The thesis deals with the ecology of lichens in two contrasting types of forest, epiphytic lichens in old Picea abies forest of the fi re-refugia type and epigeic as well as epixylic lichens in a successional sequence of fire- susceptible Pinus sylvestris forests. Results in five separate papers form the basis for a discussion of general patterns of dispersal, succession and life strategies in lichens. The study sites were located in Medelpad and Väs­terbotten, in the central and northern part of Sweden, respectively. Special attention has been paid to the rare, pendulous, spruce-1ichen Usnea longissima and the coexisting lichen species. U. longissima is largely restricted to north-facing hill slopes covered with old, mesic spruce forest that is characterized by a very long continuity not disturbed by fire. A mar­ked decline in the number of sites with U. longissima was found. The decline was mainly due to the effect of different forestry practices as the species is very sensitive to environmental disturbances. The epiphytic lichen vegetation of six tree species occurring in the spruce forest is described. Clear successional trends with increasing tree size were • obtained for Alectoria sarmentosa, Bryoria fuscescens coll., B. nadvornikiana, Usnea filipendula' and U. subflorida'na, to a lesser extent for Bryoria capii-“" laris while U. longissima had no relationship to tree size or age. TTstudy of the litterfall of macrofragments of epiphytic lichens showed that thallus fragments were dispersed throughout the year with late autumn, winter and early spring as the most critical periods. It is suggested that dispersal through thallus fragmentation is more important in fruticose than in foliose species and that U. longissima has a shorter range of propagule transport than the other species of Alectoria, Bryoria and Usnea studied. The latter proposition was supported through a study of the horizontal patterns of lichen occurrence in the spruce forest. It is shown that the diversity in ground vegetation, after an initial in­crease, declines with succession in the pine forests. A mechanism of succes­sion in ground vegetation is presented which suggest that variations in habi­tat heterogeneity, i.e. the diversity of substrates caused by the initial dis­turbance and the stand development, largely determines diversity changes dur­ing succession. Trends of increasing thallus size, increasing size of asexual reproductive propagules and increased competitive ability with succession formed the basis for recognizing three types of strategies in Cladonia» It is concluded that lichens have features that are compatible with the r-K continuum and that they are variously adapted to both the stability of the substrates and that of the forest as a whole. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1983, härtill 5 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

This work deals with the possibility of Raman spectroscopical identification of selected biomarkers of extremophile species. It focuses mainly on selected cyanobacteria, algae and lichens with an emphasis on the ability to detect carotenoids. These pigments exhibit three characteristic bands of Raman spectra which represent stretching vibrations C=C; C-C and bending vibration C-CH3 in molecules of carotenoids. Raman spectra were measured not only by laboratory microspectrometers (λ - 514 nm and 532 nm), but also by portable and handheld spectrometers (λ - 532 nm, 785 nm and 700 - 1100 nm). In the case of cyanobacteria, the spectroscopical analysis was performed also on the fractions obtained by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This work critically evaluates the possibilities of Raman spectroscopy to identify the carotenoids of cyanobacteria, algae and lichens. Besides the signal of carotenoids, interpretation of other bands in the Raman spectra corresponding to the presence of other biomarkers is given here for selected samples. The obtained Raman spectra of carotenoids should be interpreted with great caution, because of the ifluence of several factors, which potentially cause unsystematic shifts in the positions of Raman bands (carotenoids bond in biological tissue, interactions with...

Submitted by Ana Damasceno (ana.damasceno@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-06-06T19:00:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Fungos endolinquênios associados á Cladonia curta Ahti & Marcelli no pampa gaúcho- Brasil.pdf: 2358078 bytes, checksum: ad400f5271deb54c851824e68ecbedd3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-06T19:00:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Fungos endolinquênios associados á Cladonia curta Ahti & Marcelli no pampa gaúcho- Brasil.pdf: 2358078 bytes, checksum: ad400f5271deb54c851824e68ecbedd3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-03 / Os liquens são considerados uma associação simbiótica composta por um micobionte, um ou mais fotobiontes e inclusive um terceiro simbionte Basidiomycota, representam um dos estilos de vida de maior sucesso para fungos e uma das formas mais bem sucedidas da simbiose na natureza. Liquens exploram todos os ambientes naturais e se adaptam a condições extremas como as causadas pelas pertubações humanas, tornando-se importantes bioindicadores da qualidade ambiental. Cladonia curta & Marcelli é uma espécie de líquen escamoso da família Cladoniaceae distribuídos em três locais ao sudeste do Brasil, em florestas e no Cerrado e coletado no bioma Pampa durante o presente estudo, tornando-se um registro de nova ocorrência. Por outro lado, existem estudos que demonstram a presença de fungos que ocorrem dentro dos talos aparentemente saudáveis dos liquens, conhecidos como endoliquênicos, associados principalmente ao fotobionte. Durante os últimos 30 anos, fungos endoliquênicos têm sido estudados com base em métodos dependentes do cultivo in vitro e o uso de ferramentas moleculares empregadas principalmente na sua detecção e identificação. Assim o objetivo do presente trabalho foi conhecer a diversidade de fungos endoliquênicos abrigados no talo de Cladonia curta e suas relações filogenéticas com outros fungos endófitos. As análises filogenéticas baseadas na amplificação das regiões ITS do RDNA e do gene da ß-Tubulina infere as linhagens de fungos endoliquênicos no gênero Xylaria. Do mesmo modo, as características morfológicas das colônias e dos estromas anamórficos obtidos em cultura confirmam esta classificação. Nossos resultados baseados em marcadores moleculares fornecem evidências de que fungos endoliquênios isolados de Cladonia curta estão intimamente relacionados com fungos endófitos e saprofíticos; no entanto, os isolados se mostram mais estreitamente relacionados com fungos endófitos, sugerindo que a sua associação ao talo não é puramente acidental e respaldando a relação filogenética entre três estilos de vida, como previamanete relatado por outros autores. Estudos são necessários para demosntrar que isolados Xylaria spp. e Xylaria berteri sejam conspecíficos. Além disso, nõs sugerimos o uso do meio de cultura MS como alternativa nos esforços para conhecer a grande diversidade de fungos endófitos que tecidos vivos de liquens. Finalmente, a diversidade e a prevalência dos fungos endoliquênicos continua sendo estudada sendo este o primeiro relato de isolamento e identificação de fungos endoliquênicos no Brasil. / Lichens are considered a symbiotic association between a mycobionte, one or more photobionts and even a third Basidiomycota symbiont, represent one of the most successful lifestyles for fungi and one of the most successful forms of symbiosis in nature. Lichens explore all natural environments and adapt to extreme conditions such as those caused by human disturbances, becoming important bioindicators of environmental quality. Short Cladonia & Marcelli is a species of scaly lichen of the family Cladoniaceae distributed in three places to the southeast of Brazil, in forests and in the Cerrado and collected in the Pampa biome during the present study, becoming a record of new occurrence. On the other hand, there are studies that demonstrate the presence of fungi that occur within apparently healthy lichens of lichens, known as endolynetics, associated mainly with photobiont. During the last 30 years, endoliquenic fungi have been studied based on in vitro culture-dependent methods and the use of molecular tools mainly used for their detection and identification. Thus the objective of the present work was to know the diversity of endoliquenic fungi harbored in Cladonia curta thallus and their phylogenetic relationships with other endophytic fungi. Phylogenetic analyzes based on the amplification of the ITS regions of the rDNA and the β-Tubulin gene infer the endolichenic fungi lineages in the genus Xylaria. Likewise, the morphological characteristics of the colonies and the anamorphic stromatas obtained in culture confirm this classification. Our results based on molecular markers provide evidence that isolated endolivhenic fungi of C. curta are closely related to endophytic and saprophytic fungi; However, isolates are more closely related to endophyte fungi, suggesting that their association to the stem is not purely accidental and supporting the phylogenetic relationship between three lifestyles, as previously reported by other authors. Additional studies are needed to demonstrate that isolated Xylaria spp. And Xylaria berteri are conspecific. In addition, we suggest the use of the MS culture medium as an alternative in efforts to know the great diversity of endophytic fungi that live lichen tissues. Finally, the diversity and prevalence of endolichenic fungi continues to be studied, with this the first report of isolation and identification of endolichenicnic fungi in Brazil.

O presente estudo propõe-se em investigar os componentes das crostas biológicas de solo (CBS) visando compreender o comportamento e as inter-relações das CBS em areais do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), no extremo meridional do Brasil. Pode ser entendido como uma análise exploratória de CBS existentes em nos areais do bioma Pampa, no sudoeste do RS, através de levantamento florístico e de características do solo. A pesquisa visa contribuir para estudos sobre o papel desse componente biótico na pedogênese e estabilidade da superfície de solos em áreas com processos de arenização. As amostras foram coletadas em maio de 2014 e 2015 em três locais, sendo duas por sítio, nos municípios de Alegrete e São Francisco de Assis. O sítio analisado em Alegrete se constitui de um areal recoberto por plantio de eucalipto, já os sítios em São Francisco de Assis se caracterizam por areais que sofrem processos de ravinamento, um sem interferência humana e o outro com ravina estabilizada artificialmente. As costas biológicas foram coletadas com placa de Petri invertida para garantir uma profundidade máxima de 2 cm e o mesmo volume para todas as amostras. A subsuperfície do solo também foi amostrada para análises texturais e químicas. A análise do material biológico foi realizada em estereoscópio e microscópio óptico (400-1.000x) onde verificou-se que a composição florística é constituída por 13 táxons de cianobactérias destacando-se espécies filamentosas, 2 táxons de líquens e um táxon de briófitas. Os resultados mostram que a sequência de sucessão se mostrou desde estágios primários – com manchas de cianobactérias – a táxons mais evoluídos com musgos de grande espessura. Foram observadas diferentes morfologias para as CBS, seguindo os padrões taxonômicos suave, rugoso, pinacular e ondulado. As amostras de solo sub-superficiais, confirmaram a textura arenosa e baixa fertilidade dos Neossolos Quartzarênicos Órticos nos sítios de estudo. Uma conclusão geral a partir dos estudos prévios, dos materiais analisados e das observações em campo corrobora afirmações de pesquisas que alertam para a elevada suscetibilidade dos solos destes locais do Rio Grande do Sul a processos erosivos hídricos e eólicos. / This study aims to investigate the biological soil crusts (BSC) components in order to understand the behaviour and the interrelations of BSC in some areais (sand deposits with no vegetation cover) of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), the southernmost Brazilian State. It can be understood as an exploratory analysis of existing BSC in Pampa geographic sites in southwestern RS through floristic survey and soil characteristics. The research aims to contribute to studies on the role of the biotic component in pedogenesis and stability of the soil surface in sites under sandification processes. The samples were collected in May 2014 and 2015 in three locations, two per site, in Alegrete and São Francisco de Assis. The analysed site in Alegrete constitutes a sandy terrain covered with eucalyptus plantation (29°42'35.48''S and 55°25'13.47"W), while the sites in São Francisco de Assis are characterized by sands that suffer processes of ravine, one without human intervention (29°30'54.98"S and 55°07'23.07"W) and the other with artificially stabilised ravine (29°23'58.85"S and 55°13'37.60"W). The biological crusts were collected with inverted Petri dish to ensure a maximum depth of 2 cm and the same volume for all samples. The soil subsurface was also sampled for textural and chemical analysis. The analysis of biological material was carried out in the stereoscope and optical microscope (400-1000x) where it was found that the floristic composition consists of 13 taxa of cyanobacteria highlighting filamentous species, 2 taxa of lichens and 1 taxon of bryophytes. The sequence of succession showed from early stages - with spots of cyanobacteria – to most advanced taxa with thick mosses. Different morphologies were observed for BSC, following the taxonomic patterns smooth, rough, pinacular and wavy. The subsurface soil samples confirmed the sandy texture and low fertility of the Psamments in the study sites. general conclusion from previous studies of the analysed materials and field observations corroborates research statements that warn of the high susceptibility of soils from these sites in Rio Grande do Sul to water and wind erosion, so this study recommends adoption of maximum care of soil conservation for whatever the intended use of the studied areas.

Reindeer lichens are on a dramatic decline in Sweden, with a 71 % decrease in abundance over the last 60 years. Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) management, undertaken by indigenous Sámi people, depend upon extensive winter grazing grounds with abundant reindeer lichen cover. The objective of this pilot study is to restore the ecosystem function of reindeer winter grazing in post-industrial environments, by developing an artificial dispersal program of reindeer lichen thalli. This study is performed in co-operation with the mining corp. of LKAB and in consultation with Laevas reindeer herding district. There are two components to this study: I) a comprehensive literature review of indigenous and scientific knowledge regarding reindeer winter grazing and artificial reindeer lichen dispersal; and II) a field assessment of relationships between fructiose lichen occurrence and environmental variables within a coarse grid overlapped on a mosaic of vegetation patches in various successional stages, which cover part of a 28-year old abandoned quartzite heap. My findings validate that a well-drained substrate with a thin humus layer or barren ground together with the occurrence of bryophytes (not Sphagnum spp.) had the highest abundance of fructiose lichens. In contrast, abundant organic soil layer, high soil moisture, and extensive cover of graminoids and herbs showed low abundance of fructiose lichens. I conclude that reindeer lichens are indeed present in a few findings but are still facing environmental and dispersal limitations to become abundant. These limitations can be understood in the light of moisture regimes, instability or compaction of substrate, and limitations within the colonization-pool, and are further discussed with suggested revegetation implementations.

Orientador: Marcelo Pinto Marcelli / Resumo: Hypotrachyna (Parmeliaceae) foi proposto por Hale em 1974 baseado em Parmelia subgênero Parmelia seção Hypotrachyna. Sua circunscrição incluía espécies com ramos sublineares, as vezes alongados e apicalmente subtruncados, apotécios imperfurados e adnatos, raramente subestipitados, rizinas dicotomicamente ramificadas, uniformemente distribuídas na superfície inferior negra. Segundo ele, o córtex superior seria plectenquimático paliçádico com epicórtex porado. Foi apenas cerca de 30 anos depois que Divakar et al. mostraram que Hypotrachyna, como então circunscrito, é polifilético e sugeriram uma detalhada revisão morfológica e anatômica para a reestruturação do gênero. Em 2013 Parmelinopsis, Cetrariastrum e Everniastrum foram reduzidos a subgêneros de Hypotrachyna, mas Parmelinopsis e Hypotrachyna continuaram sendo polifiléticos. Estudos morfológicos recentes têm levantado a possibilidade de que algumas características anatômicas ainda não estudadas, aliadas a uma abordagem minuciosa de outras já consideradas, muito provavelmente forneceriam importante subsídio a um rearranjo na classificação de gêneros e definição de espécies em Parmeliaceae, especialmente Hypotrachyna. Tendo isso em vista foram aqui anatomicamente estudadas 23 espécies de Hypotrachyna s.l., que foram processadas de acordo com o protocolo de Barbosa et al. e adaptado por Zanetti et al., desenvolvidos na UNESP/Botucatu. O córtex superior continua sendo um caráter útil na separação de espécies, apresentando cara... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Hypotrachyna (Parmeliaceae) was proposed by Hale in 1974 based on Parmelia subgenus Parmelia section Hypotrachyna. Its circumscription included species with sublinear branches, sometimes elongated and apically subtruncate, imperforate apothecia and adnate, rarely subestipitate, and dichotomically branched rhizines, uniformly distributed in the lower black surface. According to him, the upper cortex would be palisade plectenchymatous with porate epicortex. It was only about 30 years later that Divakar et al. showed that Hypotrachyna, as then circumscribed, is polyphyletic and suggested a detailed morphological and anatomical revision for the restructuring of the genus. In 2013 Parmelinopsis, Cetrariastrum and Everniastrum were reduced to Hypotrachyna subgenera, but Parmelinopsis and Hypotrachyna remained polyphyletic. Recent morphological studies have raised the possibility that some anatomical features not yet studied, coupled with a thorough approach to others already considered, would probably provide important support for a rearrangement of genus classification and species definition in Parmeliaceae, especially in Hypotrachyna. Twenty-three species of Hypotrachyna s.l. were anatomically studied and processed according the protocol of Barbosa et al. adapted by Zanetti et al., both developed in studies developed at UNESP / Botucatu. The upper cortex continues to be a useful character in the separation of species, that present its own characteristics within a same group. The ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

No description available.

This report investigated the lichen flora of the Mt Donna Buang Scenic Reserve in Victoria, There were several aims: to describe the lichens of the region, to produce a pictorial key enabling field identification and to determine any distribution patterns. A floristic survey covering approximately 50 square km was undertaken to determine lichen diversity of the region generally. Lichens were sampled along roads, tracks, walking trails and in sections of bush, taking into account forest type and, particularly, areas that were lichen rich. Seventy-five lichen species in 43 genera and 27 families were identified and described from the region. An unknown, species H, also was described. Of the 76 lichen species, 22 were crastose and the remainder macrolichens. The best represented families were: Cladoniaceae (8 species), Hypogymniaceae (6), Lobariaceae (7), Lecideaceae (6), Pannariaceae (6) and Parmeliaccae (6). This study described 12 species (17%) which previously were not known for Victoria and which are a first record for the state. These include: Cladonia sarmentosa (J.D. Hook & Taylor) Dodge, Graphis librata Knight, Parmelinopsis neodamaziana (Elix & Johnston) Elix & Hale, Pertusaria novaezelandiae Szatala, Placopsis pardlina f. microphylla Lamb, Porina leptalea AX. Sm., Pseudocyphellaria ardesiaca Galloway, Trapeliopsis congregant (Zahlbr.) Brako, Menegazzia myriotrema (Mull. Arg.) P. James, Bunodophoron scrobiculatum (Church. Bab,) Wedin, Parmelia testacea Stirton and Menegazzia purpurascens S. Louwhoff sp. nov.. The last eight species are new to the mainland and, apart from Menegazzia purpurascens, previously were known only from Tasmania. Five main elements of distribution were identified for the lichen flora of the Mt Donna Buang Scenic Reserve: cosmopolitan, austral/australasian, paleotropical, pantropical and western pacific. The majority of species (68%) had austral/australasian distributions, eleven (16%) were endemic to Australia and nine (13%) occurred only in Tasmania , Victoria and New Zealand. A pictorial, dichotomous key was constructed for the lichen flora of the Mt Donna Buang Scenic Reserve. Previously, keys to the lichen flora of Tasmanian rainforests were suggested as appropriate to similar areas in Victoria, however, the Victorian forests include a significant sclerophyll element The key presented is specific for the study site but is appropriate to similar regions in Victoria and has been tested in a number of these areas. The key was designed to be ‘user-friendly’ so that the experienced and inexperienced alike are able to use it. A more detailed investigation of the lichen flora of the Mt Donna Buang Scenic Reserve was carried out in order to determine distribution. A total of 50 quadrats, each 20m x 20m in size, were sampled. Within each, the dominant vegetation type was determined and individuals were identified and location noted. The cover abundance of each lichen species on each individual tree was estimated using a modified Braun-Blanquet scale. A total of 710 trees, representing 13 different species, were examined. Nothofagus cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst, Eucalyptus regnans R Mull., Acacia dealbata Link, A. melanoxylon R. Br., Hedycarya angustifolia A. Cunn. and Atherosperma moschatum Labill. were the six most common tree species encountered at the study site. Nothofagus cunninghamii supported the greatest lichen diversity (39 species), although most species occurred on less than 10% of the trees. The majority of lichens occurring on N. cunninghamii A. melanoxylon, A. dealbata and H. angustifolia were foliose or crustose, those on £. regnans fruticose and foliose and those on A moschatum crustose. Bunodophoron australe was the only lichen species at the study site to occur on one host, Nothofagus cunninghamiL Many occurred on a number of different hosts, but were most common on one particular tree species. The distribution of lichens at the study site was analysed with a rnultivariate statistical package (PATN) which dealt with ‘pattern analysis’. The program ‘SSH’ in PATN which uses the Bray-Curtis ordination technique, was used to create scatterplots displaying the degree of dissimilarity between quadrats in terms of presence/absence of lichen species. The program ‘TWAY’ in PATN was used to construct a two way table to display which lichen species occurred in each vegetation type. The pattern analysis revealed that the lichens of the Mt Donna Buang Scenic Reserve were not restricted to any particular forest type, but particular lichens, or groups of lichens, tended to predominate in certain vegetation communities. This concurs with work done by others in Tasmanian forests. Quadrats which were situated in cool temperate rainforest were grouped more closely with each other than with quadrats in other vegetation types. These also supported the greatest number of lichen species. This was not surprising since N. cunninghamii the dominant tree species in cool temperate rainforest, supported the greatest lichen diversity.

No description available.

Oaks (Quercus robur) are an important substrate for many epiphytic lichens, and with increasing age the bark of oaks becomes suitable for red-listed species. These species may respond to environmental and landscape factors differently, and at different spatial scales. We tested the effect of tree, environmental and land use factors on the occurrence and richness patterns of lichens species at various spatial scales (circles with radius ranging from 28 to 1225 m), in a heterogeneous landscape in South Eastern Sweden. The occurrence patterns of Cliostomum corrugatum and Chaenotheca phaeocephala were best explained by the density of oaks within radii of 400 and 302 m, respectively. In contrast, Ramalina baltica was best explained at smaller scale (263 m) as was species richness (302 m). This study shows that the most important factor for the occurrence and richness patterns of lichens was oak density at almost all the considered scales. Tree circumference also positively affected all four response variables.