Submitted by Francine Silva (francine.silva@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-09-16T14:48:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Comunidade vegetais de áreas de degelo da Ilha Half Moon, Arquipélago das Shetlands do Sul, Antártica.pdf: 769779 bytes, checksum: 794a3b4b95c7a64c38ab5708c8c281b2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-16T14:48:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Comunidade vegetais de áreas de degelo da Ilha Half Moon, Arquipélago das Shetlands do Sul, Antártica.pdf: 769779 bytes, checksum: 794a3b4b95c7a64c38ab5708c8c281b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-28 / Este trabalho apresenta os resultados do estudo das comunidades vegetais de áreas de degelo realizado durante os verões austrais de 2013/2014 e 2014/2015, nos meses de fevereiro e março, na Ilha Half Moon, no Arquipélago Shetlands do Sul, Antártica Marítima, com o objetivo de avaliar a distribuição e abundância de musgos e líquens, bem como para descrever e mapear as comunidades de plantas que ocorrem na área. As plantas foram correlacionadas com a ocorrência de aves marinhas, relevo e umidade para entender sua influência sobre a distribuição de plantas. Para aferir as comunidades existentes na ilha através da fitossociologia e quantificar as espécies com maior significância ecológica (IES) foi utilizada a metodologia de quadrados (20 x 20cm) de Braun-Blanquet adaptado às condições Antárticas. Para o mapeamento da área foi utilizado o DGPS Astech Promark II®, com precisão sub-metrica e posteriormente processados no software Astech Solutions®. Foram identificadas 37 espécies de briófitas, 59 liquens, uma angiosperma, a Deschampsia antarctica Desv., e duas espécies de algas macroscópicas. Foram dispostos 358 quadrados e identificadas cinco comunidades vegetais na ilha, distribuídas de acordo com a ocorrência de animais e a influência marítima. As comunidades descritas foram as seguintes: Comunidade Liquens fruticulosos, Comunidade carpete de musgos, Comunidade de Liquens Muscicolas, Comunidade de Liquens crustosos e Comunidade Turfa de musgos. A espécie que apresentou o IES mais elevado da ilha foi Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske aparecendo em 71.78% dos quadrados amostrados. A comunidade que apresentou maior número de espécies foi a Carpete de musgos e a mais diversa foi a comunidade liquens crustosos, que tem sua maior parte localizada na área onde estão as colônias de pingüins. / This paper presents the results of the study of plant communities of free ice areas conducted during the austral summer of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015, in February and March, on Half Moon Island in the South Shetlands Archipelago, Maritime Antarctica, aiming to evaluate the distribution and abundance of mosses and lichens, as well as to describe the plant communities occurring in the area, with mapping of the vegetation communities. To assess existing communities on the island through the phytosociology and quantify the species with the highest ecological significance (IES) was used the methodology square (20 x 20cm) of Braun-Blanquet adapted to Antarctic conditions. . The area was mapped using an Astech Promark II® DGPS, yielding sub-metric precision after post-processing with Astech Solutions® software. The number of species totalized 38 bryophyte species, 59 lichens, only one flowering plant (Deschampsia antarctica Desv.) and two macroscopic terrestrial algae. Five plant communities were identified in the island, distributed accordingly to animal occurrence and to sea influence. The plant communities were described as follows: Fruticose lichens community, Moss-carpet community, Muscicolous Lichens community, Crustose lichens community and Moss turf community. The species with the highest IES of the island was Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske appearing in 71.78% of sampled squares. The community with the highest richness species was the Moss Carpet, and the most diverse community was the crustosos lichens, which has mostly located in the area where the penguin colonies.

Este trabalho objetivou estudar a possibilidade de se utilizar líquen como bioindicador de poluição atmosférica para regiões impactadas por radionuclídeos, metais e elementos terras raras. Foram escolhidas como áreas de estudo a região de Pirapora do Bom Jesus, onde se localiza uma indústria de produção de estanho e chumbo metálicos e a região de Cubatão, onde se localiza o complexo industrial de produção de fertilizantes fosfatados. As duas instalações escolhidas são consideradas como indústrias TENORM - Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material, pois podem ocasionar um aumento significativo na concentração dos radionuclídeos naturais nas várias etapas do processo industrial, ocasionando um aumento potencial de exposição à radiação natural em produtos, subprodutos e resíduos gerados. Para tanto foram analisados os radionuclídeos 238U, 226Ra, 210Pb, 232Th e 228Ra, os elementos terras raras e metais em amostras de matéria prima e resíduo das instalações, liquens e solos na área de influência. As amostras de líquen e solo foram analisadas para a determinação de urânio, tório, elementos terras raras e metais por análise por ativação com nêutrons. Os radionuclídeos 226Ra, 228Ra e 210Pb em amostras de solo foram determinados por espectrometria gama, e em amostras de liquens por separação radioquímica e contagem alfa e beta total em contador proporcional de fluxo de gás constante. As concentrações de 238U (de 19 a 473 Bq kg-1), 226Ra (de 21 a 265 Bq kg-1), 210Pb (de 401 a 1461 Bq kg-1), 232Th (de 15 a 574 Bq kg-1), 228Ra (de 176 a 535 Bq kg-1), elementos terras raras, Hf e Ta determinadas nas amostras de liquens ao redor da indústria de produção de estanho e chumbo metálicos mostram que todos estes elementos se concentram significativamente e, portanto, os liquens fornecem uma assinatura da contaminação atmosférica. Os resultados obtidos nas amostras de liquens da região de Cubatão mostram uma assinatura mais evidente do radionuclídeo 210Pb, proveniente de todo parque industrial da região. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo mostraram que os liquens podem ser usados como bioindicadores de poluição atmosférica por radionuclídeos e elementos traço. / The main aim of this thesis is to study the possibility of using lichen as bioincicator of atmospheric pollution in regions contaminated by radionuclides, metals and rare earth elements. Two regions were chosen, one in Pirapora do Bom Jesus, where a tin and lead industry is located, and a second one in Cubatão, where a phosphate fertilizer industrial complex is located. The two industries chosen are considered as TENORM - Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material, since they can cause a significant increase in the natural radionuclides concentration in the industrial process, and consequently a potential increase in the radiation exposure in products, byproducts and residue. To achieve this aim, the radionuclides 238U, 226Ra, 210Pb, 232Th and 228Ra, rare earth elements and metals were analyzed in samples of raw material an residue from the installations, lichens and soils. Lichens and soil samples were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis for the determination of uranium, thorium, rare earth elements and metals. The radionuclides 226Ra, 228Ra and 210Pb in soil samples were determined by gamma spectrometry and in lichen sample by radiochemical separation and gross alpha and beta counting on a gas flow proportional counter. The concentrations of 238U (from 19 to 473 Bq kg-1), 226Ra (from 21 to 265 Bq kg-1), 210Pb (from 401 to 1461 Bq kg-1), 232Th (from 15 to 574 Bq kg-1), 228Ra (from 176 to 535 Bq kg-1), rare earth elements, Hf and Ta determined in lichen samples around the tin and lead industry show an enrichment in these elements. Therefore, the lichens can be used as a fingerprint of the atmospheric contamination. The results obtained for the lichen samples, in the Cubatão region, present a fingerprint mainly of 210Pb, from industries of the region. The results obtained in this study showed that the lichens can be used as bioindicators of atmospheric pollution by radionuclides and trace elements.

Graduation date: 2005

The diverse lichen flora of the Pacific Northwest is being impacted by population growth and by forest management practices. Accumulating information about our lichen flora will improve our conservation strategies. This dissertation first collects information to improve our understanding of how lichen communities vary among forests of differing structure, and across the western Oregon landscape. It then proposes a method to predict species occurrence in unsampled sites by utilizing the information on forest characters and environmental gradients at sampled sites. Macrolichen communities sampled in coniferous forests revealed that old-growth stands (>200 yrs old) harbored communities that differed from those in young forests (50-110 yrs old). Even more atypical communities occurred in macrolichen hotspots, which were primarily in riparian zones. Many macrolichen species were associated with these hotspots, including numerous nitrogen-fixing cyanolichens. Macrolichen species associated with old-growth forested plots included the nitrogen-fixing lichen Lobaria oregana and several forage-providing alectorioid lichens. The presence of remnant old trees apparently increased the occurrence of old-growth associates in young stands. The calicioids, a group of microlichens investigated only in the Cascades, had a strong association with old growth forest and remnant trees. Diversity of calicioids may also be increased by legacy structures such as old snags and wolf trees. These structures increase continuity between current and previous stands. Macrolichen communities varied between the Coast and Cascade Mountain Ranges, following climatic gradients, particularly annual precipitation. Successional patterns in macrolichen communities appeared to differ between the mountain ranges. The modeling method proposed for using habitat associations to predict occurrence has several advantages over common modeling methods, such as regression. The method is simple, avoids parametric assumptions, provides easy updating of models as additional sites are sampled, and automatically accounts for interactions among predictor variables. It can be linked with GIS data and software to map estimated probability of occurrence across landscapes. The data on calicioids from the Cascades, supplemented with additional stand inventories, were used to test and demonstrate the modeling method. / Graduation date: 2001

The main aim of this study was to analyse the long-term effects on epiphytic lichen dry mass development, diversity and community structure after exposure to a simulated nitrogen deposition gradient. A whole tree experiment was set up in a boreal forest in the County of Västerbotten in Sweden, whereby 15 trees were artificially irrigated and nitrogen fertilized during seven consecutive years (2006-2012). The treatments were equal to an additional deposition of 0.6, 6, 12.5, 25 and 50 kg N ha-1 yr-1. Branches from the trees were collected in October 2012 and the lichen material was harvested and further analysed during the spring 2013. The results from this study showed that the lichens were directly affected by the long-term increased nitrogen deposition. Generally, lichen dry mass and species richness declined at high nitrogen loads and the initial positive effects of low nitrogen loads reported in a preceding study had thus depressed with time. The results from this study also showed that the composition of the lichen community changed benefitting nitrogen-tolerant species, probably not because of competition but more likely because of nitrogen-sensitive species disappearance. This study strongly indicates that it takes more than a few years to detect changes in lichen communities exposed to enhanced nitrogen loads. In addition low concentrations seem to have a cumulative impact. Consequently, this study stresses the importance of also considering the cumulative effect of low nitrogen loads when determining critical values. The critical load for lichen communities in boreal forests might be below 6 kg N ha-1 yr-1.

Die Wälder Mitteleuropas wurden seit dem Neolithikum stark durch den Menschen beinflusst. Die meisten Wälder weisen keine naturnahe Struktur mehr auf, es fehlen große, alte Bäume ebenso wie stehendes und liegendes Totholz. Die Fortwirtschaft lässt die Herausbildung später Entwicklungsphasen mit alternden und absterbenden, zusammenbrechenden Baumindividuen nicht zu. Zahlreiche Studien haben jedoch die Bedeutung alter und zerfallender Waldbestände für spezialisierte Waldorganismen gezeigt. Die vorliegende Studie beabsichtigte, die Bedeutung der späten Sukzessions-Stadien für die Pflanzendiversität im Rahmen der natürlichen Dynamik eines unbewirtschafteten Fichtenwaldes (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) auf dem Brocken in Norddeutschland herauszustellen. Zusätzliche Untersuchungen behandelten die Autökologie epiphytischer Flechten in einer naturnahen, wenig belasteten Waldumgebung und das Potenzial alter und zerfallender Waldstadien für die Speicherung von Kohlenstoff. Die verschiedenen Untersuchungen bauen auf Plot-basierte Erhebungen in den verschiedenen Waldentwicklungsstadien auf, und bezogen dabei sowohl die Epiphyten- als auch die Bodenvegetation ein. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eindeutig die Bedeutung der späten Wald-Sukzessionsstadien für die Diversität von Epiphyten. Während die Artenvielfalt der Epiphyten in Alters- und Zerfallsstadien höher war als in jüngeren Sukzessionsstadien, unterschied sich die Bodenvegetation kaum zwischen den verschiedenen Sukzessionsstadien. Weiterhin unterschied sich die Zusammensetzung der Epiphytenvegetation im Zerfallsstadium deutlich von allen übrigen Stadien. Einige seltene Arten kamen vorwiegend auf den abgestorbenen Bäumen der Zerfallstadien vor. Hier entstehen große stehende und liegende Totholzobjekte, die auch in jüngeren Entwicklungsstadien erhalten bleiben (‚deadwood legacy’), und über den gesamten Waldentwicklungszyklus die Epiphytenansiedelung auf Bäumen ermöglichen. Es zeigte sich auch, die Präsenz alter und abgestorbener Bäume wichtiger war als die Kontinuität in der Waldbedeckung. Die Vegetation des studierten Urwaldes und eines benachbarten Sekundärwaldes, die beide viele alte und tote Bäume aufwiesen, hatten sich innerhalb von 200 Jahren stark angenähert. Untersuchungen der Vegetation des liegenden Totholzes bestätigten einen starken Einfluss der Substrateigenschaften Stammgröße und Holz-Zerfallsgrad. Der Kronenschlussgrad der Waldbestände hatte hingegen einen geringeren Einfluss. Totholz hat eine hohe Bedeutung für die Waldpflanzen-Diversität. Viele seltene Arten wuchsen ausschließlich auf liegendem Totholz, während viele häufige Arten, neben anderen Substraten, ebenfalls auf Totholz vorkamen. Während kleine Totholzobjekte kaum besiedelt wurden, beherbergten große Totholzobjekte eine artenreichere Epiphytenvegetation. Die höchste Epiphytendiversität wurde jenseits mittlerer Zerfallsgrade erreicht. Zusätzliche Untersuchungen von epiphytischen Flechten zeigten einen extremen Rückgang der acidophytischen Flechte Lecanora conizaeoides bei einer leichten Erhöhung des pH-Wertes der Baumrinden. Zudem zeigte sich, dass die Artenvielfalt der Epiphyten sich weniger zwischen lebenden und abgestorbenen Bäumen unterschied, als es unter höherer Luftverschmutzung. Zusätzlich wiesen biochemische Analysen der Flechten Hypogymnia physodes einen hohen Gehalt an Flechtenstoffen nach, die auch bei geringer Umweltbelastung die Aufnahme von Schwermetallen regulieren. Auch hier waren nur geringe Unterschiede zwischen den Proben von den verschiedenen lebenden und abgestorbenen Bäumen festzustellen. Es wurde außerdem nachgewiesen, dass die Alters- und Zerfallsstadien sich durch eine hohe Kohlenstoffspeicherung in Boden und Biomasse auszeichnen. Zusammen mit den Ergebnissen zur Pflanzendiversität, der Bedeutung der großen Totholz-Objekte sowie alter und abgestorbener Bäume, wurde die Bedeutung der Alters- und Zerfallsstadien klar bestätigt. Schutzmaßnahmen, die auf den Ausschluss der Bewirtschaftung großer Waldgebiete abzielen und damit die natürliche Herausbildung der Alters- und Zerfallsstadien zulassen, können sicher einen Rückgang der Biodiversität begrenzen und die Folgen des globalen Klimawandels abmildern.

Cladonia is one of the largest and widely distributed genera of lichen-forming fungi and some form the main winter diet for northern caribou and dominate the northern peatlands. Therefore, they are an ecologically important group of lichens. The ongoing climate change of the northern regions, impose challenges for lichen growth and algal interactions in these species. As in other organisms, genetic variability and phenotypic plasticity in the resynthesis of the lichen thallus will be important for their continued survival. The goal of my thesis is to better understand the variability of the reindeer lichens in an evolutionary and ecological context. Phylogenetic reconstruction (Chapter 2) together with genetic polymorphic studies with RAPD (Chapter 3) showed a lack of monophyly for 12 of 18 species of Cladonia and significant intraspecific genetic variation within the group. Genetic variation in the obligate fungal partner must also rely on the success of the symbiont interaction, which was further studied by resynthesis experiments. In vitro resynthesis experiments of C. rangiferina (Chapter 4) examined recognition- and defense-related genes of the symbionts of C. rangiferina using quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) (Chapter 5) and suggested that the communication between partners occur and the survival and reestablishment of lichens in nature is affected by the presence of the compatible algal pool. This emphasizes the importance of finding the compatible algal partner for successful lichenization and suggests that parasitism and short-term interaction with incompatible algae may be a strategy allowing the fungus to survive until it finds a compatible algal partner. These studies also make parallels between the lichen symbiosis and plant pathogenic systems and provide molecular evidence for the parasitic nature of the lichen symbiosis. The collapse of the interaction between symbionts of C. rangiferina under varying temperature and pH conditions (Chapter 6) suggests the potential effect of habitat change on the reestablishment of lichens in nature. In summary, my Ph. D. research showed the importance of genetic and symbiotic versatility in an ecologically important species, using a model species in the group Cladonia and raised new questions for other lichen symbioses relevant to their life styles and habitats.

Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. / Thesis documentation sheet inserted. Includes appendix of reprints of five papers and manuscripts co-authored with others. Includes bibliographical references. Also partially issued electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks appendix of papers.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-13T14:50:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-19Bitstream added on 2014-08-13T17:59:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000768708_20151231.pdf: 188240 bytes, checksum: 0f01455be27277c72533dc3397c9c910 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2016-01-04T10:26:15Z: 000768708_20151231.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-01-04T10:28:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000768708.pdf: 2231965 bytes, checksum: 7187f796d0e723914be797421e7ab56c (MD5) / Canoparmelia s.l. (Canoparmelia e Crespoa) é representativa nas áreas abertas nos cerrados e sua capacidade de tolerar ambientes secos e ensolarados contribui para que várias espécies se instalem em áreas urbanizadas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram realizar a descrição morfológica minuciosa de seis espécies de Canoparmelia s.l., incluindo o estudo de espécimes-tipo, a verificação da variabilidade química dos grupos de táxons estudados e um estudo anatômico comparado do talo, procurando características que sirvam como subsídio para os estudos taxonômicos neste grupo. As espécies estudadas foram Canoparmelia caroliniana, C. cryptochlorophaea, C. texana, Crespoa carneopruinata, C. crozalsiana e C. scrobicularis. Para os estudos anatômicos, foram utilizadas amostras de material fresco, fixado em FAA 50 e infiltradas em resina metacrilato, seccionadas em micrótomo rotativo, coradas com azul de toluidina e as lâminas montadas em resina sintética Entellan®. Para as descrições das lâminas seguiu-se o protocolo de descrição anatômica desenvolvido pelo Grupo de Estudos Liquenológicos (GEL). Os espécimes foram descritos baseados no protocolo de descrição morfológica também desenvolvido pelo GEL e, para as análises químicas, foram feitos testes de spot, teste de fluorescência aos raios UV e cromatografia em camada delgada. Os espécimestipo referentes aos táxons escolhidos para este estudo foram solicitados aos herbários LD, H, S, W e SP. Os estudos anatômicos se mostraram eficientes frente aos objetivos propostos e, por meio das secções transversais das espécies estudadas, foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos córtices e na camada de algas que sustentam a distinção entre Canoparmelia e Crespoa. Algumas estruturas necessitarão de estudos adicionais, como é o caso das pseudocifelas encontradas em Crespoa scrobicularis e dos hápteros visualizados em Canoparmelia cryptochlorophaea. A ... / Canoparmelia s.l. (Canoparmelia and Crespoa) is representative in open areas in cerrados and its ability to tolerate dry sunny environments contributes to the settlement of several species in urbanized areas. This work intended to describe the morphology of six species of Canoparmelia s.l., including the study of type specimens, the verification of chemical variability and a comparative study of thallus anatomy, looking for characteristics that can be used to support taxonomic studies in this group. The selected species were Canoparmelia caroliniana, C. cryptochlorophaea, C. texana, Crespoa carneopruinata, C. crozalsiana and C. scrobicularis. To perform the anatomical studies, samples of the material were fixed in FAA 50 and included in resin methacrylate, cut in rotary microtome, stained with toluidine blue and mounted on microscope slides with synthetic resin Entellan®. The protocol of anatomic description developed by the Lichenological Group of Studies (GEL) was used to describe the microscope slides. The protocol of morphological description also developed by the GEL was used to describe the specimens. Spot tests, UV fluorescence tests and thin layer chromatography were conducted to perform the chemical analysis. The type specimens were requested to LD, H, S, W and SP herbaria. The anatomical studies were efficient to reach the proposed objectives and revealed significant differences in the cortex and algal layer in the transversal sectioning of the studied species; these differences support the distinction between Canoparmelia and Crespoa. Some structures, such as the pseudocyphellae found in Crespoa scrobicularis and the haptera observed in Canoparmelia cryptochlorophaea require further studies. Chromatography showed that three specimens of C. texana have a chemical profile that differs from the type and probably belong to a new taxon. This work has shown that anatomy has an important role to the understanding of the development ...

Orientador: Marcelo Pinto Marcelli / Coorientador: Patrícia Jungbluth / Resumo: Canoparmelia s.l. (Canoparmelia e Crespoa) é representativa nas áreas abertas nos cerrados e sua capacidade de tolerar ambientes secos e ensolarados contribui para que várias espécies se instalem em áreas urbanizadas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram realizar a descrição morfológica minuciosa de seis espécies de Canoparmelia s.l., incluindo o estudo de espécimes-tipo, a verificação da variabilidade química dos grupos de táxons estudados e um estudo anatômico comparado do talo, procurando características que sirvam como subsídio para os estudos taxonômicos neste grupo. As espécies estudadas foram Canoparmelia caroliniana, C. cryptochlorophaea, C. texana, Crespoa carneopruinata, C. crozalsiana e C. scrobicularis. Para os estudos anatômicos, foram utilizadas amostras de material fresco, fixado em FAA 50 e infiltradas em resina metacrilato, seccionadas em micrótomo rotativo, coradas com azul de toluidina e as lâminas montadas em resina sintética Entellan®. Para as descrições das lâminas seguiu-se o protocolo de descrição anatômica desenvolvido pelo Grupo de Estudos Liquenológicos (GEL). Os espécimes foram descritos baseados no protocolo de descrição morfológica também desenvolvido pelo GEL e, para as análises químicas, foram feitos testes de spot, teste de fluorescência aos raios UV e cromatografia em camada delgada. Os espécimestipo referentes aos táxons escolhidos para este estudo foram solicitados aos herbários LD, H, S, W e SP. Os estudos anatômicos se mostraram eficientes frente aos objetivos propostos e, por meio das secções transversais das espécies estudadas, foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos córtices e na camada de algas que sustentam a distinção entre Canoparmelia e Crespoa. Algumas estruturas necessitarão de estudos adicionais, como é o caso das pseudocifelas encontradas em Crespoa scrobicularis e dos hápteros visualizados em Canoparmelia cryptochlorophaea. A ... / Abstract: Canoparmelia s.l. (Canoparmelia and Crespoa) is representative in open areas in cerrados and its ability to tolerate dry sunny environments contributes to the settlement of several species in urbanized areas. This work intended to describe the morphology of six species of Canoparmelia s.l., including the study of type specimens, the verification of chemical variability and a comparative study of thallus anatomy, looking for characteristics that can be used to support taxonomic studies in this group. The selected species were Canoparmelia caroliniana, C. cryptochlorophaea, C. texana, Crespoa carneopruinata, C. crozalsiana and C. scrobicularis. To perform the anatomical studies, samples of the material were fixed in FAA 50 and included in resin methacrylate, cut in rotary microtome, stained with toluidine blue and mounted on microscope slides with synthetic resin Entellan®. The protocol of anatomic description developed by the Lichenological Group of Studies (GEL) was used to describe the microscope slides. The protocol of morphological description also developed by the GEL was used to describe the specimens. Spot tests, UV fluorescence tests and thin layer chromatography were conducted to perform the chemical analysis. The type specimens were requested to LD, H, S, W and SP herbaria. The anatomical studies were efficient to reach the proposed objectives and revealed significant differences in the cortex and algal layer in the transversal sectioning of the studied species; these differences support the distinction between Canoparmelia and Crespoa. Some structures, such as the pseudocyphellae found in Crespoa scrobicularis and the haptera observed in Canoparmelia cryptochlorophaea require further studies. Chromatography showed that three specimens of C. texana have a chemical profile that differs from the type and probably belong to a new taxon. This work has shown that anatomy has an important role to the understanding of the development ... / Mestre