condutividade elétrica, DBO, DQO e metais pesados (Hg, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr e Cu). Foram coletadas amostras de solo, de metro em metro, até a profundidade final de 5 metros, totalizando 375 amostras. As amostras foram levadas até o laboratório onde se realizaram as medições de pH, condutividade elétrica e matéria orgânica. Posteriormente, foram gerados os mapas de contaminação em cada profundidade, utilizando-se o software SURFER32. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o percolado do aterro sanitário de Cascavel, possui elevada carga orgânica e baixos níveis de contaminação por metais pesados. Os mapas de contaminação gerados para cada profundidade demonstram claramente os locais em que o percolado teve maior influência na qualidade do solo. Verificam-se também maiores níveis de variação no pH e de condutividade elétrica do solo nas áreas próximas ao aterro e menores variações nas áreas próximas ao sistema de monitoramento. Quanto às águas subterrâneas, o sistema de monitoramento do aterro está possivelmente comprometido devido à contaminação por águas superficiais.

Estudos recentes constataram a existência de processos que permitem a atenuação natural dos contaminantes presentes nos lixiviados. O adequado entendimento destes processos pode originar benefícios possíveis de serem aplicados em aterros antigos, novos ou naqueles que ainda serão concebidos. O presente estudo avaliou o comportamento e a atenuação de contaminantes dos líxiviados no solo, por meio de experimento desenvolvido em colunas de percolação e, para a avaliação da atenuação este teste é indicado por refletir as condições naturais e as características adsortivas do solo, propiciando uma melhor simulação da atenuação. O lixiviado e o solo utilizados neste experimento são provenientes do aterro sanitário de São Carlos - SP. O solo utilizado foi caracterizado quanto à composição física, química, biológica e mineralógica para verificar o transporte do percolado nas colunas e a interação solo-contaminante. Na área do aterro foram feitas perfurações, ensaios de condutividade hidráulica e avaliação da geologia local, para conhecimento das características físicas, químicas, biológicas, mineralógicas e geológicas do solo in situ. Este foi classificado como arenoso, apresentando características físicas e químicas que não se enquadram nos parâmetros adequados para sua utilização em áreas de disposição de resíduos sólidos urbanos, pois, a capacidade de troca de cátions, superfície específica, potencial hidrogeniônico e classe textural arenosa, evidenciam que este solo possui deficiente capacidade de retenção e imobilização de contaminantes. Além disso, pela observação in situ, constata-se que a área de disposição de resíduos sólidos de São Carlos esta situado sobre rochas da Formação Botucatu, sendo que a mineralogia do solo presente no local é composta de quartzo, caulinita, goethita, hematita, gibsita e ilita. O ensaio de condutividade hidráulica indicou que o solo presente na base do Aterro sanitário não atende a valor de permeabilidade exigida por norma, o que poderá permitir a infiltração de água da chuva, aumentando a produção do lixiviado e sua movimentação no perfil, podendo atingir as águas subterrâneas. Assim, foram traçadas curvas características do transporte de contaminantes nas amostras efluentes monitoradas durante o processo de percolação, coletadas a cada 0,25 volume de poros até atingir 10,0 volume de poros percolados. As curvas características do transporte de contaminantes traçadas apresentaram baixas concentrações de Chumbo, Cádmio, Ferro, Zinco, Manganês, Cálcio, Magnésio, Cobre, Cromo nas amostras fluentes. Já o Sódio, Potássio, Cloro, Níquel e Alumínio foram preferencialmente percolados com o lixiviado, evidenciando a variação da faixa de concentração de cada elemento no percolado. Os perfis de concentração dos metais pesados mostraram que existe uma frente de contaminação. As curvas de retenção de metais no solo mostraram que a preferência de sorção apresentada pelos solos nas colunas foi : Cobre > Cádmio > Cálcio > Zinco > Magnésio > Potássio > Manganês > Fósforo > Ferro > Níquel > Alumínio. Cujos valores retidos no solo das colunas podem estar evidenciando a capacidade deste solo em reter contaminantes.O solo em questão apresentou baixo potencial para retenção dos contaminantes presentes no lixiviado, classificado como arenoso e, com características químicas que não se enquadram nos parâmetros adequados para sua utilização em áreas de disposição de resíduos sólidos urbanos. / Recent studies had found the existence of processes that allow a natural attenuation of the leachates\'s cotaminants. An adequate understanding of these processes may originate benefits, that may be applied in ancient, new or to be created landfills. This work evaluated the contaminant\'s behavior and attenuation, contaminants existing in soil\'s leaching, throughout an experiment developed in percolation columns. This is the indicated examination for evaluate the attenuation, because it reflects soil\'s natural conditions and adsorptive characteristics, providing a better simulation of it\'s attenuation. The leachate and the soil used in this experiment came from Sao Carlos-SP landfill. The used soil has been characterized as its mineralogical\'s and physical chemical-biological\'s composition, looking for the percolated\'s transportation inside the columns, and for the interaction soil-contaminant. The landfill\'s area has been several times drilled, tested as it\'s hydraulic conductivity and assessment of local geology, in order to know the physical, chemical, biological, mineralogical and geological in situ soil\'s characteristics. This, has been classified as sandy, and, by presenting chemical characteristics that does not reach the adequated value for utilization on solid urban wastes, due to the values of CTC, SE, pH, and the textural sandy class, what shows a deficient buffering capacity in retaining and immobilisating contaminants. By observation in situ, has been found that Sao Carlos\'s solids disposal waste is located over rocks from the Botucatu formation, and the mineralogy of it is composed of quartz, caulinith, goethith, hematith, gibsith an ilith. The hydraulic conductivity test has indicated that the soil in the base of the sanitary landfill does not reaches the permeability values required by the standards, what may allow rain water\'s infiltration, and raises the amount of leachate and it\'s movement onto the ground, and even the leachete to reach the underground waters. So, has been drawn the characteristics curves of the contaminant\'s transportation in the effluents samples found during the percolation process, collected by every 0,25 VP until it reaches 10,0 VP percolated. The characteristical curves of the contaminant\'s transportation drawn showed low concentrations in the effluent samples of Lead, Cadmium, Iron, Zinc, Manganese, Calcium, Magnesium, Cooper, Chromium. Also, Sodium, Potassium, Chlorine, Nickel and Aluminium had been preferencially percolated within the leachate, what evidentiates the variation in the range of concentrations of every percolated element. The concentration profiles from heavy metal\'s had shown that there is a front of contamination. The retention curves from the soil\'s retaining metal showed that the preferency for the sorption was: Cooper > Cadmium > Calcium > Zinc > Magnesium > Potassium > Manganese > Phosphorus > Iron > Nickel > Aluminium, whose values may point the soil\'s ability in retaining contaminants. The studied soil has presented low potential in retain contaminants from the leachete, and is characterized as sandy, and it\'s chemical features shall not be framed according the standards parameters to be utilized in solid urban waste\'s disposal.

Avec 67 Mt de fumiers de bovins récupérés chaque année, la France possède un gisement considérable de substrats agricoles mobilisables et valorisables par méthanisation. Le procédé de méthanisation par voie sèche, discontinu, avec recirculation de lixiviat semble être le mieux adapté à la valorisation de ce type de substrats à forte teneur en matière sèche (>20%). A l’heure actuelle, ce procédé est cependant rare sur le territoire. Afin de permettre et de pérenniser le développement de cette technologie, des verrous techniques et scientifiques doivent être levés, notamment ceux qui portent sur la recirculation des lixiviats. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’optimiser le procédé de méthanisation par voie sèche appliquée aux effluents agricoles (principalement fumiers de bovins), afin d’atteindre les conditions les plus favorables à la production d’un maximum de biogaz, de façon constante et en un minimum de temps en considérant les contraintes relatives à un tel procédé. Dans un premier temps, l’objectif a été de comprendre le rôle du lixiviat dans ce procédé de digestion anaérobie discontinu, d’un point de vue biologique. Pour se faire quatre lixiviats ayant différentes origines ont été utilisés. Deux d’entre eux étaient biologiquement actifs (lixiviats provenant de méthaniseurs) et les deux autres stérilisés. Du point de vue abiotique, il a été montré que pour favoriser la digestion anaérobie, le lixiviat devait avoir un pH adéquat, présenter une concentration suffisante de nutriments et un fort pouvoir tampon. D’un point de vue biotique, deux communautés distinctes de microorganismes évoluent dans le lixiviat et dans le fumier, sans aucun transfert entre ces deux environnements, limitant ainsi le rôle d’inoculation souvent attribué au lixiviat. Dans un deuxième temps, la réalisation d’un plan d’expérience a permis d’identifier, au laboratoire sur pilotes instrumentés, des paramètres de recirculation du lixiviat qui influencent les vitesses de production de méthane. Ainsi, le temps entre les recirculations, le volume recirculé et le ratio lixiviat/substrat initialement introduit jouent sur la forme des cinétiques de production. En actionnant l’un ou l’autre de ces leviers, il serait potentiellement possible d’adapter la production de méthane, en fonction des besoins des systèmes de valorisation du biogaz en place sur ces installations. Enfin, la méthode de tomographie de résistivité électrique a été utilisée, à grande échelle, pour suivre la percolation du lixiviat à travers le massif et mettre en évidence les disparités de distribution du lixiviat dans le massif. Cette étude a montré que la géométrie du réseau de recirculation du lixiviat, consistant en un tuyau perforé parcourant la surface du massif dans le sens de la longueur, ne permettait pas un écoulement homogène du lixiviat dans les digesteurs. Certaines zones n’ayant jamais été humidifiées, la production de méthane se trouve réduite et les rendements amoindris. Cette thèse s’articule autour de plusieurs analyses multi-échelles et complémentaires permettant de mieux comprendre le rôle du lixiviat, d’améliorer sa mise en œuvre et son utilisation pour la digestion anaérobie des fumiers de bovins. / With 67 Mt of cattle manure recovered every year, France has a significant source of agricultural waste to be valorised through anaerobic digestion. Batch mode solid state anaerobic digestion (SSAD) process with leachate recirculation seems to be the most suitable technique to valorise that kind of waste, which contains high total solid content (>20%). Currently, this process is rare on French territory. To develop batch mode SSAD, various technical and scientific barriers must be straightened out, and particularly those concerning leachate recirculation. The objective of this work is to optimize SSAD of agricultural was (mostly cattle manure) by pointing out the most favorable settings that allow producing high volumes of biogas, steadily and within a short time, taking into account the particular technical constraints of this process. First of all, the objective was to better understand the biological role of leachate in the batch mode SSAD process. For that purpose, four leachates with different origins were used. Two of them were biologically active (from existing digesters) while the two others were sterilized. It was demonstrated an effective anaerobic digestion was favored by using a leachate gathering the following abiotic characteristics: an adequate pH, a strong buffer capacity and the presence of the right concentration of nutrients. From the biotic point of view, dedicated communities of microbes were in progress in each liquid and solid environment with nested relationship. The role of leachate as inoculum was then limited. In a second part, the influent parameters of leachate recirculation were identified at laboratory scale, by setting up a design of experiment. It was found that the elapsed time between two recirculations, the recirculated volume of leachate and the initial leachate to substrate ratio introduced in the reactor could modify the shape of methane production rate. By changing one or several of those parameters, it would be possible to control and adapt methane production rate to the specific constraints of one SSAD plant. In the last part, the Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) method was used, at full scale, to monitor the leachate percolation through the solid waste and highlight leachate distribution disparities. It was shown the leachate injection system consisting of a perforated pipe laying on the solid top surface was not efficient to evenly moisten the solid waste. From that observation, it was concluded that cumulated methane production could be improved if areas that were not in contact with leachate could be moistened by using another leachate injection system. This manuscript was based on several multi-scale and complementary analyses that allow a better understanding of the role of leachate during SSAD process and an improvement of its utilization for the anaerobic digestion of cattle manure.

Kallerstaddeponin användes aktivt för deponering av avfall mellan 1950 och 1973. Nedlagda deponier bör dock bedömas med avseende på den risk de utgör för miljö och hälsa. I denna studie, jämfördes nivåerna av zink, nickel, arsenik, koppar, ammoniak, TOT-N och TOC i deponins huvudrecipient, Kallerstadsdiket, med de gränsvärden som fastställts av Havs- och vattenmyndigheten. Därefter uppskattades Kallerstaddeponins direkta bidrag till föroreningsnivån. Slutligen, beräknades spridningsrisken, nämligen den föroreningsbelastning som flödar från Kallerstadsdiket till Stångån, som är en andra recipient. Zink, nickel och koppar visade låga nivåer och låg risk på alla provtagningsstationer. Ammoniak och arsenik visade högre nivåer och en potentiell risk för negativa effekter. Detta innebär att Kallerstadsdikets ytvatten inte klassificeras att uppnå "bra" status, även om den direkta rollen som Kallerstaddeponin spelar är tveksam i detta fall. Beräkningarna tyder på att Kallerstaddeponin tillför arsenik och TOC till föroreningsnivåerna, även om det är i små mängder. Risken för spridning av föroreningar till Stångån uppskattades vara låg. Utspädningsfaktorn uppskattades till att vara 1:320 och de ytterligare föroreningsnivåerna som härstammar från Kallerstadsdiket är låga i förhållande till de uppmätta nivåerna i Stångån. Den aktuella studien har många osäkerheter som huvudsakligen är relaterade till tillgängligheten av data. Det rekommenderas därför att tillämpa en mer fullständig provtagning med lämpliga parametrar (t.ex. pH, DOC, Ca och temperatur) i alla provtagningsstationer. Helst skulle det vara önskvärt med provtagning varje vecka under en period av ett år och sedan åter bedöma risken för att få en mer tillförlitlig uppskattning av deponins bidrag. / Kallerstad landfill was in use between 1950 and 1973. Nonetheless, assessment of closed landfills and their risk to the environment and health is required. Firstly, the levels of zinc, nickel, arsenic, copper, ammonia, TOT-N and TOC in the surface water of the main recipient Kallerstadsdiket, were compared to cut-off levels given by the Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management. Then, the direct contribution of Kallerstad landfill to the contamination level was estimated. Finally, the contamination load that flows from Kallerstadsdiket to Stångån, which is a second recipient with high natural value, was estimated. Zinc, nickel and copper showed low levels and low risk at all sampling stations. Ammonia and arsenic showed higher levels and a potential risk of adverse effects. As a result, the surface water in Kallerstadsdiket could not be classified to reach ‘good’ status, although the direct role that Kallerstad landfill plays is doubtful. Calculations suggest that Kallerstad landfill does add arsenic and TOC to the contamination levels, although in small amounts. The risk of spread of contaminants to Stångån was estimated to be low. The additional contamination levels stemming from Kallerstadsdiket are lower than the levels measured in Stångån. The dilution factor was estimated to be 1:320. Nevertheless, the current study has many uncertainties that are mainly related to data availability. It is therefore recommended to apply a more complete sampling scheme with the appropriate parameters (e.g., pH, DOC, Ca, and temperature) in all sampling stations. Ideally it would be plausible to sample every week for a period of a year and then reassess the risk, as well as to get a more reliable approximation of the contribution of the landfill itself.

This degree project investigated landfills that takes care of municipal solid waste in an area around the Mekong delta, namely An Giang province, Vietnam. The main objective for this study was to provide basic work in order to create a discussion with the local food markets to separate the household’s food waste from the rest. Such a discussion is possible to create through collaboration with local authorities and inform or guide stakeholders on how waste management can be improved, out of existing knowledge from Sweden. Therefore, this study aims to illuminate and give knowledge for improvements in questions regarding efficiency, organisation, participation, recycling and opportunities associated with a more efficient waste management system.Since a significant percentage of the household waste generated in Long Xuyen City, An Giang province are organic, the opportunity to convert organic waste into soil amendments was examined. Leachate from one of the landfills in the area was also analysed in order to get further understanding for its composition, focusing on organic parameters. / Det här examensarbetet undersökte deponier som tar hand om hushållsavfall i ett område runt Mekongdeltat, närmare bestämt An Giang provinsen, Vietnam. Det främsta målet för den här studien var ett ge underlag till att skapa en diskussion med lokala matmarknader för att få dem att separera hushållens matavfall från övrigt avfall. En sådan diskussion är möjlig att skapa genom samarbete mellan lokala myndigheter och att informera eller vägvisa intressenter om hur avfallshanteringen kan förbättras, ut ifrån befintlig kunskap från Sverige. Därför fokuserar den här studien på att förklara och ge kunskap för förbättringar i frågor rörande effektivitet, organisation, deltagande, återvinning och möjligheter associerade med ett mer effektivt avfallshanteringssystem. Eftersom en stor andel av hushållsavfallet som genereras i Long Xuyen, An Giang-provinsen är organiskt, undersöktes möjligheten att konvertera organiskt avfall till jordförbättringsmedel. Lakvatten analyserades från en av deponierna i området för att få en djupare förståelse för dess sammansättning, med fokus på organiska parametrar.

The bioreactor landfill is an emerging concept for solid waste management that has gained significant attention in the last decade. This technology employs specific operational practices to enhance the microbial decomposition processes in landfills. However, the unsupervised management and lack of operational guidelines for the bioreactor landfill, specifically leachate manipulation and recirculation processes, usually results in less than optimal system performance. Therefore, these limitations have led to the development of SMART (Sensor-based Monitoring and Remote-control Technology), an expert control system that utilizes real-time monitoring of key system parameters in the management of bioreactor landfills. SMART replaces conventional open-loop control with a feedback control system that aids the human operator in making decisions and managing complex control issues. The target from this control system is to provide optimum conditions for the biodegradation of the refuse, and also, to enhance the performance of the bioreactor in terms of biogas generation. SMART includes multiple cascading logic controllers and mathematical calculations through which the quantity and quality of the recirculated solution are determined. The expert system computes the required quantities of leachate, buffer, supplemental water, and nutritional amendments in order to provide the bioreactor landfill microbial consortia with their optimum growth requirements. Soft computational methods, particularly fuzzy logic, were incorporated in the logic controllers of SMART so as to accommodate the uncertainty, complexity, and nonlinearity of the bioreactor landfill processes. Fuzzy logic was used to solve complex operational issues in the control program of SMART including: (1) identify the current operational phase of the bioreactor landfill based on quantifiable parameters of the leachate generated and biogas produced, (2) evaluate the toxicological status of the leachate based on certain parameters that directly contribute to or indirectly indicates bacterial inhibition, and (3) predict biogas generation rates based on the operational phase, leachate recirculation, and sludge addition. The later fuzzy logic model was upgraded to a hybrid model that employed the learning algorithm of artificial neural networks to optimize the model parameters. SMART was applied to a pilot-scale bioreactor landfill prototype that incorporated the hardware components (sensors, communication devices, and control elements) and the software components (user interface and control program) of the system. During a one-year monitoring period, the feasibility and effectiveness of the SMART system were evaluated in terms of multiple leachate, biogas, and waste parameters. In addition, leachate heating was evaluated as a potential temperature control tool in bioreactor landfills. The pilot-scale implementation of SMART demonstrated the applicability of the system. SMART led to a significant improvement in the overall performance of the BL in terms of methane production and leachate stabilization. Temperature control via recirculation of heated leachate achieved high degradation rates of organic matter and improved the methanogenic activity.

The practices of solid waste management (SWM) and solid waste disposal (SWD) in Kano metropolis, Nigeria, were examined. The water quality of groundwater sources in the areas adjacent to the SWD sites was monitored in order to evaluate interactions and assess the possibility of groundwater contamination as a result of percolation of the leachates generated in the SWD sites. An integrated approach to the field investigation was employed in the study. This included an extensive desk study; a field survey of all existing SWD sites in the area; leachate and groundwater sampling; and laboratory-based experimental and instrumental analyses. The locations of the SWD sites relative to inhabited areas were examined, and eight sites and their environs were selected for leachate and groundwater sampling and quality assessments in May 2009 and May 2010. It was observed that SWM activities in Kano metropolis are unsystematic and pose a significant risk to both public health and environmental quality, especially in relation to local groundwater sources. It was also found that the leachates produced in the sampled sites contained significant concentrations of a wide range of contaminants; including nitrates, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids, chlorides and sulphates. The leachates were also observed to be in the methanogenic phase of biochemical degradation and were shown to have similar characteristics to other leachates from mature SWD sites in different parts of the world. Similarly, the physico-chemical characteristics of the groundwater samples around the selected SWD sites indicated high concentrations of nitrates, chlorides, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, turbidity, iron and manganese, often above the WHO thresholds for acceptable drinking water quality. It is, therefore, concluded that the shallow groundwater sources analysed have been contaminated, due largely to improper SWM practice. This, in turn, affects not only the health and well-being of the local population, but also impedes developmental efforts and obstructs prosperity. Accordingly, some strategies for pollution prevention and control were developed for Kano metropolis, although they are also applicable to other urban areas with similar characteristics. These strategies, which are largely categorised as resource-focused, source-focused or remedial measures, can be achieved through: (1) identification and mapping of pollution sources; (2) establishment of databases and information management system; (3) vulnerability mapping; (4) establishment of functional monitoring and evaluation system; (5) promotion of public awareness and participation; (6) establishment of protection zones; and (7) the integration of pollution prevention and control strategy into urban planning, development and management of municipal services.

M.Tech. (Mechanical Engineering Technology) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Os processos biológicos apresentam o menor custo de todas as técnicas atualmente aplicadas para o tratamento de lixiviados de aterros sanitários. Porém, eles não vêm demonstrando capacidade em degradar a matéria orgânica recalcitrante presente nesse tipo de água residuária. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a possibilidade da utilização de enzimas, que são largamente empregadas na indústria, como auxílio em tal remoção. Após a caracterização do lixiviado do aterro sanitário da cidade de Paulínia, verificou-se que o mesmo se encontrava em adiantada fase de biodegradação, com pH de 8,40 ± 0,14; baixa concentração de matéria orgânica facilmente biodegradável (DBO de 857 ± 475 mgO2/L) e altas concentrações de N-NH3(2343 ± 399 mg/L) e de Carbono Orgânico Total (2066 ± 746 mg/L). A investigação experimental foi realizada em duas etapas, empregandose um reator de lodo ativado em bateladas sequencial, com biomassa adaptada ao lixiviado. Na primeira etapa, utilizando o planejamento fatorial completo 2³, verificouse que aumentando o pH e diminuindo a concentração inicial de N-NH3 era possível evitar o acúmulo de nitrogênio amoniacal no sistema a partir da remoção total desse composto. Porém, a inibição às bactérias oxidantes da amônia não foi cessada, pois a eficiência de oxidação via biológica chegava no máximo a 49,1%, sendo os 50,9% restantes atribuídos à volatilização de nitrogênio amoniacal, que era intensificada com o aumento do pH. A segunda etapa teve por objetivo a remoção de matéria orgânica recalcitrante, medida como COT, presente no lixiviado de aterro sanitário, com a utilização da enzima lacase. Esta demonstrou uma expressiva capacidade de remoção de nitrito, de 127 mgNO2 -/L para menos que 0,1 mgNO2 -/L em 4 dias, e de COT, passando de 2333 mgC/L para 1400 mgC/L, ao ser utilizada sozinha, e de 1317 mgC/L para 174 mgC/L quando utilizada juntamente com bactérias heterotróficas. Ao final, observou-se remoções superiores a 99,9% de N-NH3 mantendo-se a concentração de OD=2,4 mg/L, pH=8,5 e concentração de N-NH3 inicial em torno de 270 mg/L. Remoções de 92,3% de nitrito e 40% de COT foram obtidas ao se adicionar a enzima ao efluente nitritado, porém foi observado um aumento na concentração de COT e de NKT após a inserção da solução enzimática, devido a uma alta concentração desses compostos na mesma. / The biological process is the one with the lowest cost of all the techniques currently used for the treatment of landfill leachate. However, it has not demonstrated ability to degrade recalcitrant organic matter present in this type of wastewater. This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of using enzymes, which are already used in industry, as an aid in such removal. After characterizing the Paulinia´s landfill leachate, wich was used in this study, it was found that it was in an advanced stage of degradation, with a pH of 8.40 ± 0.14; low concentration of readily biodegradable organic matter (BOD of 857 ± 475 mgO2/L) and high ammonia nitrogen (2343 ± 399 mgN/L) and Total Organic Carbon - TOC (2066 ± 746 mgC/L). The experimental research was conducted in two stages, using a sequential batch reactor with biomass adapted to the leachate. In the first step, using a full factorial design 2³, it was found that by increasing pH and decreasing the initial concentration of NH3-N is possible to avoid the accumulation of ammonia in the system by the total removal of that compound. However, the inhibition of ammonia oxidizing bacteria is not ceased. The biological pathway for oxidation efficiency reaches the maximum at 49.1%, with the remaining 50.9% being attributed to the volatilization of ammonia, which is enhanced with increasing pH. The second stage was aimed at removing recalcitrant organic matter, measured by the COT present in landfill leachate, with the use of laccase enzyme. The enzyme demonstrated a significant nitrite removal capacity, decreasing its concentration of 127 mgNO2 -/L to less than 0.1 mgNO2 -/L, and the TOC, from 2333 mgC/L to 1400 mgC/L in the same period time.