Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:26:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Novo_a_ Documento do Microsoft Word.pdf: 7211 bytes, checksum: 35560270a18baa25556da438c119fd4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-26 / This doctoral dissertation presents a qualitative investigation, the purpose of which is to analyze the process of teaching and learning mediated by learning objects (LOs). The dissertation proposes an LO built by the researcher and used in a classroom, at elementary level, with young adults (EJA), on the line Historical Social Theory, based on Vygotsky and other post-Vygotskian authors. The construction and use of this type of educational material are motivated by the possibilities that Information and Communication Technology offer to the educational process at school. These materials have been seen as instruments that facilitate and enhance human development in the context of the digital age. Data for the study were collected through unstructured observation, semistructured interviews with students and classroom teacher, film and document analysis, including questionnaires - one applied after the presentation of research to students and the other after completing the use of LO - and intellectual production developed by students with the use of the object. The analysis indicated that the pedagogical practice mediated by the LO was characterized by the following aspects: a) change in the students towards an active stance regarding their own study and change in the teacher towards a consultant role in the teaching and learning process, b) collaboration among students to the understanding of scientific concepts; c) contextualization of the content through examples related to the experiences of students, enhancing their motivation to study and understand the content, d) work towards the zone of proximal development of the students, highlighting help and feedback by means of the LO e) affective nature of motivation generated by the animations present in LO. The use of the LO as a mediator of the educational process was regarded by the students as interesting, funny and motivating, while the analysis of intellectual production shows significant progress in learning the concept of crase / Este trabalho apresenta uma investigação de cunho qualitativo, cujo objetivo é analisar o processo de ensino e de aprendizagem mediado por objetos de aprendizagem (OAs). A pesquisa propõe a elaboração de um OA pela pesquisadora e seu uso em sala de aula, em uma turma de ensino fundamental da modalidade de ensino Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA), para avaliação, ambas realizadas à luz da teoria Histórico-cultural do desenvolvimento humano de Vygotsky e de outros autores pós-vygotskyanos. A construção e o uso desse tipo de material pedagógico são motivados pelas possibilidades que as Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação apresentam ao processo educativo escolar. Esses materiais vêm sendo entendidos como instrumentos facilitadores e potencializadores do desenvolvimento humano no contexto da era digital. Os dados para a pesquisa foram coletados mediante observação não estruturada, entrevistas semiestruturadas com os estudantes e a professora da turma, filmagem e análise de documentos, incluindo questionários um aplicado após a etapa de apresentação da pesquisa aos alunos e outro após concluir a de uso do OA e a produção intelectual desenvolvida pelos estudantes ao longo do uso do objeto. A análise indicou que a prática pedagógica pesquisada mediada pelo OA caracterizou-se pelos seguintes aspectos: a) mudança dos estudantes para postura ativa frente ao estudo e mudança docente para consultora no processo de ensino e de aprendizagem; b) colaboração entre os estudantes para a compreensão dos conceitos científicos; c) contextualização do conteúdo por meio de exemplos relacionados às vivências dos estudantes, favorecendo a motivação para estudar e compreender o conteúdo; d) trabalho voltado para a zona de desenvolvimento proximal dos alunos, evidenciando a ajuda e o feedback ao longo do OA; e) motivação de cunho afetivo gerada pelas animações presentes no OA. O uso do OA como elemento mediador do processo educativo foi considerado, pelos estudantes, como interessante, divertido, motivador, ao mesmo tempo em que a análise da produção intelectual evidencia significativo avanço na aprendizagem do conceito crase

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:27:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nairana.pdf: 3545066 bytes, checksum: 35c600e465d07026126b2457f532b9b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / Language Learning Objects (LLO) have gradually gained more space in the teaching and learning of languages due to their low cost, their ease of adaptation and their reusability. Concerning the inclusion policy of the Ministry of Education, which foresees the inclusion of deaf students in the same learning environment of hearings, it is observed that the Portuguese Language (PL) teacher, in this situation, is faced with the difficulty of having to teach this language as a mother tongue to hearing students and as a foreign language to deaf students. Based on this problem, this study aimed to investigate the use of a LLO for the teaching of PL to deaf and hearing students through the creation of a LLO geared to hearings and its repurposing to deaf students. Furthermore, the study intended to reflect about the reusability and repurposability of LLO to see if, after repurposing, the result is a new LLO or the same LLO adapted. To achieve these objectives, this thesis used two data collections: 1) the application of a questionnaire for deaf high school students of a public school in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, and their PL teacher aiming to get their opinion about which aspects should be taken into account in the adaptation process of the LLO for deaf students; 2) the use of a LLO with five hearing students of the 1st year of high school and the use of a repurposed LLO with four deaf students of the same school year. For the second data collection, the following instruments were used: Camtasia Studio 8, annotated observation, online Google Docs forms and a digital camera. After analyzing the data, it was concluded that the LLO can collaborate with PL teaching in inclusive classrooms as long as adjustments consistent with the linguistic reality of deaf students are made and deaf and hearing students‟ preferences are taken into account in the elaboration of the LLO / Os Objetos de Aprendizagem de Línguas (OAL) têm gradativamente conquistado mais espaço no ensino e aprendizagem de línguas devido ao seu baixo custo, à sua facilidade para adaptação e à sua reusabilidade. Considerando a política de inclusão do Ministério da Educação, a qual prevê a inserção de estudantes surdos no mesmo ambiente de ensino de ouvintes, observa-se que o professor de Língua Portuguesa (LP), nessa situação, se depara com a dificuldade de ter que ensinar essa língua como Língua Materna aos alunos ouvintes e como Língua Estrangeira aos alunos surdos. Partindo desse contexto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo investigar o uso de um OAL para o ensino de LP a alunos ouvintes e surdos por meio da criação de um OAL voltado aos ouvintes e do seu redirecionamento a alunos surdos. Além disso, pretendeu-se refletir sobre a reusabilidade e redirecionamento de OAL para constatar se, após um redirecionamento, tem-se um mesmo OAL adaptado ou um novo. Para atingir tais objetivos, esta dissertação contou com duas coletas de dados: 1) aplicação de um questionário aos alunos surdos do Ensino Médio de uma escola pública de Pelotas-RS e à sua professora de LP visando a obter sua opinião sobre quais aspectos deveriam ser levados em consideração no processo de adaptação de OAL a alunos surdos; 2) utilização de um OAL com cinco alunas ouvintes do 1° ano do Ensino Médio e de um OAL redirecionado com quatro alunos surdos do mesmo ano escolar. Para a segunda coleta de dados, utilizou-se o aplicativo Camtasia Studio 8, observação anotada, formulários online do Google Docs e filmagem por meio de câmera digital. Após a análise dos dados, concluiu-se que os OAL podem colaborar com o ensino de LP em turmas inclusivas desde que sejam feitas as adaptações condizentes com a realidade linguística dos alunos surdos e que sejam levadas em consideração as preferências dos alunos surdos e ouvintes na elaboração do OAL

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:27:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arice.pdf: 2465963 bytes, checksum: 6d948df9c2612d073c46aff604a000d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-10 / The use of interactive technologies mediated by computers and Internet is becoming more and more frequent in the teaching of foreign languages, demanding new skills from language teachers so that they can use these technologies more appropriately and evaluate the new methodologies that are introduced almost everyday. A technology that has received a lot of attention lately is the use of learning objects, seen as cultural artifacts capable of promoting language learning. The objective of this study is to describe, analyze, and evaluate the pedagogical content of these objects and detect their presence in courses that propose to teach Spanish on the Web. We start from the social-cultural perspective as advanced by Vygotsky and his followers, constructing an evaluation instrument to measure the educational value of these objects, highlighting the following aspects: (1) content quality; (2) usability; (3) reusability; (4) interactivity; and (5) scaffolding. The methodology used included a survey of Spanish courses offered on the WWW, three of which were selected for analysis. The results showed that the courses varied a lot in terms of the learning objects that they used: the best courses offer objects based on interactive activities, with good content distribution and clear objectives; the other course, poorly evaluated considering the instrument that was used, does not present these features. The conclusion is that the use of the learning objects perspective, with its well-defined criteria, seems to facilitate the preparation of instruments to evaluate courses mediated by the new technologies / O uso de tecnologias interativas mediadas pelo computador e pela Internet está se tornando cada vez mais freqüente no ensino de línguas estrangeiras, exigindo dos professores novas competências, não só para usar essas tecnologias adequadamente, mas também para avaliar criticamente as propostas que surgem a cada dia. Uma proposta que tem recebido destaque recentemente é o uso de objetos de aprendizagem, vistos como artefatos culturais capazes de promover a aprendizagem. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever, analisar e avaliar o conteúdo pedagógico desses objetos e detectar sua presença nos cursos que propõem o ensino da língua espanhola na rede mundial de computadores. Parte-se da perspectiva sócio-cultural de Vygotsky e seus seguidores, construindo-se a partir daí uma proposta de instrumento de avaliação que possa aferir o valor educacional desses objetos, com destaque para cinco aspectos: (1) qualidade do conteúdo; (2) usabilidade; (3) reusabilidade; (4) interatividade e (5) uso de andaimes. A metodologia constou de um levantamento de cursos de espanhol oferecidos pela Internet, dos quais três foram selecionados para a análise. Os resultados mostram que os cursos variam bastante em termos dos objetos de aprendizagem usados: os cursos mais bem avaliados oferecem objetos baseados em atividades interativas, com conteúdo balanceado e objetivos claros; já o curso com avaliação inferior, de acordo com o instrumento usado, deixa de apresentar essas características. A conclusão é de que o uso da perspectiva dos objetos de aprendizagem, com seus critérios já estabelecidos, parece facilitar a elaboração de instrumentos para a avaliação dos cursos mediados pelas novas tecnologias

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-05-27T13:31:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 adaptacao_conteudos.pdf: 1461923 bytes, checksum: 1272ba554f9ec06de579b9f337be5ff5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-27T13:31:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 adaptacao_conteudos.pdf: 1461923 bytes, checksum: 1272ba554f9ec06de579b9f337be5ff5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os objetos de aprendizagem (OAs) têm tomado um papel importante no contexto educacional atual, onde os meios computacionais se tornam cada vez mais presentes em sala de aula impulsionados por instituições governamentais. Dentre as características necessárias para utilização efetiva dos OAs a bibliografia enumera dois pontos principais, o reuso e o compartilhamento. Com o avanço de novos meios computacionais o conceito de reuso tem adquirido novas proporções vislumbrando a utilização do conteúdo educacional disponibilizado pelos OAs em diversos ambientes computacionais. Dentre estes novos ambientes computacionais, os dispositivos móveis e a televisão digital (TVD) estendem o conceito de e-learning criando duas novas vertentes, são elas o m-learning e t-learning respectivamente. Apesar disso, os OAs criados para os ambientes de e-learning dificilmente podem ser reutilizados nos novos ambientes devido às dificuldades de apresentação de conteúdo nos dispositivos móveis e de TVD. Para dar apoio à visualização de OAs nestes novos ambientes o presente trabalho apresenta conceitos relacionados à OAs, a TVD e aos agentes de software para basear a análise do sistema multiagentes desenvolvido. Este sistema tem como principal funcionalidade a adaptação de conteúdo para os ambientes de t-learning e m-learning. A intenção do presente trabalho é apresentar uma arquitetura, utilizando diagramas da Agent UML, que comporte a adaptação de OAs para que possam ser visualizados em múltiplos ambientes e aplicar esta arquitetura a casos de uso voltados à televisão digital. Através do sistema desenvolvido foi possível adaptar múltiplos formatos de conteúdos de OAs para que sejam visualizados nos dispositivos do Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão Digital (SBTVD). / Learning Objects (LO) are assuming an important role in current educational context, where computational resources are a common presence in the classroom due to government incentives. Among the needed characteristics for right using of LOs by teachers and students, two main aspects are highlighted by the literature, the reusing and sharing. With the advances in the new computing environments the concept of reusing has been taking new proportions viewing the utilization of its educational content in several computing environments. Among these new computing environments, the mobile devices and the digital television (DTV) extends the concept of e-learning creating two new strands, they are the m-learning and t-learning respectively. Nevertheless, the LOs created for e-learning environment hardly can be used in the new environments due to the difficulties of presenting on mobile and DTV devices. To help the presenting of LOs in these new environments this work presents concepts related to LOs, DTV and agents based software aiming the analysis of a multiagent system developed. This system has as your main feature the adaptation of content for t-learning and m-learning environments. The intention of this work is present an architecture, using Agent UML (AUML) diagrams, that supports the LOs adaptation for viewing in multiple environments and apply this architecture to digital television use cases. Through the system developed should be possible to adapt multiple LOs content formats to be viewed on the devices of the Brazilian System of Digital Television (SBTVD).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:57:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Ercilia Mendes Nifoci.pdf: 12160778 bytes, checksum: a5494f21bc3486eee31baf5e84daa89d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-22 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / The use of information technology is present in many environments, including the educational environment. This background, this research aims to an analysis of the knowledge revealed by mathematics teachers in a continuing education course to use learning objects available in the repository M3 Multimedia Mathematics as a technology for teaching geometry. Through the methodology of Narratives, the teachers were able to report their concerns and expectations the teaching of geometry, continuing education, learning objects and use of technologies. As a theoretical contribution, this research is based on the ideas of Shulman on Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) and the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK), Mishra and Koehler revealed by teachers over the meetings of the studying group. In the analysis of the narratives of teachers it was found that pedagogical knowledge combined with the knowledge of the curriculum was important in the choice of learning objects, as when selecting such resources were needed such knowledge as well as aspects of pedagogical and technological knowledge so that they could infer and justify their choices. The results of this study indicate the need to invest in teacher education for the use of technological resources in the school, once the teacher recognizes the importance of these resources in the learning process, but does not know or does not know how to conduct on the technologies. Another aspect highlighted is the fact of teachers being receptive regarding courses to complement their initial education / O uso das tecnologias da informação está presente em diversos ambientes, entre os quais o ambiente educacional, afetando alunos e professores. Diante deste cenário, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar os conhecimentos revelados por professores de Matemática em um curso de formação continuada ao utilizarem Objetos de Aprendizagem, disponíveis no repositório M3 Matemática Multimídia como recurso tecnológico para o ensino de Geometria. Por meio da metodologia das Narrativas, os professores puderam relatar seus anseios e expectativas frente ao ensino de geometria, formação continuada, objetos de aprendizagem e uso das tecnologias. Como aporte teórico, esta pesquisa está embasada nas ideias de Shulman sobre o Conhecimento Pedagógico do Conteúdo (PCK) e o Conhecimento do Conteúdo Pedagógico e Tecnológico (TPCK), de Mishra e Koehler, revelados pelos professores ao longo dos encontros do grupo de estudo. Na análise das narrativas dos professores verificou-se que o conhecimento pedagógico aliado ao conhecimento do currículo foi importante na escolha dos Objetos de Aprendizagem, pois ao selecionar tais recursos, eram necessários tais conhecimentos assim como aspectos do conhecimento pedagógico e tecnológico para que pudessem inferir e justificar suas escolhas. Os resultados desta pesquisa apontam a necessidade de se investir na formação do professor frente à utilização de recursos tecnológicos na escola, uma vez que o professor reconhece a importância destes recursos no processo de aprendizagem, mas não o faz por desconhecer ou não saber proceder diante das tecnologias. Outro aspecto evidenciado é a questão dos professores se mostrarem receptivos quanto a cursos para complementar sua formação inicial

Submitted by Cristiane Chim (cristiane.chim@ucpel.edu.br) on 2018-05-23T12:24:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Buchweitz Giusti.pdf: 1158237 bytes, checksum: a87b08ee0fc66a0179677401ba4cb53e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-23T12:24:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Buchweitz Giusti.pdf: 1158237 bytes, checksum: a87b08ee0fc66a0179677401ba4cb53e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-26 / Technical education in Brazil, Integrated to High school, has always emphasized a content-based methodology, in which, regardless of the technical area of the courses, the concern with technological lagging is a constant concern and debates within the academic community. In order for a course in technology to keep updated with new social and technological demands, new scientific contents are added to the curriculum, offering teachers little classroom time so that they work properly, often resulting in a kind of static training regarding knowledge, making it rigid and repetitive. Aware of this question, the objective of this work is making clear the distinction between this academic training and student education, presenting for doing this the concept of pedagogical modulation. It is a teaching perspective based on Bakhtin and his Circle‟s dialogical conception and some of its contemporary commentators, including, Ponzio, Brait e Sobral. The idea of dialogism of the Bakhtin's Circle will be reflected here from the prism of education, focusing the way students become part of teacher‟s utterances even before they externalize their discourse. This discourse is transposed and mobilized due to the process of didactic transposition that knowledge necessarily suffers until reaching its final addressees. Thus, the thesis consider show the process of didactic transposition (Chevellard) is in an specific case based on the steps necessary to transform scientific knowledge into taught knowledge. In order to evaluate the concept of Pedagogical Modulation, a group of students of an integrated highschool/technical course in Electronics of Federal Sul-rio-grandense Institute were offered this new proposal of construction of the teaching and learning process during a school semester. As a pedagogical support in the process, a learning object was used, namely, the electronic circuits simulation software N.I. Multisim. The results obtained in the academic experience show that, despite being more demanding for the teacher, this way of proceeding is rewarding / O ensino técnico no Brasil, integrado de nível médio, sempre primou por uma metodologia conteudista, em que, independentemente da área técnica dos cursos, a preocupação com o descompasso tecnológico é constantemente fator de preocupações e debates entre a comunidade acadêmica. Para que um curso de tecnologia possa manter-se atualizado frente às novas demandas sociais e tecnológicas, novos conteúdos científicos acabam tendo de ser acrescentados à grade curricular, oferecendo aos professores pouco tempo de sala de aula para que os possam trabalhar adequadamente, o que acarreta muitas vezes uma espécie de treinamento estático frente a um elemento do saber, impondo a este rigidez e repetição. Atento a essa questão, o trabalho visa alertar sobre a distinção entre esse treinamento acadêmico e a formação do aluno, apresentando para isso o conceito de Modulação Pedagógica. Tratase de uma perspectiva docente apoiada na concepção de dialogismo do Círculo de Bakhtin e no diálogo deste com comentadores contemporâneos, entre os quais Ponzio, Brait e Sobral. A ideia de dialogismo do Círculo de Bakhtin será aqui apresentada sob o prisma da educação, na forma de como o aluno se torna parte do enunciado de um professor antes mesmo de ele exteriorizar seu discurso. Esse discurso é transposto e mobilizado mediante o processo de transposição didática que um conhecimento necessariamente sofre até chegar a seu destinatário final. O trabalho considera assim o funcionamento do processo de transposição didática (Chevellard) num caso específico, com base nos passos necessários para transformar o saber científico em saber ensinado. Com o intuito de verificar a produtividade do conceito de Modulação Pedagógica, uma turma de ensino integrado médio/técnico profissionalizante do curso de Eletrônica do Instituto Federal Sulrio-grandense recebeu uma outra alternativa de construção do processo de ensino e aprendizagem durante o período de um semestre letivo. Como suporte pedagógico no processo, utilizou-se como objeto de aprendizagem o software de simulações de circuitos eletrônicos N.I. Multisim. Os resultados obtidos na experiência acadêmica demonstram que apesar de ser mais trabalhoso para o docente, esse modo de proceder se mostra recompensador.

<p>Predmet istraživanja&nbsp; disertacije&nbsp; je&nbsp; prikaz&nbsp; koncepata&nbsp; elektronskog&nbsp;učenja,&nbsp; opis&nbsp; potrebe,&nbsp; motivacije&nbsp; i&nbsp; metodologije&nbsp; za&nbsp; obradu&nbsp; i&nbsp; konverziju&nbsp;postojećih&nbsp; tradicionalnih&nbsp; nastavnih&nbsp; materijala,&nbsp; bez&nbsp; obzira&nbsp; na&nbsp; fizički&nbsp; oblik&nbsp; i&nbsp;sadržaj,&nbsp; u&nbsp; savremene&nbsp; i&nbsp; aktuelne&nbsp; elektronske&nbsp; didaktičke&nbsp; objekte&nbsp; (learning&nbsp;objects).&nbsp; Ideja je da&nbsp; oni&nbsp; budu kreirani tako da mogu&nbsp; biti&nbsp; kori&scaron;ćeni,&nbsp; ako&nbsp; je&nbsp;moguće i vi&scaron;e puta, u sistemima za podr&scaron;ku elektronskom učenju.&nbsp;</p><p>Drugi osnovni predmet istraživanja je opis, definisanje&nbsp; i praktična provera&nbsp;metodologije&nbsp; za razvoj saradničkih i komunikacionih ve&scaron;tina&nbsp; studenata.&nbsp;Pri prelazu iz učionice u oblast elektronskog učenja&nbsp; one se&nbsp; zamenjuju&nbsp;elektronskim aktivnostima,&nbsp; standardnim&nbsp; i uobičajenim&nbsp; delom&nbsp; sistema za&nbsp;elektronsko&nbsp; učenje.&nbsp; Analizirana&nbsp; je&nbsp; primena klasičnih aktivnosti&nbsp; Web&nbsp; 2.0&nbsp;tehnologije: foruma, chat-sistema, Wiki i blog tehnologije,&nbsp; kao i&nbsp;metodologije za on-line zadavanje, re&scaron;avanje, pregledanje&nbsp; i ocenjivanje&nbsp;individualnih i timskih zadataka.</p><p>Konačno,&nbsp; data&nbsp; je&nbsp; sistematizacija&nbsp; metodologija&nbsp; upotrebe&nbsp; elektronskih&nbsp; nastavnih&nbsp;materijala i načini opisivanja meta-modelom. Prikazani su neki od postojećih alata&nbsp;za upotrebu u elektronskom učenju, a&nbsp; predložen&nbsp; je&nbsp; model i potencijalno korisni&nbsp;<br />alati&nbsp; za&nbsp; automatizaciju&nbsp; procesa&nbsp; konverzije&nbsp; nastavnih&nbsp; materijala&nbsp; koji&nbsp; bi olak&scaron;ali&nbsp;kori&scaron;ćenje u sistemima za podr&scaron;ku elektronskom učenju.</p> / <p>The research topic involves description of eLearning concepts,&nbsp;depiction of need, motivation and methodology for processing and&nbsp;conversion of existing traditional teaching materials, regardless of their&nbsp;physical form and content, into contemporary and up-to-date electronic&nbsp;teaching material, learning objects. The idea is that these learning&nbsp;objects are created&nbsp; in such a way that they can be used, if possible also&nbsp;reused, in some of the learning management systems.</p><p>The other primary research topic is the description, definition and&nbsp;practical testing of methodologies for the development of collaborative&nbsp;and communicative skills with students. Those skills are,&nbsp; as a part of the&nbsp;transfer from the classroom to&nbsp; the field of eLearning, substituted with&nbsp;electronic activities which are the standard and usual part of learning&nbsp;management systems. Within the thesis, application of typical activities of&nbsp;<br />so-called Web 2.0 technologies: forums, chat-systems, Wiki and blog&nbsp;technology, but also methodologies for on-line assigning, solving, audit,&nbsp;and assessment of &nbsp;individual and team assignments.</p><p>Finally,&nbsp; systematization of various methodologies of digital teaching&nbsp;material use is presented, together with the methods of their depiction by&nbsp;meta-model. Examples of&nbsp; currently existing tools&nbsp; available for eLearning&nbsp;are presented and a model is suggested, together with&nbsp; the&nbsp; potentially&nbsp;useful tools that might help in automatization &nbsp;of a process of&nbsp; conversion&nbsp;of teaching materials and their use in learning management systems.&nbsp;</p>

Constructivism is a learning theory that states that people learn by actively constructing their own knowledge, based on prior knowledge. Many different perspectives exist on constructivist pedagogical principles and on how to apply them to instructional design. It is thus not only difficult to evaluate the conformity of existing learning systems with constructivist principles, it is also quite hard to ensure that a new learning system being designed will ultimately facilitate and stimulate constructivist learning. A critical characteristic often mentioned in learning systems is adaptability. That is, the ability to provide a learning experience that is continuously tailored to the needs of the individual learner. The present research aims to help designing truly constructivist and adaptive learning systems. For that purpose, it is necessary to clarify what constructivism entails in an operational manner: I propose a set of criteria for certain aspects of constructivism and use it both as guidelines for designing learning systems and for evaluating the conformity of learning systems with these constructivist principles. One facet often mentioned as being strongly relevant to constructivism is cognitive flexibility, meaning the ability to spontaneously restructure one's knowledge, in many ways, in adaptive response to radically changing situational demands. The claim I make in the present thesis is that the operational approach I proposed makes the design and use of adaptive learning environments supporting cognitive flexibility straightforward and effective. More specifically, the dissertation makes four main contributions to the interdisciplinary field of learning and e-Learning technology. Firstly, the thesis proposes operational criteria for cognitive flexibility and presents both justifications and examples of their use. The set of criteria may be used in different instructional situations for designing and evaluating conditions of learning. Secondly, on the basis of the criteria for cognitive flexibility, the thesis proposes an operational instructional design process and shows an example of its use. The process may also be applied in a variety of instructional situations for the design and use of learning systems fostering cognitive flexibility. Thirdly, the thesis introduces a new, open-source, domain-independent, Web-based adaptive e-Learning platform, named COFALE, and illustrates an example of its use. The platform may be used for designing adaptive learning systems supporting cognitive flexibility in various domains. And fourthly, the thesis reports on a preliminary evaluation of the example handled by COFALE with actual learners. The study provides a certain number of encouraging results for fostering cognitive flexibility by means of ICT-based learning conditions.

This study aimed to compare 6th grade students who used learning objects and did not use learning objects in their social studies lessons in terms of their academic achievement, attitudes toward the lesson and engagement in the lesson. Further it investigated the teachers&rsquo / and students opinions about using learning objects in the instructional process. To achieve the aforementioned aims, both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect data throughout the spring semester of 2011-2012 academic year. The participants of this study were 137 students studying at the 6th grade in a public primary school in Bolu. An experimental study was conducted to compare students&rsquo / achievement, their attitudes toward social studies lesson, and their engagement in the social studies lesson with and without using learning objects. Using the survey method, students&rsquo / evaluations of their learning objects were examined. Students were observed in the classroom environment during the experimentation in order to reveal how they used the learning objects. Teachers and students were interviewed to elicit their opinions about using learning objects in the instructional and the learning process. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean and variance, and inferential statistics like paired-samples t-test, independent samples t-test, Mann Whitney U-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired samples test and Spearman&rsquo / s rho test. On the other hand, qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis. The quantitative findings of the study showed that experimental group students&rsquo / scores were significantly higher than those of the control group students in the social studies achievement test, attitude scale and course engagement scale. Students in the experimental group had positively evaluated the learning objects of the study. In addition, positive correlation was identified between the achievement and course engagement, and between the achievement and learning object evaluation scores. The qualitative results of the study indicated that the characteristics and design principles of learning objects influenced the course achievement, attitude and engagement of students. These emerging results and the discussion have some important implications for teachers and instructional designers. The study contributes to a well-grounded understanding of learning objects approach and provides a basis for further empirical studies on learning objects.

The subject of this job is „The Packing System of Electronical learning objects“. The main purpose of this job consists of research what is necessary to make the electronical learning course become totally independent from LMS; of the Project and the realization of the tool, which would allow demonstrating the quality of creating this type of course. Universal systems, able to create every necessary elements for the electronical learning allow to produce learning courses and other related services in operative, objective, professional ways. Therefore this is the reason why the flexibility, giving the choice of necessary and useful system components, install the innovations quickly, is being lost. That is why massive LMS are going to be assembled of different components. The analysis shows that the best choice is to use SCORM standard, which is the main standard of electronical learning. The jobs being fulfilled: • The analysis of electronical learning; • The project of the packing system of electronical learning objects; • The realization of the packing system of electronical learning objects; The experiment of: • The action of the produced system; • The investigation of the learning objects package. The main characteristics of The Packing System of Electronical learning objects: • The packing of functional learning objects; • Effective usage of shareable learning objects; • The Standard XML structure of learning objects.