Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-08-11T15:21:33Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) PRISCYLLA NAYARA BEZERRA SOBREIRA.pdf: 2194762 bytes, checksum: 517edaeaf6fdcffc8efeb0b754b7b2ae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-11T15:21:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) PRISCYLLA NAYARA BEZERRA SOBREIRA.pdf: 2194762 bytes, checksum: 517edaeaf6fdcffc8efeb0b754b7b2ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-23 / FACEPE / Os fungos liquenizados constituem associações simbióticas entre fungos e algas, e/ou cianobactérias, onde é formado um talo vegetativo que não é conhecido nos outros fungos. Esses fungos são capazes de colonizar o substrato, dependendo das condições físicas e químicas do substrato e do ambiente. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: (i) conhecer a diversidade da micota liquenizada em Brejos de Altitude de Pernambuco; (ii) comparar a riqueza e composição de espécies de liquens corticícolas crostosos entre as áreas; (iii) determinar fatores ambientais que influenciam a ocorrência dos fungos liquenizados nas áreas estudadas. Foram realizadas duas visitas a campo em cada área de estudo, nos municípios de Caruaru e Triunfo em agosto e outubro/2013, e Serra Negra em junho/2014. As coletas foram realizadas em um transecto de 200 m de comprimento em cada área, ao longo do qual foram demarcados pontos a cada 10 m, selecionando-se a árvore mais próxima de cada ponto que apresentava cobertura liquênica. Foram identificadas 112 espécies liquênicas, representando 14 famílias e 34 gêneros. Maior riqueza foi registrada em Caruaru, seguida de Triunfo e Serra Negra, sendo influenciada pela altitude e transmitância total de luz. A composição de espécies indica que Triunfo difere das outras áreas estudadas, e é afetada significativamente pelo diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) do hospedeiro selecionado e luminosidade. Caruaru e Serra Negra mostram correlação significativa com a altitude. Os resultados revelam que a comunidade de liquens em Brejos de altitude é influenciada por fatores abióticos e bióticos. / The lichenized fungi are symbiotic associations between a fungus and algae or cyanobacteria, resulting in the formation of a vegetative structure, the lichen thallus, not known in other non-lichenized fungi. These fungi are able to colonize a great variety of substrates, depending on the physical and chemical conditions of the substrate and environmental conditions. This study aimed to: (i) know the diversity of the lichenized mycota in Brejos de Altitude of Pernambuco; (ii) compare the richness and composition of corticolous crustose lichens between the studied areas; (iii) determine the environmental factors influencing the occurrence of lichenized fungi in the different Brejos de Altitude. There were two field visits in each study area, in August and October/2013 and June/2014. Samples were collected in a transect of 200 m in length in each area, along which sampling points were marked every 10 m, selecting the nearest tree at a point that had lichen coverage. A total of 112 lichen species were identified, representing 14 families and 34 genera. The greatest species richness was recorded in Caruaru, followed by Triunfo and Serra Negra, being influenced by altitude and total transmittance and canopy openness. The species composition indicates that Triunfo differs from the other studied areas, and is significantly affected by the diameter at breast height (DBH) of the selected host and luminosity. Caruaru and Serra Negra showed significant correlation with altitude. The results reveal that the community of lichens in Brejos de Altitude (montane forest) is influenced by abiotic and biotic factors.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Lichens are a quite diverse group of organisms and important components of the diversity of tropical forests since they act as pioneer organisms in the colonization of terrestrial environments and play various roles in ecosystems. However, studies on the ecology of lichens only in areas of Caatinga are still lacking. This study, which was held in a conservation area of caatinga in the State of Sergipe, is the first to investigate the composition of lichen species on this site. Thus, the dissertation is divided into two chapters: the first deals with the survey of the lichenized mycota at the Natural Monument Grota do Angico and discusses the occurrence of new records of lichens. A total of 2210 specimens of lichens was analyzed and 65 taxa could be identified, distributed in 14 families and 29 genera. As a result, 11 species are new records of corticicolous crostose lichens to Brazil, 09 to the Northeast Region and 15 to the state of Sergipe. The second chapter deals with the investigation of three hypotheses: (1) that there is positive relationship between trees species richness and the lichens species richness, (2) there is a positive relationship between the abundance of trees and abundance of lichens, and (3) that canopy openess, DBH, temperature, pH and moisture positively affect the diversity and composition of lichens. Of the variables analyzed, only canopy openness and DBH were associated with lichens species richness. The results suggest that there is a positive relationship between canopy openness and abundance of lichens. / Liquens constituem um grupo bastante diversificado e são importantes componentes da diversidade de florestas tropicais, pois atuam como organismos pioneiros na colonização de ambientes terrestres e desempenham diversas funções nos ecossistemas. Entretanto, estudos sobre a ecologia de liquens exclusivamente em áreas de Caatinga ainda são inexistentes. O presente estudo, que foi realizado em uma Unidade de Conservação Estadual em área de Caatinga do estado de Sergipe, é o primeiro a investigar a composição de espécies de liquens neste local. Desta forma, a dissertação foi dividida em dois capítulos; o primeiro aborda o levantamento da micota liquenizada no Monumento Natural Grota do Angico e discute a ocorrência de novos registros de liquens. Foram analisados 2.210 espécimes de liquens e identificados 65 táxons, distribuídos em 14 famílias e 29 gêneros. Foram registradas 11 novas ocorrências de liquens corticícolas crostosos para o Brasil, 09 para o Nordeste e 15 para o estado de Sergipe. O segundo capítulo trata da investigação de três hipóteses: (1) a de que há relação positiva entre a riqueza de árvores e a riqueza de liquens; (2) que há uma relação positiva entre a abundância de árvores e a abundância de liquens; e (3) que luminosidade, DAP, temperatura, pH e umidade afetam positivamente a diversidade e composição de liquens. Das variáveis analisadas, apenas abertura do dossel e DAP apresentaram relação com a riqueza de espécies de liquens. Os resultados sugerem que existe uma provável relação positiva entre abertura do dossel e a abundância de liquens.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:28:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Estudos sobre a poluição atmosférica têm se intensificado nos últimos anos, devido à grande diversificação de fontes poluidoras do ar e ao efeito ocasionado à saúde das populações. Conseqüentemente, diversas técnicas têm sido investigadas para avaliação da poluição aérea e dentre elas, uma que tem ganhado considerável atenção é a do biomonitoramento. Neste trabalho foram avaliados os níveis de elementos químicos na atmosfera da cidade de São Paulo, por meio de biomonitoramento passivo, usando a espécie epifítica Canoparmelia texana, para comparar os resultados obtidos das amostras coletadas em diferentes pontos da cidade de São Paulo bem como de um ponto de referência da cidade de Ubatuba, SP. Para análise, os liquens coletados foram previamente limpos, secos e moídos. O método de análise por ativação neutrônica (NAA) aplicado constituiu em irradiar alíquotas das amostras junto com os padrões sintéticos dos elementos, no reator IEA-R1 por 16 horas e sob um fluxo de nêutrons térmicos de cerca de 5,0 x 1012 n cm-2 s-1, seguida da espectrometria de raios gama, para determinação de As, Br, Ca, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, K, La, Rb, Sc, Se e Zn. Os resultados das análises das amostras de liquens em replicatas apresentaram uma boa reprodutibilidade, indicando a homogeneidade das amostras preparadas. A precisão e a exatidão dos resultados foram avaliadas por meio das análises de materiais de referência certificados IAEA-336 Lichen e INCT-TL-1 Tea Leaves, cujos resultados apresentaram, em geral, uma boa precisão e exatidão, com os desvios padrão relativos entre 0,4 a 14,8% e erros relativos entre 0,2 a 8,7%. Na cidade de São Paulo, os liquens foram coletados nos locais a saber, Parque Dom Pedro II, Congonhas, Cidade Universitária, Lapa, Moóca, Morumbi, Nossa Senhora do Ó, Parque do Ibirapuera, Pinheiros, Santana, Santo Amaro e Taboão da Serra. As concentrações dos elementos nos liquens indicaram uma grande variabilidade entre amostras de diferentes pontos de amostragens. Estes resultados submetidos à análise de clusters indicaram três grandes grupos de pontos de amostragem, de acordo com a similaridade química obtida nos liquens. A amostra coletada em Ubatuba indicou, para a maioria dos elementos químicos, concentrações inferiores ou da mesma ordem de grandeza quando comparados com daqueles coletados na cidade de São Paulo. As mais altas concentrações na amostra de líquen de Ubatuba foram obtidas para Br, K e Zn. Os resultados das análises de liquens indicaram que as origens dos elementos presentes na atmosfera da cidade de São Paulo podem ser atribuídas principalmente às emissões veiculares, seguida de emissões industriais e do solo. Nos liquens, foram determinados os elementos chamados de marcadores de emissões veiculares (Br, Co, Sb e Zn), de emissões industriais (Cr, Co e Fe) e do solo (Sb, Se, Rb e La). / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:55:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Os liquens desempenham um importante papel no estudo da poluição atmosférica. Podem ser usados na avaliação de vários contaminantes do ar, incluindo metais pesados e radionuclídeos. O principal objetivo deste estudo é verificar a possibilidade do uso da espécie de líquen Canoparmelia texana para a avaliação das concentrações dos isótopos de U e Th no ar nas adjacências de instalações que manipulam estes radionuclídeos. Duas regiões foram escolhidas: a indústria de fertilizantes fosfatados e o Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN), ambos localizados no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O IPEN tem como principal atividade, a realização de pesquisa no campo do ciclo do combustível nuclear e manuseia quantidades consideráveis de radionuclídeos naturais. A indústria de fertilizantes fosfatados, localizada em Cubatão, utiliza como matéria prima a rocha fosfática e gera como subproduto o fosfogesso, o qual é armazenado em pilhas a céu aberto. Na produção de fertilizantes fosfatados, ocorre um enriquecimento dos radionuclídeos das séries naturais do U e Th no fosfogesso. Os teores dos isótopos de U e Th em amostras de liquens foram determinados por espectrometria alfa após separação radioquímica com resina de troca iônica e medidas dos elementos de interesse em detector de silício do tipo barreira de superfície. Os resultados obtidos no IPEN para o urânio variaram de 2,4 ± 0,4 Bq kg-1 a 8,7 ± 0,5 Bq kg-1 para o 238U e de 2,7 ± 0,6 Bq kg-1 a 9,0 ± 0,2 Bq kg-1 para o 234U. Para o tório, as concentrações variaram de 4,4 ± 0,3 Bq kg-1 a 12,1 ± 2,6 Bq kg- 1 para o 232Th e de 4,6 ± 0,6 Bq kg-1 a 8,9 ± 0,6 Bq kg-1 para o 230Th. Na região de Cubatão, os resultados obtidos variaram de 13,2 ± 3,8 Bq kg-1a 68,4 ± 7,4 Bq kg-1 para o 238U e de 16,5 ± 4,3 Bq kg-1 a 56,8 ± 6,4 Bq kg-1 para o 234U. Para o tório, as concentrações variaram de 7,2 ± 2,1 Bq kg-1 a 28,8 ± 6,0 Bq kg-1 para o 232Th e de 7,4 ± 2,1 Bq kg-1 a 30,7 ± 6,1 Bq kg-1 para o 230Th. Os resultados obtidos para os isótopos de U e Th mostram que a região da indústria de fosfato é mais impactada que a área de influência do IPEN. Os resultados obtidos em ambos locais de coleta sugerem que a espécie de líquen estudada pode ser usada como bioindicador de contaminação atmosférica por radionuclídeos. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:44:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07156.pdf: 5079791 bytes, checksum: 0afb746266242ea92043e32d91e06b9f (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

In the winter 2015/2016, about 700 reindeer were winter grazing on the islands of Holmöarna. Since the islands had not been used for reindeer grazing for more than 100 years, this is a unique opportunity to study how reindeer influence the vegetation that has developed in the absence of reindeer. Moreover, it also means that all reindeer faeces depositions and grazing damages originate from the last year. Most of the reindeer grazing occurred on Ängesön and Grossgrunden, at least during winter, due to lichen rich habitats. To investigate which habitats were available for reindeer, the abundance of these habitats and which resources they provide, 239 randomly selected study sites were investigated. To find out reindeer utilization of resources and impact on vegetation, all faecal droppings from reindeer were counted. Also, lichen height, lichen cover, lichen volume, grazing damages of lichens and vegetation, trampling, and digging, were recorded at every study site. Old-grown spruce forest was the most abundant habitat, providing reindeer with ground lichens, bilberries and epiphytic lichens. Pine forest, rich in ground lichens, was the most preferred and used habitat based on lichen cover and lichen volume, lichen damage and trampling. NMSD ordination confirmed a strong relationship between lichen height and lichen cover, i.e. lichens were heavily grazed in every habitat where lichens were recorded. Reindeer depositions of dungs and pellets were found in all habitats, but were most abundant in spruce forest with ground lichens. Strong relationships between lichen damages, digging signs and reindeer pellets confirmed more activities where lichens were abundant. Grazing of bilberry shoots and trampling, both indications of summer activities by reindeer, were also closely associated, indicating that bilberry shoots was an important food resource in summer on these islands. In the light of my result, the islands of Holmöarna have good provision for reindeer, in winter by richness of ground lichens in pine forest and old spruce forest, and summer primarily by bilberries in old grown spruce forest, mixed forest and pine forest with Vaccinium ssp. Although almost all suitable habitats show signs of reindeer activities after only one year, there is still abundant winter and summer food resources available for future grazing. There is thus plenty of resources available for reindeer on the islands of Holmöarna and reindeer are able to utilize them. If they are suitable to use for reindeer grazing in the future is thus more dependent on logistic problems like difficulties in transporting the reindeer from mainland to the islands.

This study was done in order to assess the incidence of Staphylococcus species from milk of cows with subclinical mastitis and their antimicrobial sensitivity in some selected antibiotics and Usnea barbata lichen extracts. The study was conducted in two different commercial dairy farms. Staphylococcus species isolates were identified using several biochemical tests which included Gram’s staining test, catalase test and oxidase test. A commercial API® staph kit (bioMerieux, France) was used to confirm the bacterial organisms to their species level. The antimicrobial sensitivity of individual species was determined according to the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) for the selected antibiotics. Agar well diffusion method and the broth micro-dilution technique were used to determine the sensitivity of Staphylococcus species in U. barbata extracts. A total of 467 milk samples were screened for bacterial identification from the two farms. Fifteen different Staphylococcus species isolates were identified from all milk samples that were examined. The most frequently isolated species included Staphylococcus xylosus (54.34%), Staphylococcus hominis (24.78%), Staphylococcus aureus (16.38%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (16.12%) and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (11.63%). Most Staphylococcus species were resistant to Penicillin (75.35%), Nalidixic acid (72.55%) and Ampicillin (63%). Furthermore, the bacterial sensitivity evaluation of U. barbata lichen extracted with methanol and ethyl-acetate against selected Staphylococcus species isolates showed 92.31% and 53.85% susceptibility, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the methanol and ethyl-acetate extracts ranged between 0.0390 to 10 mg/ml. There was a relatively high incidence of Staphylococcus species identified in milk of cows with subclinical mastitis from both farms. Conversely, Staphylococcus species isolates were resistant to antibiotics (mostly penicillin and ampicillin) commonly used in the farms. Furthermore, the study investigated the antimicrobial sensitivity of U. barbata extract in-vitro which may validate its use in traditional medicine for treatment of cows with mastitis.

L'efficacité des antibiotiques actuellement utilisés dans le monde entier est en baisse à un rythme inquiétant. La majorité des produits actifs naturels sont isolés des ascomycètes ou des Actinobactéries. Parmi les 10 000 antibiotiques connus, plus de la moitié sont produits par des bactéries du genre Streptomyces. Il est donc intéressant de rechercher de nouvelles molécules actives dans des niches encore sous explorés, tels que les symbioses microbiennes mutualistes. Ainsi, les lichens sont des organismes complexes abritant des communautés bactériennes à la surface et, plus rarement, à l'intérieur de leurs thalles et constituent un modèle d’étude pour la découverte de nouvelles molécules d’intérêts. Une optimisation des conditions d'extraction des lichens a été développée. Le profilage chimique par LC / MS de neuf lichens (2 à algues vertes : Roccella fuciformis et R. phycopsis et de 7 cyanolichens: Lichina confinis, L. pygmaea, Leptogium lichenoides, Synalissa symphorea, Collema auriforme, C. cristatum et C. fuscovirens) ont été effectués et comparés avec des approches de «molecular network". Cela a permis de souligner la similitude chimique entre tous les cyanolichens d’une part et les espèces lichéniques à algues vertes d’autre part. Une étude chimique plus approfondie de R. fuciformis et R. phycopsis a été par la suite effectuée et dix composés différents ont été isolés et identifiés. Neuf d'entre eux ont été isolés et identifiés par RMN et des voies de fragmentation ont été proposés pour cinq d'entre eux. Une étude de localisation in situ de leurs métabolites majeurs respectifs (érythrine et acide roccellique pour R. phycopsis et érythrine, acide léprarique et acetylportentol pour R. fuciformis) a été réalisée et a démontré leur emplacement spécifique au sein des thalles lichéniques. Les communautés bactériennes cultivables associées à trois lichens de la côte bretonne (France) (Roccella fuciformis, Lichina confinis, L. pygmaea) et un lichen terrestre récolté en Autriche (Collema auriforme) ont été étudiées afin de trouver de nouveaux métabolites d'intérêts. L'abondance et la diversité des communautés bactériennes associées à ces lichens a été montré: 247 souches ont été isolées et identifiées par l’étude du gène de l'ARNr 16S. Ainis, plus de 30% de toutes les souches expriment des gènes permettant la production potentielle des composés bioactifs et 12% appartiennent probablement à de nouvelles espèces bactériennes. Les métabolites secondaires de deux bactéries cultivables associées ont été étudiés (MOLA1488, Streptomyces sp. et MOLA1416, Hoeflea sp.) et certains métabolites spécialisés actifs ont été isolés (des dicétopipérazines, des alcaloïdes, des dérivés phénoxazine par exemple ...) présentant des propriétés biologiques intéressantes. Enfin, pour mettre en évidence les interactions possibles entre les lichens et leurs bactéries associées, une approche de culture (extraits lichéniques et bactéries associées) a été réalisée à partir de 4 souches bactériennes les plus abondantes associées à Roccella fuciformis pour (1) évaluer l'impact de ces métabolites sur la croissance de ces quatre souches et également, (2) à évaluer la capacité de bioconversion de l'acide leprarique et de l’érythrine. Ces bactéries ont montré la capacité de bio-converser l’érythrine en acide orsellinique, mais aucun des quatre métabolites testés n’a affecté leur croissance. / Efficiency of currently used antibiotics is worldwide decreasing at a worrying rate, while we are faced with new and emerging pathogens. The majority of active natural products are isolated from the Ascomycetes or from the Actinobacteria. Among the 10000 known antibiotics, more than half are produced by bacteria of one single genus, Streptomyces. It is therefore most interesting to search for novel active molecules in yet under explored niches, such as mutualistic microbial symbioses. Lichens are complex organisms harboring bacterial communities on the surface and, more rarely, inside their thalli and present a model to discover new biomolecules. Optimization of extraction conditions of lichens has been developed. Chemical profiling by LC / MS of nine lichens (2 green algae Roccella fuciformis and R. phycopsis and 7 cyanolichens: Lichina confinis, L. pygmaea, Leptogium lichenoides, Synalissa symphorea, Collema auriforme, C. cristatum and C. fuscovirens) were made and compared with a "Molecular network" approach. This has allowed to identify the chemical similarity between all cyanolichens and between two lichen species containing green algae. On the other hand, further chemical study on R. fuciformis and R. phycopsis was conducted and ten different compounds were isolated. Nine of them have been isolated and identified by NMR and mass fragmentation pathways have been highlighted for five of them. In situ localization of their major respective metabolites (erythrin and roccellic acid for R. phycopsis and erythrin, lepraric acid and acetylportentol for R. fuciformis) was performed and showed a specific location in the lichen thallus. We focused also on the cultivable bacterial communities associated to three lichens from Brittany coast (France) (Roccella fuciformis, Lichina confinis, L. pygmaea) and one inland lichen from Austria (Collema auriforme) to find new secondary metabolites of interest. The abundance and the diversity of the bacterial communities associated to these lichens were showed: 247 strains were isolated and identified by 16S rRNA gene analysis. More than 30% of all strains express potential bioactive compounds and 12% represent probably new species. The secondary metabolites patterns of their cultivable associated bacteria were studied (MOLA1488, Streptomyces sp. and MOLA1416, Hoeflea sp.) and some active secondary metabolites were isolated (e.g. dicetopiperazines, pyrrole alkaloïds, phenoxazine derivatives …) showing biological properties. Finally, to highlight potential interactions between lichens and their associated bacteria, an approach of culture (lichen extracts and bacteria) was performed from 4 most abundant bacterial strains associated with Roccella fuciformis to (1) assess the impact of major metabolites (compounds 4) of this lichen on the growth of these four strains by a an optimized method of viability using MTT; and also to evaluate (2) the ability to bioconversion of these four strains of lepraric acid and erythrin. These bacteria have shown the ability to metabolize erythrin in orsellinic acid, but none of the four tested metabolites has affected their growth.

The theoretical part of this master’s thesis focuses on the characteristic of Palladium, his uses in the automotive convertors, the occurrence in the environment, bioaccumulation and human health risks. Next there are described the basics of biomonitoring and summarize suitable biomonitoring method for capturing airborne dust. There are also evaluated appropriate methods for preconcentration and determination of Palladium. The aim of experimental part of this thesis is description and evaluation optimalization preconcentration method SPE by using sorbents silicagel C18 and QuadraSil TA. Optimization of method conditions of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET – AAS). The determination of Palladium using optimal conditions follows in real samples in the form of exposure lichen (Hypogymnia physodes) by automobile traffic in Brno.

Lichens are a classic example of mutualistic symbiotic associations, yet the views on lichen symbiosis have changed considerably during the last fifty years. Nowadays, lichens are generally understood to be microecosystems consisting of several symbiotic partners which contribute in different ways to the prosperity of the whole system and which differ by the strength of their bond to other symbiotic partners. The level of knowledge of the individual partners (mycobionts vs. photobionts vs. bacteria) varies greatly in terms of their specificity, diversity and in the forces that shape this diversity. The main aim of this work was to reveal the diversity of organisms participating in lichen symbiosis and to better understand the biological forces which shape this diversity. We worked with a relatively common lichen group, zeorin-containing red-fruited Cladonia species, and specifically, we focused on the mycobionts, photobionts and bacteria that participate in this association. During the course of the study, it became apparent that species delimitation, which is a fundamental requirement for accurate diversity estimates, is another topic that requires further research. Our analyses revealed that species circumscription of most of recently recognized Cladonia mycobionts cannot by supported by...