Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:53:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Henrique Costa Pinheiro.pdf: 2854886 bytes, checksum: a56fe59d5aabb7763901adeb614ad703 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work depicts transmission line modeling for lightning strike time domain simulation. It is studied and presented the main mechanisms associated to lightning formation and striking high-voltage transmission lines and wave propagation theory concerned to the hit point. Following, it is presented and analyzed transmission lines, shield wires and tower models available in the used ATPDraw computer program. Finally, a complete model is constructed taking into account a real utility transmission branch (ELETRONORTE-Ma), including transmission lines, respective towers and shield wires, through computational models available in the ATPDraw computer program. Computer simulations are carried out and the final model is tested for different scenarios: a standard lightning striking a transmission tower; a standard lightning striking a transmission tower with lower tower foot resistance; lightning striking transmission tower for different soil conditions (dry and humid); insulation strength analysis taking into account different hit points (middle of a shield wire and at the top of a transmission tower). The results show that the model behaved as expected. / Este trabalho aborda a modelagem de linhas de transmissão para análises e simulações no domínio do tempo de transitórios eletromagnéticos resultantes de descargas atmosféricas incidentes. É estudado e apresentado os principais mecanismos associados à formação das descargas atmosféricas, os aspectos relevantes à incidência de descargas em linhas de transmissão e os seus mecanismos de propagação em relação ao ponto de incidência. Em seguida é apresentado e analisado modelos de linhas de transmissão, cabos pára-raios e de torres disponíveis para uso no programa computacional ATPDraw. Por fim, é elaborado um modelo de um trecho real da ELETRONORTE MA incluindo linha de transmissão, suas torres e seus cabos pára-raios, através de modelos disponíveis na versão usada do programa ATPDraw. São realizadas simulações computacionais, onde o modelo é testado para vários cenários: surto atmosférico na forma de onda padrão incidindo sobre uma torre; surto atmosférico na forma de onda padrão incidindo sobre uma torre com resistência de dispersão reduzida; surtos atmosféricos incidentes sobre torres nos cenários de solos secos e úmidos; e impactos nos isolamentos no meio do vão e em uma torre de um surto atmosférico incidente nos cabos pára-raios. Para todos os testes realizados, a resposta do modelo esteve de acordo com o comportamento esperado.

A rotina operacional de monitoramento e previsão de tempo tem mudado bastante nos últimos anos. Além de informações convencionais existentes, que são bem conhecidas nos centros operacionais, os dados obtidos por sensoriamento remoto através de satélites, radares meteorológicos e sensores de detecção de descargas atmosféricas fornecem informações vitais e em tempo real, sendo estas as principais ferramentas para a detecção e previsão de tempestades severas. Na America do Sul, em especial o nordeste da Argentina, Paraguai, Uruguai e o sul do Brasil são regiões particularmente sujeitas a ocorrência de eventos severos (precipitação intensa, granizo, enchentes e intensa atividade elétrica, além de vendavais e tornados). No sul do Brasil, a distribuição mensal de chuvas é bastante uniforme, porém com alta variabilidade diária associada, principalmente, à passagem das frentes frias pela região e aos Sistemas Convectivos de Mesoescala, que se formam nessa região. A principal atividade econômica nessa região do Brasil é a agroindústria, diretamente dependente da distribuição da precipitação para a produção, como também susceptível aos fenômenos meteorológicos adversos associados. Além desta atividade, a região sul é responsável pela produção de, aproximadamente, 35% de toda a energia elétrica utilizada no país. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi estudar os aspectos espaciais e temporais da atividade elétrica durante os eventos de Sistemas Convectivos de Mesoescala (SCM) e examinar as possíveis relações entre o ambiente no qual essas tempestades se desenvolvem e as características elétricas e hidrometeorológicas desses, conforme observados por um radar meteorológico Doppler, e uma rede de detecção de relâmpagos, principalmente, e também com informações de satélites meteorológicos, dados de superfície e análises de modelos numéricos. Os resultados deste trabalho mostraram a importância das características dinâmicas na região, em especial a presença dos jatos em baixos níveis com a convergência de umidade na região para a organização dos eventos de SCM, como também a distribuição dos regimes de precipitação com características distintas de estrutura de refletividade observada por radar e também de atividade elétrica durante os eventos analisados. Espera-se que os resultados deste trabalho ajudem a entender melhor a relação dos sistemas convectivos de mesoescala e sua estrutura e evolução, como observados e detectados pelos sistemas remotos de monitoramento hidrometeorológico, além de um melhor entendimento e aperfeiçoamento de nossas habilidades de análise e previsão de tempo relacionados a esses eventos severos com precipitação intensa. / The operational routine in weather monitoring and forecasting has changed a lot in the past years. Besides conventional information, well known in operational centers, data from remote sensing such as satellite, weather radars and lightning detection network provide vital information in real time, as the main tools for severe weather detection and forecasting In South America, specially northeastern Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and southern Brazil are regions prone to severe weather (intense precipitation, hail, floddings, lightning, tornadoes and gust winds). In the South of Brazil, monthly precipitation distribution is very uniform, but with daily variability associated, mostly, with the passage of cold fronts through the region and to mesoscale convective systems, forming in this area. The major economical activity in this region of Brazil is agroindustry, directly dependent of precipitation distribution for production and also susceptible to diverse meteorological events associated with it. Besides this activity, the south region is responsible for the production of, approximately, 35\\% of all electric energy used in the country. The main goal of this research was to study spatial and temporal aspects of the electrical activity during MCS events, as observed by a weather radar and a network of ligthning detection sensors in the south of Brazil, and to examine possible relations between the environment in which these storms develop and electrical characteristics of these weather systems, using weather radar, lightning, satellite and numerical model information. The results of this work showed the importance of the dynamic characteristics in the regial, specially the presence of low level jets and humidity convergence in the region to organize MCS events, as well as a distribution of precipitation regimes whith distinct characteristics of radar reflectivity and electrical activity during the analysed events. With this work we expect to contribute with the understanding of the relation of MCS structure and evolution as observed and detected by hydrometeorological monitoring systems and to improve the comprehension and ability to analyse and forecast such severe weather systems.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:25:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_ mirlen_silva.pdf: 5380999 bytes, checksum: 0a2780f3032a4c42e7bb48f0a5402213 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-10 / In this work it is presented the study of 6 years of detected lightning data in association to the occurrence of mesoscale convective systems in the region located between 15ºS - 27ºS and 35ºW - 55ºW. The Lightning data were provided by FURNAS Centrais Elétricas S.A. for the period 2002-2007. Geostationary satellite images, enhanced in the infrared channel, were used to identify the cases of interest utilizing -50ºC as cloud top level temperature threshold for convective clusters. For these days, lightning detected in the study region should attain a minimum value of 1000 during 1 hour in some moment of occurrence during the identified cases. From the 565 days that satisfied this criterion, it was selected 25 cases occurred in 33 days during the years of 2003, 2005 (from October to December due to satellite images limitations), 2006 and 2007. For the period of occurrence of each one of these 25 cases, the detected lightning were counted during an interval of 15 minutes before and after the time of the satellite images used in each case to put in evidence the lightning associated to the observed convective clusters. The quantity of detected lightning in a convective cluster were related to its evolutive cycle. / Neste trabalho é apresentado o estudo de 6 anos de dados de descargas elétricas atmosféricas (DEA) detectadas em associação com a ocorrência de sistemas convectivos de mesoescala na região compreendida entre 15ºS e 27ºS e 35ºW e 55ºW. Os dados de DEA foram cedidos por FURNAS Centrais Elétricas S.A. para o período de 2002-2007. As imagens de satélite geoestacionário, realçadas no canal infravermelho, foram usadas para a identificação dos casos de estudo utilizando o valor limiar de -50ºC para temperatura dos topos das nuvens convectivas. Para estes dias, as DEA detectadas na região de estudo deveriam atingir o valor mínimo de 1000 no intervalo de 1 hora em algum momento de ocorrência dos casos identificados. Dos 565 dias contabilizados desta forma, foram selecionados 25 casos de estudo, ocorridos em 33 dias dos anos 2003, 2005 (de outubro a dezembro, por limitações nas imagens de satélite), 2006 e 2007. Para o período de ocorrência de cada um destes 25 casos, foram contabilizadas as DEA no intervalo de 15 minutos antes e depois do horário das imagens de satélite utilizadas em cada caso, para colocar em evidência as DEA associadas aos aglomerados convectivos observados. Ficou evidenciado que a quantidade de DEA detectadas em um aglomerado convectivo esteve relacionada diretamente com o ciclo evolutivo do mesmo.

This thesis examines the methods through which Gail Anderson-Dargatz and Ann-Marie MacDonald construct region in their novels The Cure for Death by Lightning and Fall on Your Knees. These texts, like all successful regional novels, describe more than geography. Their regions are also functions of time. I introduce the term "temporal region" to describe the spaces created by this interdependence of time and place. I then focus upon the specifics of descriptive and narrative approach that lead to the convincing portrayal of the Shuswap and Cape Breton Island in the texts. Anderson-Dargatz and MacDonald direct attention to the foddways of their regions, expressing the connection between consumption choices and a society's historical and physical location. The authors also articulate their regions by highlighting cultural diversity in the areas they describe. In this way they deny the social homogeneity more sentimental regional texts often rely upon. Finally, the novelists use an appropriately Canadian method of regional opposition to define their temporal regions according to that which they are not ~ they are not American, glamorous, or urban. They therefore must be Canadian, quotidian, and rural. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

For the purpose of an future machine vision system development in Tyco Electronics Czech s.r.o. I have developed Cognex Designer template. Template will serve as a flexible basis for further development of camera applications on the Cognex VC5 industrial computer. The functionality of the program template has been successfully verified by modifying it to a particular application of the laboratory manual station used to measure the parameters of the manufactured connectors. A camera with lens and lightning was chosen and installed on the station. DIO communication was put into operation between VC5 and PLC system. The application has been calibrated and verified as a measurement system using MSA Type I and Capability study standard methods.

In this paper is discussed impulse testing at high voltage switchgear. It focused on practical methodics of measuring, theoretical knowledge and technical terms. Further is discussed a parts of switchgear UniGear ZS1, which is most often equipment to measure. It also dealing with own measurements, process of measuring and wiring diagram. As next step, is perform trial testing with Dr Strauss system and digital osciloskope. Based on trial test, it choose digital scope and create application in in the program LabVIEW12 and debugging workstation at technical laboratory in ABB.

Lightning current with high amplitude disseminates through the body of aircraft and causes physical damages including the delamination and puncture of materials. Also , such high-amplitude and high-frequency current could interfere with electronic devices through electromagnetic coupling with the conductive interfaces of an airplane. Hence, robust protection against lighting strike is essential in the aerospace industry. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Matrix Composites have become significant alternatives to conventional metal-base materials. Despite the superior physical and structural properties of CFRP composites, these materials are vulnerable to lightning strikes due to the low electrical conductivity compared to the metal counterpart. Many researchers have been working on the lightning strike damage mitigation of CFRP composites by increasing the electrical conductivity of materials. Conventional methods are adding conductive layers such as metal foil and copper mesh to the composite structures. These layers are added to the composite structure during the manufacturing process and are placed at the top layer for the effective bypassing of lightning current to the ground. While adding the conductive layers reduces the lightning strike damage significantly, the industry is more interested in using conductive nanofillers to prevent the corrosion of metal layers in contact with carbon fibers and to avoid the higher weight of conductive layers than nanofillers. The lightning damage mitigation methods are studied by applying lightning strike current to the CFRP composites using an impulse current generator. Conventional lightning strike damage tolerance of CFRP composites are prone to misinterpretation. The risk of misinterpretation originates from the lack of standards clearly defining testbed design requirements including electrode size and ground electrode edge configuration. In this dissertation, the effects of testbed configuration including discharge and ground electrode on lightning strike damage evaluation studies are demonstrated. Finite element analysis is applied to perform the simulations through the COMSOL Multiphysics to validate the experimental test results. Furthermore, after improving the testbed design, carbon black was added to the CFRP composites as a cost-effective additive for lightning strike damage mitigation performance. Correlations between lightning strike damage intensity and the added carbon black fillers as well as with other additive nanofillers are reported.

Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία θα μελετηθεί η συμπεριφορά των γραμμών Μέσης Τάσης (Διανομής), όταν αυτές πλήττονται από κεραυνούς είτε άμεσα είτε έμμεσα. Οι κεραυνοί είναι ένα φυσικό φαινόμενο με επικίνδυνες συνέπειες για την ασφάλεια των ανθρώπων, κτιρίων και ηλεκτρικών εγκαταστάσεων. Οι γραμμές του ηλεκτρικού δικτύου (είτε Υψηλής είτε Μέσης είτε Χαμηλής Τάσης) είναι ευάλωτες σε πλήγματα κεραυνών. Όταν ένας κεραυνός πλήξει άμεσα μια γραμμή ή το γειτονικό της έδαφος, τότε θα εμφανισθούν σφάλματα στο ηλεκτρικό δίκτυο υπό μορφή επικίνδυνων υπερτάσεων. Οι υπερτάσεις αυτές σε πολλές περιπτώσεις μπορεί να υπερβαίνουν την κρουστική τάση αντοχής της μόνωσης του δικτύου με αποτέλεσμα,αν δεν υπάρχουν διατάξεις προστασίας, να διασπαστεί το διάκενο προκαλώντας ανεπανόρθωτη ζημιά στον εξοπλισμό μας. Η μελέτη για τη συμπεριφορά των εναέριων γραμμών διανομής εμπεριέχει αρκετές προσεγγίσεις. Μερικές από αυτές αφορούν κάποιες βασικές παραμέτρους όπως, η πυκνότητα των κεραυνών στο έδαφος (GFD) και το πλήθος των άμεσων πληγμάτων στη γραμμή. Προκειμένου να εξάγουμε ασφαλή δεδομένα συμβουλευόμαστε τους αντίστοιχους μετεωρολογικούς πίνακες-χάρτες ( π.χ Ισοκεραυνικοί χάρτες). Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο της εργασίας παρουσιάζεται το φυσικό φαινόμενο του κεραυνού καθώς και τα βασικά χαρακτηριστικά αυτού. Εξετάζονται τα είδη των κεραυνών και η εξομοίωση του σε εργαστηριακές συνθήκες μέσω κρουστικής τάσης για δοκιμές της αντοχής των μονώσεων. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο γίνεται παρουσίαση της μορφής των συστημάτων ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας με ιδιαίτερη έμφαση στο σύστημα διανομής. Παρουσιάζεται η δομή του συστήματος διανομής , τα επιμέρους μέρη και εξαρτήματα από τα οποία αποτελείται καθώς και τα χαρακτηριστικά τους. Στο τέλος του κεφαλαίου παρουσιάζονται δεδομένα και στατιστικά του ελληνικού συστήματος διανομής. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο, γίνεται μια σντομη παρουσίαση των σφαλμάτων και υπερτάσεων που παρουσιάζονται στο σύστημα διανομής καθώς και των μέσω προστασίας που χρησιμοποιούμε προκειμένου να εξασφαλίσουμε την αδιάλειπτη λειτουργία και ακεραιότητα του συστήματος μας. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο, αναφέρεται η οδηγία της IEEE για τη συμπεριφορά των εναέριων γραμμών διανομής ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας έναντι κεραυνών. Σκοπός είναι να παρουσιάσει εναλλακτικές λύσεις για τη μείωση των βραχυκυκλωμάτων που προκαλούνται από κεραυνό στις εναέριες γραμμές. Συγκεκριμένα θα προσδιορισθεί η συμπεριφορά των εναέριων γραμμών διανομής σε περίπτωση πτώσης κεραυνού (πλήγματα κεραυνών και βραχυκυκλώματα από επαγόμενη τάση), το επίπεδο μόνωσης των γραμμών διανομής, η προστασία των γραμμών διανομής με προστατευτικό αγωγό καθώς και η προστασία των γραμμών με αλεξικέραυνα. Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο της εργασίας, θα αναπτυχθεί η καταγραφή σφαλμάτων και βλαβών λόγω πτώσεως κεραυνών στο δίκτυο Μέσης Τάσης, σε μετασχηματιστές καθώς και στις γραμμές διανομής Μ.Τ. τα τελευταία 6 χρόνια τουλάχιστον (2007-2012) στο νησί της Ρόδου. Θα υπολογισθεί αναλυτικά ο θεωρητικός αριθμός σφαλμάτων σύμφωνα με την οδηγία της IEEE και έπειτα θα συγκριθούν με τα πραγματικά σφάλματα που έχουμε προμηθευτεί από τη ΔΕΗ της Ρόδου με σκοπό την εξαγωγή των συμπερασμάτων μας. / This thesis studies the behavior of Medium Voltage (Distribution) lines, after direct or indirect lightning strokes. Lightning is a natural phenomenon with dangerous impacts for the safety of humans, buildings and electricity premises. The electricity network lines (either High, Medium or Low Voltage) are prone to lightning strikes. When a lightning directly strikes a line or its nearby ground, then faults occur at the power network in the form of risky overvoltage. Such overvoltage in many cases may exceed the shock impulse of the network's insulation resistance. In the event no safety arrangements are in place, this could lead to the gap breakdown, causing irreparable damage to our equipment. The study of the behavior of air distribution lines encompasses several approaches. Some concern the basic parameters, such as the ground flash density (GFD) and the number of direct strikes on the line. In order to reach safe data, we refer to the corresponding meteorological tables-maps (e.g. Lightning maps). The first section of the paper presents the natural phenomenon of the lightning and its main features. The types of lightning are reviewed and its simulation under laboratory conditions through shock impulse for the testing of the insulation resistance. The second section contains the presentation of the form of electric power systems, with special emphasis on the distribution system. It is a presentation of the distribution system structure, the individual parts and devices as well as their features. Data and statistics of the Greek distribution system are presented at the end of the section. The third section is a brief presentation of the faults and overvoltage occurring at the distribution system as well as of the protection measures we use in order to ensure the uninterrupted operation and the integrity of our system. The fourth section is a reference to the directive of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) on the behaviour of air power distribution lines against lightning. The purpose is to present alternative solutions for the decrease of short-circuit occurrences caused by lightning on overhead lines. More specifically, the behaviour of the overhead distribution lines is determined in the event of lightning strike (lightning strikes and short-circuits arising from the induced voltage), the level of insulation of the distribution lines, the protection of the distribution lines by employing a protective tube, as well as the protection of the lines using lightning rods. The fifth chapter of the paper is an elaboration of the faults recorded and the damages caused due to lightning strikes on the Medium Voltage network, on transformers as well as on M.V. distribution lines over the past 6 years at least (2007-2012) on Rhodes Island. The theoretical number of faults will be calculated in detail, based on the IEEE directive and then these faults will be compared to the real faults provided by Rhodes' DEI [Greek Public Power Corporation], in order to reach our conclusions.

No description available.