Cette thèse en informatique se situe dans le domaine des Environnements Informatiques pour l’Apprentissage Humain (EIAH). Dans ce cadre, nous avons abordé la question de la personnalisation de l’apprentissage. Nos travaux de recherche consistaient à identifier un processus qui permette à la fois de personnaliser des séances de travail sur papier et des séances de travail sur des logiciels pédagogiques. Nous souhaitions que ce processus permette de prendre en compte les spécificités de chaque apprenant en s’appuyant sur son profil, mais qu’il prenne également en compte les buts et les habitudes pédagogiques des enseignants. Enfin, nous souhaitions que ce processus soit implémentable dans un système externe aux logiciels à personnaliser. Notre problématique s’est donc décomposée en trois points : comment exploiter les profils d’apprenants pour prendre en compte les individualités des apprenants ? Comment adapter une activité pour prendre en compte les besoins et habitudes pédagogiques d’un enseignant ? Et enfin, comment attribuer une activité à un apprenant ? Pour répondre au premier point, nous avons proposé le modèle cPMDL. Ce complément du langage de modélisation des profils PMDL permet de contraindre les profils des apprenants afin de sélectionner ceux ayant les caractéristiques requises par les contraintes. cPMDL nous permet donc d’exploiter les informations contenues dans les profils au sein du processus de personnalisation. Pour répondre au deuxième point, nous avons proposé l’approche GEPPETO. Cette approche s’appuie sur des modèles et des processus génériques permettant d’adapter les activités en fonction des intentions pédagogiques des enseignants grâce à la définition de contraintes sur les activités. Nous avons décliné cette approche pour permettre l’adaptation des activités papier (GEPPETOP), ainsi que pour l’adaptation des activités logicielles et de la configuration des environnements qui les supportent (GEPPETOS). Pour répondre au troisième point, nous avons proposé le modèle PERSUA2 qui permet de lier les contraintes sur profils de cPMDL aux contraintes sur activités de GEPPETO. Ces liens, nommés règles d’affectation, sont ensuite hiérarchisés selon leur degré de priorité pour former une stratégie pédagogique qui sera associée { un ou plusieurs contextes d’utilisation. Nous avons mis en oeuvre ces différentes contributions théoriques dans Adapte, un module de l’environnement informatique du projet PERLEA. Le rôle de cet environnement est d’assister l’enseignant dans la gestion de profils créés par l’enseignant lui-même ou issus de logiciels pédagogiques. Adapte est l’une des exploitations possibles des profils : le module réalisé permet de fournir à chaque apprenant des activités adaptées à son profil tout en respectant les choix pédagogiques de son enseignant. Ces activités peuvent être des activités papier proposées par le système ou des activités logicielles personnalisées par Adapte, mais effectuées dans un autre EIAH. Ce module, pleinement opérationnel, a montré la faisabilité technique de nos contributions théoriques et nous a permis de conduire des mises à l'essai auprès d'enseignants / This thesis in computer science belongs to the field of Interactive Learning Environments (ILE). In this context, we have addressed the issue of personalization of learning. Our research has consisted in identifying a process allowing one to personalize both paper working sessions and working sessions on educational software. Our goal was to design a process able to take into account the specificities of each learner, based on their profiles, but also to take into account the pedagogical goals and habits of teachers. Moreover, we had to design this process such as it could be easily implemented in a software external to the system being personalized. Our problem was therefore decomposed into three points: how to use learners’ profiles to take the individuality of learners into account? How to adapt a pedagogical activity to take the teaching needs and habits of a teacher into account? And finally, how to assign an activity to a learner? To answer the first point, we have proposed the cPMDL model. This complement of the profiles modelling language PMDL allows one to constrain the learners’ profiles to select those with the characteristics required by the constraints. cPMDL allows us to exploit the information contained in the profiles during the personalization process. To answer the second point, we have proposed the GEPPETO approach. This approach relies on generic models and processes to adapt activities according to the teachers' intentions, by defining constraints on activities. We have instantiated this approach to enable on the one hand the adaptation of paper activities (GEPPETOP) and on the other hand to enable the adaptation of software activities and the adaptation of configuration of environments that support them (GEPPETOS). To address the third point, we have proposed the PERSUA2 model which links cPMDL constraints on profiles with GEPPETO constraints on activities. Next, these links, called assignment rules, are organized into a hierarchy according to their priority degree in order to form a pedagogical strategy. This pedagogical strategy is then associated with one or more contexts of use. We have implemented these different theoretical contributions in Adapte, a module of the environment associated to the PERLEA project. The role of this environment is to assist teachers in the management of profiles created by themselves or coming from pedagogical software. Adapte is one of the possible uses of profiles: the module developed provides each learner with activities suited to their profiles, while respecting the teaching choices of the teacher. These activities may be paper activities proposed by the system or software activities personalized by Adapte but made within another ILE. This module, fully operational, has demonstrated the technical feasibility of our theoretical contributions and has allowed us to conduct experiment with teachers.

Im Rahmen eines Dissertationsvorhabens am Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institut für Agrar- und Gartenbauwissenschaften der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin wurde die „Entwicklung beruflicher Handlungskompetenz in der gärtnerischen Berufsausbildung durch die Anwendung des Lernfeldkonzepts“ untersucht und in einem pädagogischen Unterrichtsexperiment an gartenbaulichen Berufsschulen in sechs Bundesländern durchgeführt. Damit eine durchgängige Kompetenz- und Outcome-Orientierung Berücksichtigung finden kann, erweiterte der Autor die Untersuchung zur Kompetenzentwicklung um die Aspekte Kompetenzmessung und Kompetenzbewertung. Basierend auf einer Arbeitsprozessanalyse zum Ausbildungsberuf Gärtner der Fachrichtung Garten- und Landschaftsbau wurden im Dialog mit dem Berufsstand Kriterien und Indikatoren beruflicher Handlungskompetenz von Landschaftsgärtnern definiert sowie berufliche Handlungsfelder (Tätigkeitsfelder) gebildet, aus denen Lernfelder abgeleitet und ein lernfeldstrukturierten Rahmenlehrplan für den berufsbezogenen Unterricht der Berufsschule konzipiert werden konnte. So war es möglich, handlungs- und kompetenzorientierte Lernaufgaben für den Berufsschulunterricht zu entwickeln, die sich an berufstypischen Arbeitssituationen orientieren. Durch die Bearbeitung dieser Lernaufgaben wurden bei den Versuchspersonen didaktisch begründete Lernhandlungen ausgelöst und angestrebte Kompetenzen entwickelt, die mittels eines standardisierten Bewertungsbogens durch Beobachtung (Fremdeinschätzung) und Befragung (Selbsteinschätzung) gemessen werden konnten. Die Bewertung ausgeprägter Kompetenzen erfolgte durch den Einsatz eines outcome-orientierten Abschlusstests „Virtuelle Kleinbaustelle“. Diese schriftliche Mehrfach-Situations-Aufgabe wurde nach Maßgabe eines systematischen Bewertungsrahmens unter Berücksichtigung der Anschlussfähigkeit an DQR und EQR ausgewertet, sodass auf den Erwerb beruflicher Handlungskompetenz in der Ausbildung zum Landschaftsgärtner geschlossen werden kann. / Within a PhD project at the Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute for Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin the “development of vocational action competencies regarding the training of gardeners based on the application of the concept of domains of learning” was studied in a teaching experiment at six horticultural vocational schools in six German states. To allow for a consistent focus on competencies and outcome, aspects of competencies measurement and competencies evaluation were included in the study of competency development. Based on an analysis of work processes in occupational training of landscape gardeners, criteria and indicators of vocational action competencies in this field were defined in collaboration with the gardening profession; furthermore, vocational fields of activities were developed. On their basis “domains of learning” (“Lernfelder”) could be derived and accordingly a framework curriculum could be developed for vocational lessons at vocational schools. In this manner it was possible to develop activity- and competence oriented learning tasks for lessons at vocational schools. These learning tasks focus on typical work situations in landscape gardening. When the test persons performed these learning tasks, didactically meaningful learning activities were initiated and the test persons developed the desired competencies. These competencies were measured by means of a standardized evaluation form by observation (external evaluation) and questioning (self-evaluation). The evaluation of profound competencies was carried out using an outcome-oriented final examination tool “small virtual building site”. This written multi-situation task was evaluated according to a systematic evaluation frame under consideration of compatibility with GQF and EQF, so that conclusions can be drawn regarding the acquisition of vocational action competencies during the training for landscape gardener.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T14:31:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alfiado Victorino.pdf: 4889016 bytes, checksum: 2bef44f6fed9ef10d220346f2ca32313 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-04 / Several times, in conversation with students, I felt certain disenchantment between them and lhe curricular Physics subject When lhe present essay gol into lhe student's role in lhe teaching and learning process of Physics subject in lhe Mozambican schools taking as reference two public ones of lhe Beira city namely, "Samora Moisés Machel" Secondary School and "Mateus Sansão Mutemba" Secondary School, intends to understand lhe reasons of "disagreement" between students and Physics subject, on lhe one hand, and suggest some actions to be taken in arder to make lhe Phisics teaching become more relevant and more and more interesting and attractive for lhe students, on lhe olhar hand. Starting trom lhe point that students work less in Physics classes, and afiar they've read some authors concerned with lhe students role in lhe teaching and learning process, such as FREIRE (1987), HERNÁNDEZ (1998), ALMEIDA & JÚNIOR (2004), BORDENAVE & PEREIRA (1997), COLL etal (2001) among others, I led a research in arder to observe, record and analyze lhe students activities in lhe Physics lessons in lhe schools above mentioned. Afterwards, I carried out some lessons trough learning method by project in arder to check lhe contribution of this method in lhe performance growth of lhe students in lhe lessons. The conclusions taken trom this research indicate lhe predominance of verb, rhetoric in lhe Physics lessons beside lhe olhar recommended ways for lhe natural sciences teaching. The work projects carried out at school nevertheless its low quantity and quality mirrar a sign of a way to follow in arder to increase lhe performance levei of lhe students in lhe Physics lessons. Therefore, in lhe context of this research, performance of alllevels teachers and education managers is recommended, in lhe research, identification and implementation of all-embracing teaching methodologies which give privilege to lhe activity of lhe learning person in ali processo / Muitas vezes conversando com alunos senti algum desencanto destes em relação à disciplina curricular de Física. A presente dissertação, ao debruçar-se sobre o papel do aluno no processo de ensino-aprendizagem de Física na escola moçambicana tomando como referência duas escolas públicas da cidade da Beira, a saber, Escola Secundária "Samora Moisés Machel" e Escola Secundária "Mateus Sansão Mutemba", pretende compreender as causas do "desencontro" entre os alunos e a Física por um lado, e propor algumas acções a serem realizadas no sentido de tornar o ensino de Física mais relevante e cada vez mais interessante e atractivo para os alunos, por outro. Partindo da hipótese de que os alunos trabalham pouco nas aulas de Física e depois de ler alguns autores preocupados com a questão do papel do aluno no processo de ensino e aprendizagem, tais como FREIRE (1987), HERNÁNDEZ(1998), ALMEIDA & JÚNIOR (2004), BORDENAVE & PEREIRA (1997), COLL et. aI. (2001) entre outros, orientei a pesquisa no sentido de observar, registar e analisar as actividades dos alunos nas aulas de Física naquelas escolas. Em seguida realizei algumas aulas nestas escolas através do método de aprendizagem por projectos com o objectivo de aferir a contribuição deste método no incremento do desempenho dos alunos nas aulas. As conclusões tiradas nesta pesquisa apontam para a predominância do verbo, da retórica nas aulas de Física em detrimento das outras formas recomendadas para o ensino de Ciências Naturais. Os projectos de trabalho realizados na escola, pese embora a sua baixa quantidade e qualidade, representam um indicativo do caminho a seguir no sentido de aumentar o nível do desempenho dos alunos nas aulas de Física Por isso, no contexto da presente pesquisa, recomenda-se o empenho de todos, professores e gestores da Educação em todos os níveis, na pesquisa, identificação e implementação de metodologias de ensino participativos que privilegiem a actividade do sujeito aprendente em todo o processo.

This thesis offers an assessment design for collaborative learning, utilisation of blended learning support through current communication technologies and highlights the crucial role of the tutor. The thesis designed and tested a theoretical framework which encompassed an active learning environment and resulted in the development of the shamrock conceptual framework. To test the theoretical framework, clarify the role of the tutor and the impact on the learner experience two studies were undertaken using pedagogical models that combined the concepts of learner-centric, sociocultural and dialogic perspectives on collaborative learning and technology in meeting the needs of learners in the 21st Century. In the first study, the role of the tutor was found to be crucial in setting, implementing and guiding learners using the assessment design as part of a social constructivist pedagogical practice. The pedagogical approach adopted was to blend face-to-face and Wiki learning experiences and was found to promote learner ownership, engagement and the fostering of a learning community. The second study validated the first and provided additional asynchronous technology experiences in addition to the Wiki blend in the assessment design. Study 2 examined the role of the tutor and the learner whilst using current technologies comprising podcasts and video and a Wiki in the collaborative experience. Findings showed that the Wiki supported community and collaborative aspects of a sociocultural practice whilst learners were engaged in authentic learning activities and led to a well supported learning environment. The importance of technology design and use to accommodate collaborative and community aspects was found to be an essential component. It was found that technology is not simply an add-on but rather needs to be planned and considered purposefully by both tutors and learners when used in a blend to supplement learning on campus as part of an assessment design in higher education. This study has shown that, for this to happen, academics need to be provided with the appropriate support, knowledge and skills required in developing a blended learning experience using a Wiki supplemented by class contact on campus as part of an assessment design.