Работа посвящена теоретическому обоснованию, разработке и экспериментальной проверке методики формирования англоязычной лексической компетенции средствами динамического оценивания. В первой части работы рассматриваются теоретические вопросы методики обучения английской лексике, исследуются современные методы оценивания уровня лексической компетенции учащихся. Особое внимание уделяется методике, базирующейся на применении динамического оценивания при обучении иностранному языку в целом, и лексике в частности. Во второй части работы описывается эксперимент, целью которого является исследование влияния динамического оценивания на усвоение новых слов при обучении лексике английского языка. Для проверки эффективности разработанной методики в работе проводится сравнение результатов применения двух разных методик: традиционной (в контрольной группе) и разработанной (в экспериментальной группе). Для проведения обучения в экспериментальной группе была разработана и применена специальная процедура динамического оценивания, включающая пять шагов, применяемых в строго определенной последовательности, чтобы соответствовать концепции «зоны ближайшего развития» Выготского. В качестве инструмента для отбора и проверки качества усвоения новой лексики в работе используется тест, базирующийся на применении шкалы Vocabulary knowledge scale (VKS) (5-ти уровневая шкала, позволяющая измерить степень знания слова). Для обработки полученных результатов применяются статистические методы. Полученные в ходе эксперимента результаты показали, что применение динамического оценивания действительно оказывает положительное влияние на усвоение новых слов при обучении лексике английского языка и способствует развитию способностей к наиболее эффективному усвоению материала обучающимися. Результаты проведенного исследования могут помочь в разработке эффективных методик преподавания английской языка, в частности, применения мнемотехники для запоминания активной английской лексики. / The paper considers theoretical foundation, development and experimental application of the methodology of English lexical competence formation by means of dynamic assessment. The first part of the paper deals with theoretical issues of English vocabulary teaching and investigates modern methods of assessing lexical competence of students. Emphasis is placed on the methodology based on the use of dynamic assessment in teaching a foreign language in general, and vocabulary in particular. The second part of the work describes the experiment aimed at studying the effect of dynamic assessment on the assimilation of new words while learning English vocabulary. To test the effectiveness of the developed methodology, the work compares the results of the application of two different methods: traditional (in the control group) and dynamic (in the experimental group). To conduct training in the experimental group, a special dynamic assessment procedure was developed and applied, which includes five steps, applied in a strictly defined sequence in order to correspond to the concept of Vygotsky's "Zone of proximal development". The Vocabulary knowledge scale (VKS) (5-level scale, allowing to measure the degree of knowledge of the word) test is used as a tool for selecting and testing the quality of mastering the new vocabulary. Statistical methods are used to process the results. The results of the experiment demonstrated positive effect of application of dynamic assessment on the assimilation of new words when teaching English vocabulary. Dynamic assessment contributes to the development of the ability to most effectively assimilate the material by students. The results of the study can help to develop effective methods of teaching English, for example, the use of mnemonic techniques to memorize active English vocabulary.

This literature-based thesis studies the phenomenon of the regular plural inside compounds according to Giegerich’s (1999) stratal model of English morphology. The strata of his model are defined by their bases: stratum 1 is root-based and stratum 2 is word-based. The model overcomes the failings associated with earlier stratal models defined by their affixes (e.g., Kiparsky, 1982). However, assigning compounding and the regular plural to the same word stratum following Giegerich’s (1999) model leaves an open question in terms of what restricts the interaction between both rules to prevent the generation of ill-formed compounds such as *toys box and *trucks driver. Another question emerges: Should the regular plural inflection be assigned to stratum 2? This question is important because the answer affects how we discuss the interaction between the regular plural and compounding. For example, how do we account for the interaction between a stratum-2 rule and a syntactic rule if we are not dealing with an interaction of two lexical rules at the same stratum? This thesis challenges the theory that inflectional morphology is separate from the lexicon (Anderson, 1988, 1982; Perlmutter, 1988) with supporting evidence from the properties of the possessive inflection. This research contributes significantly to the literature in its analysis of a number of compounds within texts extracted from books, which demonstrates that the internal regular plural morpheme has an evident semantic function that restricts it from appearing inside compounds (that is, on stratum 2 of the base-driven stratification model). The study thereby challenges Lieber and Štekauer’s (2009) view that the internal regular plural morpheme is purposeless and therefore should be regarded as a linking element. I also argue that the possessive inflection is assigned to stratum 2 and can interact with compounding to form possessive compounds, but is restricted by the semantic feature of the non-head element.

<p>Bilingualism and its effect on individuals have been studied within different disciplines. Although the first psychological study of bilingualism was couducted by Cattell as early as 1887, only a few studies have exclusively investigated the effect of bilingualism on memory systems’ functioning. In the field of cognitive psychology of bilingualism, there is some evidence for the positive influence of bilingualism on children’s cognitive ability across various domains but there is little knowledge about the relationship between bilingualism and memory in a lifespan perspective. This thesis’s main aim was to investigate memory systems’ functioning and development in bilingual individuals. To this end, two studies were performed: a cross-sectional study of bilingual children (Study I) and a longitudinal study of young and older adults (Study II). The purpose of Studies I and II was to determine whether there are differences between monolinguals and bilinguals regarding various memory systems’ functioning. Study I compared monolingual and bilingual children’s performance on episodic and semantic memory, and Study II investigated performance on episodic and semantic memory in bilingual younger and older adults. Specifically, these studies aimed to examine a) which memory systems will be affected more as a function of language, and b) to what extent the differences would manifest themselves during a subject’s lifespan. The purpose of Study III was to explain the relation among word representations, lexical access and lexical selection in a bilingual word production paradigm. In this study, a model of bilingual production was developed to explain the results and clarify the role of automatic and controlled processes in using two languages. The results of Studies I and II showed a superiority of bilinguals over monolinguals as well as a variation of association between memory performance and bilingualism across different periods of adulthood. It appears that the lifelong experience of managing two languages enhances control processes, which in turn play an important role in enhancing memory performance. Using a “dual mechanism model”, Study III explains the efficiency of inhibitory processing when having two languages activated.</p>

There are now extensive behavioral and neuropsychological evidence to indicate that semantic information of a word can be activated without conscious awareness. However, semantic activation alone may not be sufficient for observing semantic priming effects in masked lexical decision task. In the following study, two tasks were used: lexical decision and semantic categorization. Conscious awareness of the prime was systematically manipulated by varying the duration of the prime and by varying the placement of the mask in the prime-target presentation sequence. Priming effects were observed in the semantic categorization task at prime durations of 42 milliseconds but no semantic priming was observed for the same prime duration in the lexical decision task. However, semantic priming effects began to emerge in lexical decision at the longer prime durations (55 & 69 ms) and under the least effective prime-mask presentation sequences. It is proposed that semantic activation alone is not sufficient for semantic priming effects in the lexical decision task but that central executive involvement is necessary, if only at the lowest level, for facilitatory effects to be observed. Furthermore, no such central executive involvement appears to be required for the semantic categorization task. The priming effects obtained in this task is interpreted in terms of a "decision priming" effect.

Understanding interactions among words is fundamental for natural language applications. However, many statistical NLP methods still ignore this important characteristic of language. For example, information retrieval models still assume word independence. This work focuses on the creation of lexical affinity models and their applications to natural language problems. The thesis develops two approaches for computing lexical affinity. In the first, the co-occurrence frequency is the calculated by point estimation. The second uses parametric models for co-occurrence distances. For the point estimation approach, we study several alternative methods for computing the degree of affinity by making use of point estimates for co-occurrence frequency. We propose two new point estimators for co-occurrence and evaluate the measures and the estimation procedures with synonym questions. In our evaluation, synonyms are checked directly by their co-occurrence and also by comparing them indirectly, using other lexical units as supporting evidence. For the parametric approach, we address the creation of lexical affinity models by using two parametric models for distance co-occurrence: an independence model and an affinity model. The independence model is based on the geometric distribution; the affinity model is based on the gamma distribution. Both fit the data by maximizing likelihood. Two measures of affinity are derived from these parametric models and applied to the synonym questions, resulting in the best absolute performance on these questions by a method not trained to the task. We also explore the use of lexical affinity in information retrieval tasks. A new method to score missing terms by using lexical affinities is proposed. In particular, we adapt two probabilistic scoring functions for information retrieval to allow all query terms to be scored. One is a document retrieval method and the other is a passage retrieval method. Our new method, using replacement terms, shows significant improvement over the original methods.

This dissertation addresses an unanswered question in Arabic psycholinguistics. Arabic words are characterized by their nonconcatenative structure, in which a consonantal root that encodes the main semantic content is interleaved with a derivational pattern (called "binyan", pl. "binyanim"), which is typically vocalic but may also contain consonantal elements and contributes grammatical information. The canonical example of the Semitic root and binyan system is the combination of root /ktb/ which denotes the broad semantic sense of "writing" with verbal binyan /CaCaC/ (with Cindicating a root consonant) to form [katab] "he wrote" and with nominal place binyan/maCCaC/ to form [maktab] "office". Although significant work has been done on the psycholinguistic reality of Arabic morphemes by exploring various phonological, morphological and semantic features across numerous experimental modalities in both the visual and auditory domains (Boudelaa and Marslen-Wilson, 2004, 2005, 2011), no study has investigated the roles of base/morpheme frequency and surface/word frequency and their implications for underlying morphological structure in the lexicon of Arabic as has been done for English, Dutch, and Finnish (Baayen et al., 1997; Alegre and Gordon, 1999; New et al., 2004; Taft, 1979, 2004). Competing models of word recognition propose various integrations of morphology. Whole-word models suggest that there are no separate representations for morphemes, and that the co-activation of related words can be attributed to similarity in form and meaning (Norris and McQueen, 2008; Tyler et al., 1988). Decomposition models posit that words are recognized by accessing the words' constituent morphemes (Meunierand Segui, 1999; Taft et al., 1986; Wurm, 2000). Hybrid models incorporate multiple pathways to recognition. Words are either recognized holistically or by their constituent morphemes depending on multiple factors (Balling and Baayen, 2008; Taftand Nguyen-Hoan, 2010; Lopez-Villasenor, 2012). Of most relevance to the current study is the role of the productivity of the words' derivational affixes: words with unproductive affixes are processed holistically whereas words with productive affixes are processed as a function of their morphemes. This dissertation presents results from four auditory lexical decision experiments performed with native Jordanian speakers in Amman, Jordan, and provides evidence that binyan productivity determines whether the frequency of the base morpheme affects the speed of recognition. By manipulating root and word frequency for three binyanim, one more productive and two less productive, I provide evidence that verbs in the productive binyan are fully decomposable during lexical access and verbs in less productive binyanim are recognized holistically. For a more productive binyan, I examine Binyan I of the form /CaCaC/, and two less productive binyanim are Binyan VIII of the form /iCtaCaC/and Binyan X of the form /staCCaC/. These results together support a hybrid model of lexical access in which some words are recognized via decomposition into the morphemes they are composed of, and others are recognized by their whole word form. These results are consistent with those of Balling and Baayen (2008); Taft and Nguyen-Hoan (2010); Bertramet al. (2000), among others, as derivational affix productivity is the deciding factor determining whether a word will be recognized holistically or decomposed during lexical access.

The thesis deals with the relation of semantic opposition in the discourse of advertising. The aim of the thesis is to identify the techniques of advertising language based on the use of antonymy and describe their manipulative strategies. The thesis consists of two parts. The first is theoretical. It introduces the topics of advertising language and antonymy. It presents the views on definition of advertising, describes the influence of media on the language of advertising and summarizes the ba- sic advertising principles. Further, it defines antonymy and presents basic classification systems of opposites. Second part starts with the description of the research methodology and the database of advertisements created for the sake of the thesis. The following chapter analyses dis- tribution of classes of antonymy and describes individual advertising techniques and their manipulative force.

Notre travail de recherche est consacré à l'analyse, d'un point de vue aspectuel, du rôle de la morphologie dérivationnelle dans le processus de construction du sens aspectuel lexical. Le préfixe RE- est très intéressant parce que sa structure processuelle est complexe. Il implique une relation entre un procès présupposé et un procès posé et cette relation est établie par un troisième procès, intermédiaire, qui crée un lien de continuité, de reprise ou d'interruption. L'activation de ces liens est notamment dépendante du sens de la base lexicale du dérivé et du sens aspectuel de cette même base. Le préfixe RE- est donc un opérateur de dérivation dont une des valeurs est aspectuo-temporelle et agit sur deux dimensions de la temporalité linguistique : la première est quantitative, il s'agit de l'itération ; la seconde est qualitative, elle traduit la relation temporelle établie entre les trois procès signifiés par le dérivé. / Our research is centered on the analysis of the role of morphological derivation in the elaboration of the lexical aspectual meaning. The prefix RE- is particularly interesting because of the complexity of its processual structure. RE- implies a relation between a presupposed process and a posited process, and this relation is established by a third - intermediate - process, which can signify continuity, resumption or interruption. The activation of this relation depends in particular on the meaning of the lexical base of the derived term and on the aspectual meaning of this base. The prefix RE- is thus an operator of derivation which possesses a temporal/aspectual value acting on two dimensions of linguistic temporality : the first, iteration, is quantitative, and the second is qualitative, as it expresses the temporal relation established between the three processes signified by the derived term.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Psychology / Richard J. Harris / The use of different language learning methods for the purposes of acquiring foreign language vocabulary has long been explored but studies have often failed to take into account the potential effects on lexical processing. The current study examined the effectiveness of the Keyword, Context and Paired-Associate learning methods in acquiring foreign language vocabulary, but primarily focusing on the lexical and conceptual organization effects that each method may have on a foreign language learner. Three main theories/models (i.e., Word Association, Concept Mediated and Revised Asymmetrical Hierarchical) have been used to explain the organization of bilingual lexical, conceptual stores and connections between each store, but studies have not examined the addition of a third language (i.e., L3) and the potential connections created between new L3 and the two existing language stores. It was predicted that since low-proficiency bilinguals would create lexical models which heavily rely on translation equivalents, thus, the use of non-elaborative learning methods would assist in creating only lexical translation links, while more sophisticated elaborative methods would be successful in creating direct access to the conceptual meaning. The current study further explored the potential effects of language learning methods on comprehension ability, requiring the creation of situation models for comprehension. Finally, the present study explored the immediate and delayed effects of language learning methods on both vocabulary acquisition and comprehension ability. Results from the current study indicated that all learning methods were successful in creating and conceptual connections between the languages and the conceptual store, while Keyword learners had significantly better scores on certain trial types. Differences in terms in lexical and conceptual strength are suggested since differences in RTs and scores were found between some of the learning methods. Furthermore, in terms of comparisons across time, repeated testing learners attained better scores on all trial types in comparison to learners who were only tested at Time 2. Lastly, when assessing if lexical links could be created to a non-associated highly fluent second language known by the bilingual, results indicated that each language learning method successfully created such lexical connections, but these links were weaker in strength than those of the base language that was used during learning. Based on the current results, new models of lexical access are proposed which vary based on the use of language learning methods. The current findings also have strong implications and applications to the field of foreign language acquisition, primarily for bilingual language learners acquiring an L3.

Esta tese teve como objetivo identificar a norma semântico-lexical de cinco municípios da Região Norte do Alto Tietê- ReNAT, no estado de São Paulo,e pauta-se pelos estudos dialetológicos, geolinguísticos e sociogeolinguísticos. O local da pesquisa, a antiga Vila de Nossa Senhora da Conceição dos Guarulhos, é atualmente uma região composta por cinco municípios: Guarulhos, Arujá, Santa Isabel, Mairiporã e Nazaré Paulista. Está situada na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, com exceção do quinto município, Nazaré Paulista, localizado na microrregião de Atibaia. A origem da região composta pelos cinco municípios, corpus do trabalho, remonta à época da fundação de São Paulo. Três municípios estão situados na região do Alto Tietê, ao norte do rio que leva o mesmo nome, por isso é denominada ReNAT. A vila era inicialmente povoada pelos índios Maromomis. A tese fundamentou-se nos trabalhos linguísticos voltados para a Dialetologia, a Geolinguística a Sociolinguística variacionista, a Sociolinguística interacional, a Semântica e a Lexicologia. Além do tratamento quantitativo dos dados, conforme a proposta de Muller, privilegiou a abordagem dos aspectos semânticos-lexicais a partir de Pottier e Rastier, e baseou-se na concepção de norma de Coseriu. Assim, de acordo com os procedimentos teórico-metodológicos atuais da Geolinguística e da Sociogeolinguística, aplicaram-se as 202 questões do questionário Semântico-Lexical (QSL) do projeto ALiB e, também, 31 questões do Questionário Semântico-Lexical do Projeto Estudo sociogeolinguístico do Município de São Paulo, elaborado pelo Grupo de Pesquisa em Dialetologia e Geolinguística (GPDG) da Universidade de São Paulo. As entrevistas foram desenvolvidas in loco, ou seja, nos seis pontos da pesquisa, localizados nos cinco municípios. As 233 questões, dos dois questionários, foram aplicadas a 24 sujeitos-entrevistados de ambos os gêneros masculino e feminino em duas faixas etárias, quais sejam: 18 a 30 anos e 50 a 65 anos. Os resultados estão apresentados em gráficos ou tabelas com informações de frequências absoluta e relativa. A esses dados, seguiu-se a análise interpretativa dos resultados de cada questão. As respostas dos sujeitos-entrevistados, bem como a localização destes estão registradas em 233 cartogramas linguísticos. Acredita-se que as palavras refletem a história dos sujeitos, confirmando que para a expressão linguística são exigidos fatores internos e estes estão associados a fatores externos à linguagem. Assim, a língua, conforme o espaço, variação diatópica, sofre variações. Toda a dinamicidade da língua é evidenciada sobretudo no léxico, nível linguístico que melhor expressa a mobilidade das estruturas sociais, o qual reflete a maneira como a sociedade vê e representa o mundo. Ao final da pesquisa, mostrou-se o quadro da diversidade linguística na região, constatando-se a variação semântico-lexical na ReNAT. Enfim, a tese registrou a realidade linguística dos cinco municípios que compõem a região pesquisada, com relação ao léxico utilizado pelos sujeitos-entrevistados. Sabe-se que a área pesquisada tem dimensões pequenas, mas, ainda assim, revela sua importância para os estudos sociogeolinguísticos, pois expressa a situação real de uso da linguagem do sujeito num espaço e momento determinado, e também denota as características sócio-histórico-culturais de uma comunidade linguística. / This thesis aims to identify the semantic and lexical norm of five counties of the North region of the High Tietê- ReNAT, in the state of São Paulo, and it is based on the dialectological, geolinguistic and sociogeolinguistic studies. The premise of the research, which is the ancient Vila de Nossa Senhora da Conceição dos Guarulhos, is currently composed of five counties: Guarulhos, Arujá, Santa Isabel, Mairiporã and Nazaré Paulista. It is located in the Great São Paulo area, except for Nazaré Paulista, that is situated in the micro region of Atibaia. The origin of the region composed of five counties, the corpus of this research goes back to the epoch of the foundation of São Paulo. Three counties are situated in the region of High Tietê, to the north of the river which takes the same name, that is why it is called ReNAT. This thesis has its fundamentals on the linguistic works featured by the dialectological and sociogeolinguistic studies focusing on the semantic and lexical aspect. The theory has been based on linguistic studies which have helped develop essays on Dialectology, Geolinguistic; Variational, Sociolinguistc; Interactional Sociolinguistic, Semantics and Lexicology. Besides the quantitative treatment of data, as of the studies of Muller, we have prioritized the approach of the lexical and semantic aspects, based on Pottier and Rastier, stemming from the conception of norm by the theory of Coseriu. Based on the recent methodological procedures of Geolinguistic and Sociogeolinguistic, 202 questions of the Semantic-Lexical (QSL) questionnaire of the ALIB project have been applied as well as the 31 questions of the questionnaire lexical-semantic of the Atlas of the São Paulo city (ALESP), created by the Grupo de Pesquisa em Dialetologia e Geolinguistica(GPDG) of the University of São Paulo. The interviews have been carried out in loco, that is, on the 6 places of research where the five counties belong to. The 233 questions of the 2 questionnaires were applied to 24 subjects of both genre- male and female- in two age brackets: from 18 to 30 and 50 to 65 years old. The results are presented in tables, graphs with information of absolute and relative frequency. To this data, followed the interpretative analysis of the results of each question. The answers of the interviewee- subjects are registered in 233 linguistic cartograms. It is believed that the words reflect the story of the individuals, confirming that to the linguistic expression are demanded the internal factors which are associated to the external factors of the language. Thus, language according to space, suffers variation and all this dynamism is evidenced on the lexicon- the linguistic level that better expresses the mobility of the social structures, which reflects the way the society sees and represents the world. A the end of this research, we have shown the picture of linguistic diversity of the aimed region by proving the variation of the ReNAT. At last, this research has registered the linguistic reality of the five counties that compose the region as to the lexicon used by the subjects interviewed. The studied area has small dimensions, but, even so, it reveals great importance to socio-geo-linguistic studies , for, they express the real usage of language in a certain space and time as well as the socio-historical and cultural features of a linguistic community.