Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-07T17:12:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-23. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-06-07T17:16:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000865823.pdf: 5047827 bytes, checksum: 7241f7404337551244539558f049d97c (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Hypotrachyna foi descrito por Vainio em 1890 como Parmelia subgênero Parmelia seção Hypotrachyna, que dividiu nos subgrupos Irregularis, Cychlocheila e Sublinearis. Hale e Kurokawa, em 1964, entenderam que o subgrupo Sublinearis representava muito bem a seção e elegeram Parmelia brasiliana como tipo do subgênero Hypotrachyna, que dez anos depois Hale elevou a gênero. Hoje estima-se que o gênero seja um dos maiores dentro da família Parmeliaceae com cerca de 270 espécies. Estudos filogenéticos recentes comprovaram que esse gênero é polifilético e necessita de uma melhor compreensão. Hypotrachyna é um gênero com centro de dispersão nas américas, onde está o maior número de espécies endêmicas. Em toda a história da liquenologia brasileira não se deu especial atenção às espécies saxícolas de fungos liquenizados pela dificuldade de coleta e transporte. O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar a taxonomia do gênero Hypotrachyna no Brasil, com ênfase nas espécies saxícolas do sudeste brasileiro. Para tanto foram realizadas expedições a localidades da Serra da Mantiqueira, Serra do Caraça e arredores para obtenção de material, que foi estudado de acordo com o protocolo desenvolvido pelo GEL, que sofreu várias atualizações e aprimoramentos decorrentes do desenvolvimento desta tese. Como resultado foram criados os gêneros Hypotrachynella, Lyngenella, Martiana e Vainia, todos segregados de Hypotrachyna s.l., e descobertas 27 espécies novas, sendo que dez pertencem a Hypotrachyna s.l. (H. corrugata, H. etii, H. fracta, H. iarae, H. martiana, H. nashii, H. palui, H. protentoides, H. serrana, e H. vexillina); cinco estão em Hypotrachynella, que compreende espécies com ácidos girofórico e lecanórico (H. caapora, H. marcellii, H. mogiana, H. oreadica, e H. puiggarii); duas em Lyngenella, com espécies produzindo ácido livídico (L. damazioi e L. subsipmanii); cinco em Martiana, de espécies com ácidos evérnico e... / FAPESP: 10/52169-0

Orientador: Marcelo Pinto Marcelli / Resumo: Hypotrachyna foi descrito por Vainio em 1890 como Parmelia subgênero Parmelia seção Hypotrachyna, que dividiu nos subgrupos Irregularis, Cychlocheila e Sublinearis. Hale e Kurokawa, em 1964, entenderam que o subgrupo Sublinearis representava muito bem a seção e elegeram Parmelia brasiliana como tipo do subgênero Hypotrachyna, que dez anos depois Hale elevou a gênero. Hoje estima-se que o gênero seja um dos maiores dentro da família Parmeliaceae com cerca de 270 espécies. Estudos filogenéticos recentes comprovaram que esse gênero é polifilético e necessita de uma melhor compreensão. Hypotrachyna é um gênero com centro de dispersão nas américas, onde está o maior número de espécies endêmicas. Em toda a história da liquenologia brasileira não se deu especial atenção às espécies saxícolas de fungos liquenizados pela dificuldade de coleta e transporte. O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar a taxonomia do gênero Hypotrachyna no Brasil, com ênfase nas espécies saxícolas do sudeste brasileiro. Para tanto foram realizadas expedições a localidades da Serra da Mantiqueira, Serra do Caraça e arredores para obtenção de material, que foi estudado de acordo com o protocolo desenvolvido pelo GEL, que sofreu várias atualizações e aprimoramentos decorrentes do desenvolvimento desta tese. Como resultado foram criados os gêneros Hypotrachynella, Lyngenella, Martiana e Vainia, todos segregados de Hypotrachyna s.l., e descobertas 27 espécies novas, sendo que dez pertencem a Hypotrachyna s.l. (H. corrugata, H. etii, H. fracta, H. iarae, H. martiana, H. nashii, H. palui, H. protentoides, H. serrana, e H. vexillina); cinco estão em Hypotrachynella, que compreende espécies com ácidos girofórico e lecanórico (H. caapora, H. marcellii, H. mogiana, H. oreadica, e H. puiggarii); duas em Lyngenella, com espécies produzindo ácido livídico (L. damazioi e L. subsipmanii); cinco em Martiana, de espécies com ácidos evérnico e... / Abstract: Not available / Doutor

Pendent Usnea species were collected in western Oregon and examined. Character states, such as cortex-medulla-axis ratio; fibril length; papilla diameter; branching patterns; and presence or absence of fibrils, papillae, soredia, isidia; plus chemistry, were recorded and analyzed by inspection for differences. Historical names were researched in the literature. A comparison was made between species concepts used in these accounts, with many conflicting concepts encountered. Selected morphological characters were examined by scanning electron microscope, or dissecting microscope, described, and illustrated. The characters reviewed included articulate fissures; isidia and soredia; cortex-medulla-axis ratio; papillae; and foveate pits. Species determinations were made for field collections. Names were found for all specimens inspected without introducing new names at this time. Eight pendent species were found in western Oregon; they are Usnea cavernosa, Usnea ceratina, Usnea fillpendula, Usnea hesperina subsp. liturata, Usnea inflata, Usnea leucosticta, Usnea longissima, and Usnea merrillii. A practical key to taxa with descriptions is provided and geographic distributions are recorded in tables and maps. / Graduation date: 1995

The deposition of atmospheric nitrogen is now recognized as a major driver of biodiversity changes at mid to high latitudes. It has previously been shown that regional variations in wet nitrogen deposition in the British Isles are reflected in broad targeted chemical parameters in the common heathland lichen Cladonia portentosa. A more detail analysis of alterations in the metabolic pathways in Cladonia portentosa collected from different locations within the UK was undertaken by applying the environmental metabolomics approach. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were applied in combination with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares regression analysis (PLSR). The latter statistical method was used to correlate measured variables with modelled atmospheric data including wet nitrogen deposition, nitrogen concentration and precipitation. While FTIR in combination with PCA and PLSR revealed signatures of broad metabolic classes, LC-MS in combination with PCA and PLSR allowed the identification of betaine lipids (BL) as potential biomarkers of nitrogen enrichment. A compound tentatively identified as monoacylglycerol-(N,N,N trimethyl)-homoserine (MGTS) showed the strongest positive relation to increasing wet nitrogen deposition regimes and consequent phosphorus deficiency. In contrast, the structurally related phosphatidylcholine containing a C18:2 ester showed the opposite trend in natural populations of C. portentosa. Results obtained for C. portentosa collected from the N manipulation site Whim Moss indicated that ammonium is causal for the increase of two of the identified betaine lipids in natural populations in C. portentosa. Betaine lipids as well as the phosphatidylcholine biomarker could potentially be used to monitor nitrogen regimes and resulting phosphorus limitation on the lichen C. portentosa. The approach used for this study represented an effective integration of the complementary analytical techniques of FTIR and LC-MS in combination with multivariate statistical tools for environmental metabolomic studies.

In contrast to the much that is known about herbivory and its consequences, lichenovory has seldom been studied. Recently, studies confirming the anti-feedant role of lichen secondary metabolites were brought out and hypotheses considering the nature of these interactions were introduced. Also, a few papers dealing with the ecological consequences of lichenovory were published lately. My thesis was aimed on the secondary metabolites issue and the preferences of the lichen feeders in the natural conditions. Six epiphytic lichen species containing secondary compounds (Parmelia sulcata, P. saxatilis, Parmelina tiliacea, Melanelixia glabratula, M. subaurifera, M. glabra), two without them (Melanohalea exasperata, M. exasperatula) and two species of gastropods that naturally climb the trees to feed on lichens (Lehmannia marginata, Cochlodina cerata) were selected for grazing experiments. The deterring role of the lichen compounds was proven. These were also identified using thin-layer chromatography. Subsequently, a transplantation experiment was carried out. It was focused on specifying the preferences of lichen grazers in their natural habitat. The genus Melanohalea that does not contain any secondary metabolites was strongly prefered. No significant preferences among the other species used in the...

Cladonia perforata is an endangered lichen endemic to the Atlantic Coastal Ridge, Lake Wales Ridge, Southwest Florida, and the North Gulf Coast of Florida. In all but a single locality, C. perforata relies entirely on asexual reproduction through fragmentation for reproduction, dispersal, and recruitment. This study suggests a positive correlation between fragment size and survivability of fragments after one year. The average thallus grew at a rate of 10.42% per year and younger branches of a thallus grew at a quicker rate than older branches. Additionally, a review of thalli morphology suggests C. perforata has a diverse form, and becomes more bifurcated as it increases in size. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Species interactions are recognised as an important evolutionary process, with foundation species in particular being of exceptional importance. Foundation species are those species exhibiting dynamic physical traits, under strong genetic control, that shape the natural processes of habitats and ecosystems. These traits lead to extended consequences for the associated organisms in their community. Therefore, intra-specific variation of a foundation species can have important evolutionary consequences for habitats, communities and entire ecosystems. One such foundation species is aspen (Populus tremula L.), which has important conservation value, particularly for the high diversity of associated species. In Scotland aspen exists in fragmented clonal patches, but has been found to contain a high diversity of associated organisms some of which have a UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP). One such group of organisms of high diversity and conservation value in Scotland are the epiphytic cryptogams (i.e. mosses, liverworts, lichens). To date more than 300 species have been recorded on aspen in Scotland, comprising approximately 40% of the epiphyte flora of Europe. The research presented here uses a combination of natural aspen system and two aspen common gardens to test the effects of aspen genetic diversity on physical traits potentially important for epiphyte diversity. The traits investigated were bark texture and bark phenolic chemistry. Bark texture in the wild clones was found vary significantly between clones and under strong genetic control (up to 40%). Bark phenolic chemistry also showed significant genotypic variation, but could not be correlated with patterns of epiphyte species richness and diversity. Nevertheless, epiphytes showed significant patterns related to aspen genotype, particularly along a gradient of bark texture. The results indicate that epiphyte communities are part of the ‘extended phenotype’ of native aspen populations in Scotland are very important for maintaining current levels of epiphyte diversity. A greater diversity and abundance of aspen genotypes in the landscape are essential for increasing epiphyte species richness and diversity, and for ecosystem health as a whole.

Orientador: Wagner Vilegas / Banca: Gilberto Luiz Pozetti / Banca: Nidia Franca Roque / Banca: Dionéia Camilo Rodrigues de Oliveira / Banca: João Batista Fernandes / Resumo: Liquens são organismos compostos por um fungo e uma ou mais algas. Crescem lentamente e seus metabólitos secundários são principalmente depsídeos, depsidonas, dibenzofuranos, xantonas, antraquinonas e terpenos. Diversos metabólitos de liquens possuem atividade biológica, como por exemplo antibiótica, antitumoral, analgésica, entre outras. Neste trabalho, investigamos 10 espécies coletadas no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, Parmotrema tinctorum, P. dilatatum, P. cf. delicatulum, P. cf. miranda, P. cf. flavescens, Pseudoparmelia hypomiltha, P. sphaerospora, Usnea meridionalis, Usnea sp. e Heterodermia microphylla. As espécies foram extraídas com solventes orgânicos, fracionadas por métodos cromatográficos e identificadas por métodos químicos e espectrométricos. Desses liquens, isolamos e identificamos atranorina, 5-cloroatranorina, orselinato de etila, zeorina, ácidos lecanórico, protocetrárico, salazínico, estítico, constítico, hipostítico, úsnico, difractáico e secalônico. Esses compostos foram testados quanto à atividade fungitóxica contra Cladosporium sphaerospermum e quanto à atividade citotóxica frente à Artemia salina. Atranorina, orselinato de etila, ácidos úsnico e difractáico inibiram o crescimento do fungo. Ácido único foi o composto mais ativo frente à Artemia salina. Os compostos isolados foram também testados quanto à atividade antitumor in vitro e in vivo. Ácido secalônico foi ativo em relação às células KB e o ácido salazínico inibiu os tumores sarcoma 180 e carcinoma de Erlich. / Abstract: Lichens are organisms composed by a fungi and one or more algae. They are slow-growing organisms and their secondary metabolites are mainly depsides, depsidones, dibenzofurans, xantones, antraquinones and terpene derivatives. Several metabolites have biological activities as antibiotic, antitumor, analgesic among others. In this work, we have investigated ten species collected in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, Parmotrema tinctorum, P. dilatatum, P. cf. delicatulum, P. cf. miranda, P. cf. flavescens, Pseudoparmelia hypomiltha, P. sphaerospora, Usnea meridionalis, Usnea sp. and Heterodermia microphylla. The species were extracted with organic solvents, fractionated by chromatographic methods and identified by chemical and spectrometric methods. From these lichens we have isolated and identified atranorine, 5- chloroatranorine, zeorine, ethyl orselinate and lecanoric, protocetraric, salazinic, stictic, constictic, hipostictic, usnic, diffractaic and secalonic acids. These compounds were tested for fungitoxic activity against Cladosporium sphaerospermum and for citotoxic activity against Artemia salina. Atranorin, ethyl orselinate, usnic and diffractaic acids inhibited the growth of the fungus. Usnic acid was the most active against Artemia salina. The compounds isolated were tested in vitro and in vivo also for antitumor activity. Secalonic acid was active for KB cells and salazinic acid inhibited the sarcoma-180 and Erlich carcinoma tumors. / Doutor

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2005. / Bibliography: leaves 63-67.

No description available.