This thesis presents an econometric test of the offsetting behavior hypothesis concerning drivers of light trucks relative to cars. The main objective is to determine whether drivers of light trucks offset perceived safety benefits associated with larger vehicles by driving more aggressively than drivers of cars, subsequently causing more fatal crashes, holding all else constant. An empirical model using data on pedestrian fatalities across the United States over a five-year period is developed and analyzed in order to capture the desired results. Estimates provide substantial evidence in support of the offsetting behavior hypothesis. To strengthen the case for driver offsetting behavior beyond previous studies, the model is estimated again using pedalcyclist fatalities. The results also point to interesting conclusions regarding the effects of increased speed limits on the behavior of drivers.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka om det finns någon inlärningseffekt på testet Limits of Stability (LoS) för transtibialt amputerade protesbrukare och en kontrollgrupp. Sju transtibialt amputerade protesbrukare och en kontrollgrupp bestående av sju friska vuxna män upprepade testet LoS  fem gånger under fyra testtillfällen. Två kraftplattor och 69 reflexmarkörer användes för att samla in data. Testpersonerna placerades med en fot på varje kraftplatta och blev instruerade att förflytta sin center of pressure genom att luta kroppen från anklarna mot åtta mål som visades på en skärm tillsammans med deras center of pressure. Ordningen på målen var slumpvist utvalda. Datan analyserades med Friedmans test, eftersom den inte var normalfördelad, för att se om det fanns någon skillnad i resultatet mellan upprepningarna av testet och resultatet mellan testtillfällena. Det fanns några signifikanta skillnader mellan upprepningarna och mellan testtillfällena som tyder på att det finns en inlärningseffekt efter första upprepningen och första testtillfället, men resultatet var inte tillräckligt entydigt för att kunna dra några konkreta slutsatser. Vidare studier rekommenderas. / The aim of the study is to examine the learning effect of Limits of Stability (LoS) test concerning transtibially amputated prosthetic users and a healthy control group. Seven transtibially amputated prosthetic users and a control group of seven healthy males repeated the LoS test five times during four sessions, one in the morning and one in the afternoon in two consecutive days. Two forceplates and 69 reflex markers were used to collect the data. The test subjects were placed with on the foot on each forceplate and were instructed to move their center of pressure by leaning the body from the ankles towards eight targets presented on a screen along with their center of pressure. The targets were selected in random order. The data was analyzed with Friedmans test, since the data wasn’t normally distributed, to see if there was any discrepancy between the repetitions and between the sessions. There were some significant discrepancies between repetitions and between sessions mainly involving the first repetition and the first session. However the results weren’t distinct enough to draw any concrete conclusions. Further studies are recommended.

As últimas décadas testemunharam intensa atividade de pesquisa teórica e experimental visando compreender o conceito do tempo na mecânica quântica. Este tema desencadeou significante progresso na busca por dispositivos mais rápidos e eficientes no processamento de informação e implementação de tecnologias de comunicação. Motivados pela pergunta quão rápido um sistema quântico evolui sob uma dada dinâmica?, tais avanços levaram a formulação do chamado limite quântico de velocidade ou quantum speed limit, (QSL), i.e., um limite inferior definindo o tempo mínimo de evolução entre estados quânticos distintos. Diversos resultados reportaram QSLs obtidos via tratamentos diferentes e aparentemente desconexos, muitas vezes sob configurações específicas, que deixaram uma lacuna fundamental à resposta da questão geral colocada anteriormente. Neste projeto investigamos como a não-unicidade de uma medida de distinguibilidade de operadores densidade definida no espaço de estados quânticos influencia o QSL e pode ser explorada no intuito de obter limites inferiores mais robustos no tempo de evolução de estados arbitrários. Em particular, baseando-nos no formalismo da geometria da informação, estabelecemos uma família infinita de QSLs válidos para evoluções unitárias e não-unitárias. Este trabalho se propõe unificar e generalizar resultados existentes sobre QSLs na literatura, além de fornecer exemplos de limites mais precisos do que aqueles baseados na informação de Fisher convencional. Em termos físicos, esta investigação é a primeira a destacar o papel das populações e coerências quânticas no cálculo e saturação dos QSLs. Nossos resultados podem encontrar aplicações na otimização de protocolos em computação quântica e metrologia, além de fornecer novos pontos de vista em investigações fundamentais da termodinâmica quântica. / The last decades witnessed intense theoretical and experimental research activity in order to understand the concept of time in quantum mechanics. This subject triggered significant progress in the search for faster and efficient schemes in the implementation of quantum information and communication technologies. Starting from the puzzle How fast can a quantum state evolve under a given dynamics?, such advances have led to the establishment of quantum speed limits (QSLs), i.e., a lower bound setting the minimum time evolution between two distinct quantum states. Past results have included different, apparently unrelated approaches to quantum speed limits, and sometimes tailored to specific settings, which therefore left a fundamental gap in obtaining a satisfactory answer to the general question posed above. In this work we provide a breakthrough for the study and applications of quantum speed limits. We approach the problem from a general information theoretic point of view and we adopt an elegant geometric formalism to construct an infinite family of quantum speed limits valid for closed and open system evolutions. Our description is based on the geometrization of the quantum state space by introducing an information metric which defines a non-unique measure of distinguishability on the state space. We show in particular how our approach incorporates and unifies the previous specialized results, interpreting them under a new comprehensive framework, and allowing us to reach significantly beyond. From the physical point of view, our investigation is the first to highlight the role of populations versus quantum coherences in the determination and saturation of the speed limits. Our results can find applications in the optimization of quantum protocols in quantum computation and metrology, and might provide new insights in fundamental investigations of quantum thermodynamics.

Methods of controlling round-off error in one-step methods in the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations are compared. A new Algorithm called theoretical cumulative rounding is formulated. Round-off error bounds are obtained for single precision, and theoretical cumulative rounding. Limits of these bounds are obtained as the step length approaches zero. It is shown that the limit of the bound on the round-off error is unbounded for single precision and double precision, is constant for theoretical partial double precision, and is zero for theoretical cumulative rounding. The limits of round-off bounds are not obtainable in actual practice. The round-off error increases for single precision, remains about constant for partial double precision and decreases for cumulative rounding as the step length decreases. Several examples are included. (34 pages)

As últimas décadas testemunharam intensa atividade de pesquisa teórica e experimental visando compreender o conceito do tempo na mecânica quântica. Este tema desencadeou significante progresso na busca por dispositivos mais rápidos e eficientes no processamento de informação e implementação de tecnologias de comunicação. Motivados pela pergunta quão rápido um sistema quântico evolui sob uma dada dinâmica?, tais avanços levaram a formulação do chamado limite quântico de velocidade ou quantum speed limit, (QSL), i.e., um limite inferior definindo o tempo mínimo de evolução entre estados quânticos distintos. Diversos resultados reportaram QSLs obtidos via tratamentos diferentes e aparentemente desconexos, muitas vezes sob configurações específicas, que deixaram uma lacuna fundamental à resposta da questão geral colocada anteriormente. Neste projeto investigamos como a não-unicidade de uma medida de distinguibilidade de operadores densidade definida no espaço de estados quânticos influencia o QSL e pode ser explorada no intuito de obter limites inferiores mais robustos no tempo de evolução de estados arbitrários. Em particular, baseando-nos no formalismo da geometria da informação, estabelecemos uma família infinita de QSLs válidos para evoluções unitárias e não-unitárias. Este trabalho se propõe unificar e generalizar resultados existentes sobre QSLs na literatura, além de fornecer exemplos de limites mais precisos do que aqueles baseados na informação de Fisher convencional. Em termos físicos, esta investigação é a primeira a destacar o papel das populações e coerências quânticas no cálculo e saturação dos QSLs. Nossos resultados podem encontrar aplicações na otimização de protocolos em computação quântica e metrologia, além de fornecer novos pontos de vista em investigações fundamentais da termodinâmica quântica. / The last decades witnessed intense theoretical and experimental research activity in order to understand the concept of time in quantum mechanics. This subject triggered significant progress in the search for faster and efficient schemes in the implementation of quantum information and communication technologies. Starting from the puzzle How fast can a quantum state evolve under a given dynamics?, such advances have led to the establishment of quantum speed limits (QSLs), i.e., a lower bound setting the minimum time evolution between two distinct quantum states. Past results have included different, apparently unrelated approaches to quantum speed limits, and sometimes tailored to specific settings, which therefore left a fundamental gap in obtaining a satisfactory answer to the general question posed above. In this work we provide a breakthrough for the study and applications of quantum speed limits. We approach the problem from a general information theoretic point of view and we adopt an elegant geometric formalism to construct an infinite family of quantum speed limits valid for closed and open system evolutions. Our description is based on the geometrization of the quantum state space by introducing an information metric which defines a non-unique measure of distinguishability on the state space. We show in particular how our approach incorporates and unifies the previous specialized results, interpreting them under a new comprehensive framework, and allowing us to reach significantly beyond. From the physical point of view, our investigation is the first to highlight the role of populations versus quantum coherences in the determination and saturation of the speed limits. Our results can find applications in the optimization of quantum protocols in quantum computation and metrology, and might provide new insights in fundamental investigations of quantum thermodynamics.

Research recently conducted at the University of Central Florida involving crashes on Interstate-4 in Orlando, Florida has led to the creation of new statistical and neural networks models that are capable of determining the crash risk on the freeway (Abdel-Aty et al., 2004; 2005, Pande and Abdel-Aty, 2006). These models are able to calculate rear-end and lane-change crash risks along the freeway in real-time through the use of static information at various locations along the freeway as well as real-time traffic data obtained by loop detectors. Since these models use real-time traffic data, they are capable of calculating rear-end and lane-change crash risk values as the traffic flow conditions are changing on the freeway. The objective of this study is to examine the potential benefits of combining two ITS strategies (Ramp Metering and Variable Speed Limits strategies) for reducing the crash risk (both rear-end and lane-change crash risks) along the I-4 freeway. Following this aspect, a 36.25-mile section of I-4 running though Orlando, FL was simulated using the PARAMICS micro-simulation program. Gayah (2006) used the same network to examine the potential benefits of two ITS strategies separately (Route Diversion and Ramp Metering) for reducing the crash risk along the freeway by changing traffic flow parameters. Cunningham (2007) also used the same network to examine the potential benefits of implementing Variable Speed Limits strategy for reducing the crash risk along the freeway. Since the same network is used, the calibration and validation procedures used in this study are the same as these previous two studies. This study simulates three volume loading scenarios on the I-4 freeway. These are 60, 80 and 90 percent loading scenarios. From the final experimental design for the 60 % loading, it was concluded that implementing VSL strategy only was more beneficial to the network than either implementing Ramp Metering everywhere (through the whole network) in conjunction with VSL everywhere or implementing Ramp Metering downtown (in downtown areas only) in conjunction with VSL everywhere. This was concluded from the comparison of the results of this study with the results from Cunningham (2007). However, either implementing Ramp Metering everywhere or downtown in conjunction with VSL everywhere showed safety benefits across the simulated network as well as a reduction in the total travel time. The best case for implementing Ramp Metering everywhere in conjunction with VSL everywhere was using a homogeneous speed zone threshold of 2.5 mph, a speed change distance of half speed zone and a speed change time of 5 minutes in conjunction with a 60 seconds cycle length for the Zone algorithm, a critical occupancy of 0.17 and a 30 seconds cycle length for the ALINEA algorithm. And the best case for implementing Ramp Metering downtown in conjunction with VSL everywhere was using a homogeneous speed zone threshold of 2.5 mph, a speed change distance of half speed zone and a speed change time of 10 minutes in conjunction with a 60 seconds cycle length for the Zone algorithm, a critical occupancy of 0.17 and a 30 seconds cycle length for the ALINEA algorithm. For the 80 % loading, it was concluded that either implementing Ramp Metering everywhere in conjunction with VSL everywhere or implementing Ramp Metering downtown in conjunction with VSL everywhere was more beneficial to the network than implementing VSL strategy only. This was also concluded from the comparison of the results of this study with the results from Cunningham (2007). Moreover, it was concluded that implementing Ramp Metering everywhere in conjunction with VSL everywhere showed higher safety benefits across the simulated network than implementing Ramp Metering downtown in conjunction with VSL everywhere. Also, both of them increased the total travel time a bit, but this was deemed acceptable. Additionally, both of them had successive fluctuations and variations in the average lane-change crash risk vs. time step. The best case for implementing Ramp Metering everywhere in conjunction with VSL everywhere was using a homogeneous speed zone threshold of 5 mph, a speed change distance of half speed zone and a speed change time of 30 minutes in conjunction with a 60 seconds cycle length for the Zone algorithm, a critical occupancy of 0.17 and a 30 seconds cycle length for the ALINEA algorithm. And the best case for implementing Ramp Metering downtown in conjunction with VSL everywhere was using a homogeneous speed zone threshold of 5 mph, a speed change distance of half speed zone and a speed change time of 30 minutes in conjunction with a 60 seconds cycle length for the Zone algorithm, a critical occupancy of 0.17 and a 30 seconds cycle length for the ALINEA algorithm. Searching for the best way to implement both Ramp Metering and VSL strategies in conjunction with each other, an indepth investigation was conducted in order to remove the fluctuations and variations in the crash risk with time step (through the entire simulation period). The entire simulation period is 3 hours, and each time step is 5 minutes, so there are 36 time steps representing the entire simulation period. This indepth investigation led to the idea of not implementing VSL at consecutive zones (using either a gap of one zone or more). Then this idea was applied for the best case of implementing Ramp Metering and VSL everywhere at the 80 % loading, and the successive fluctuations and variations in the crash risk with time step were removed. Moreover, much better safety benefits were found. So, this confirms that this idea was very beneficial to the network. For the 90 % loading, it was concluded that implementing Ramp Metering strategy only (Zone algorithm in downtown areas, and ALINEA algorithm in non downtown areas) was more beneficial to the network than implementing Ramp Metering everywhere in conjunction with VSL everywhere. This was concluded from the comparison of the results of this study with the results from Gayah (2006). However, implementing Ramp Metering everywhere in conjunction with VSL everywhere showed safety benefits across the simulated network as well as a reduction in the total travel time. The best case was using a homogeneous speed zone threshold of 2.5 mph, a speed change distance of the entire speed zone and a speed change time of 20 minutes in conjunction with a 60 seconds cycle length for the Zone algorithm, a critical occupancy of 0.17 and a 30 seconds cycle length for the ALINEA algorithm. In summary, Ramp Metering was more beneficial at congested situations, while Variable Speed Limits were more beneficial at free-flow conditions. At conditions approaching congestion, the combination of Ramp Metering and Variable Speed Limits produced the best benefits. These results illustrate the significant potential of ITS strategies to improve the safety and efficiency of urban freeways.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the limits of ranges of European land snail species along the north-south gradient. To work out the document it was necessary to prepare the set of digitalized maps, that enabled to create the database of ranges of the individual land snails species. Based on obtained data I tried to identify places where the northern and southern borders of species ranges are the most frequent. The landsnails' ranges are affected not only by particular life requirements of the individual species (potential limits), but also by other conditions, especially climatic, geographical and historical (truncated limits). In this work I focused on their differentiation. Above mentioned process also enabled me to track the north- south changes in species richness of the landsnails taking into consideration the truncated and potential limits. The most important natural barriers constraining that numerous of species cannot naturally widespread from the south to the north are the Scandinavian Mountains, the Alpes and the Carpathians and suprisingly also southern borders of german and polish lowlands. On the other hand, spreading of the species form the north to the south is limited only by the Alpes. I also tried to distinguish the group of species whose ranges are not influenced by these...

In leading up to the proof, methods for constructing fields and finitely additive set functions are introduced with an application involving the Tagaki function given as an example. Also, non-absolutely continuous set functions are constructed using Banach limits and maximal filters.

The thesis aims to provide an analysis of the legal limits imposed on brown coal exploitation in the Czech Republic, including an assessment of how these limits enter into particular stages of coal mining. The first chapter summarizes the applicable mining law legislation. The second chapter deals with restrictions set out by protection of the environment rules. Furthermore, the following chapter focuses on specific topic of so called ecological limits of exploitation. The fourth chapter points out the limits laid by the right of ownership. Finally, the thesis comprises a summary of contained conclusions.

Abstrakt​: Brown et al. (2011) navrhli fundamentální podobnost mezi organismy a ekonomikami národních států založenou na rozvodných sítích nutných k fungování metabolismu/ekonomiky a omezeních z nich vyplývajících podle Metabolické teorie ekologie. Tato práce má primárně za účel prozkoumat zda tyto omezení figurují i v rámci jednotlivých sektorů ekonomiky a jejich vztahu k některým dalším makroekonomickým a demografickým ukazatelům. Klíčová slova​: ekologie, makroekologie, metabolická teorie ekologie, ekonomie, energie