This study aims to the elaboration of juridical and administrative terminology in Ladin language, actually on the Ladin idiom spoken in Val Badia. The necessity of this study is strictly connected to the fact that in South Tyrol the Ladin language is not just safeguarded, but the editing of administrative and normative text is guaranteed by law. This means that there is a need for a unique terminology in order to support translators and editors of specialised texts. The starting point of this study are, on one side the need of a unique terminology, and on the other side the translation work done till now from the employees of the public administration in Ladin language. In order to document their efforts a corpus made up of digitalized administrative and normative documents was build. The first two chapters focuses on the state of the art of projects on terminology and corpus linguistics for lesser used languages. The information were collected thanks to the help of institutes, universities and researchers dealing with lesser used languages. The third chapter focuses on the development of administrative language in Ladin language and the fourth chapter focuses on the creation of the trilingual Italian – German – Ladin corpus made up of administrative and normative documents. The last chapter deals with the methodologies applied in order to elaborate the terminology entries in Ladin language though the use of the trilingual corpus. Starting from the terminology entry all steps are described, from term extraction, to the extraction of equivalents, contexts and definitions and of course also of the elaboration of translation proposals for not found equivalences. Finally the problems referring to the elaboration of terminology in Ladin language are illustrated.

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The present study aims at analyzing how dark humour as a cinematic genre travels cross-culturally through a specific mode of audiovisual translation, i.e. dubbing. In particular, it takes into consideration the processes involved in dubbing humour from English into Italian as observed in the English- and Italian-language versions of ten British and American dark comedies from the 1940s to the 2000s. In an attempt to identify some of the main mechanisms of the dark humour genre, the humorous content of the films was analyzed in terms of the elements on which specific scenes are based, mainly the non-verbal and verbal components. In the cases in which verbal elements were involved, i.e. the examples of verbally expressed humour, the analysis was concerned with whether they were adapted into Italian and to what effect. Quantification of the different kinds of dark humour revealed that in the sample of dark comedies verbal dark humour had a higher frequency (85.3%) than non-verbal dark humour (14.7%), which partially disconfirmed the first part of the research hypothesis. However, the significance of contextual elements in the conveying of dark humour, both in the form of Nsp VEH (54.31%) and V-V (V+VE) (21.68%), provided support for the hypothesis that, even when expressed verbally, dark humour is more closely linked to context-based rather than purely linguistic humour (4.9%). The second part of the analysis was concerned with an investigation of the strategies adopted for the translation of verbal dark humour elements from the SL (English) into the TL (Italian) through the filter of dubbing. Four translational strategies were identified as far as the rendering of verbal dark humour is concerned: i) complete omission; ii) weakening; iii) close rendering; and iv) increased effect. Complete omission was found to be the most common among these strategies, with 80.9% of dark humour examples being transposed in a way that kept the ST’s function substantially intact. Weakening of darkly humorous lines was applied in 12% of cases, whereas increased effect accounted for 4.6% and complete omission for 2.5%. The fact that for most examples of Nsp VEH (84.9%) and V-AC (V+VE) (91.4%) a close rendering effect was observed and that 12 out of 21 examples of V-AC (PL) (a combined 57%) were either omitted or weakened seemed to confirm, on the one hand, the complexity of the translation process required by cases of V-AC (PL) and V-AC (CS). On the other hand, as suggested in the second part of the research hypothesis, the data might be interpreted as indicating that lesser effort on the translator/adaptor’s part is involved in the adaptation of V-AC (Nsp VEH) and V-V (V+VE). The issue of the possible censorial intervention undergone by examples of verbal dark humour in the sample still remains unclear.

Il testo ripercorre le origini del romanzo poliziesco, la sua struttura, le tecniche narrative utilizzate e l’evoluzione del genere che ha condotto alla nascita del Noir francese e del Noir Mediterraneo. Arrivando ad osservare che per le sue caratteristiche, la letteratura noir in generale presenta specificità di tipo culturale, ambientale e linguistico, che risultano molto evidenti nell’opera di Izzo, si giunge a considerare come sia necessario per il traduttore porsi rispetto all’opera come un antropologo o un etnologo, di farsi cioè interprete di una “cultura”. Nella terza parte del lavoro vengono presentati la Trilogia di Izzo, la struttura narrativa e gli elementi socio-culturali presenti nell’opera. La quarta parte propone le teorie relative sia al problema della traduzione interlinguistica, sia a quello della traduzione intralinguistica e successivamente dopo una analisi della traduzione italiana dei testi, presenta, in appendice, una possibile traduzione del prologo di Total Khéops, inteso come sintesi delle caratteristiche narrative e culturali dell’autore. La parte conclusiva di questo lavoro riguarda la traduzione intercodica e, seguendo la linea di pensiero che ha governato l’analisi della Trilogia vengono presi in esame e messi a confronto col testo narrativo alcuni dialoghi significativi dell’adattamento per la televisione.

My work is focused on George Friel, a distinguished Scottish writer known for his witty style bristling with puns and more or less literary allusions. In particular I proposed an annotated translation of what can be considered his masterpiece “Mr Alfred M.A.” in which wordplay has a central role for its plot. In the first part of my thesis I outlined the fundamental features of Friel’s writing: the wide variety of registers and styles, the rhythm and irony. Additionally I pointed out the strategies that the translator has to face when translating this text. Finally I identified the number of problems which may arise while translating Friel’s “Mr Alfred M.A.” into Italian with particular concern on the strategies of supplementation and explicitation for wordplay.

Confrontarsi con lo stile di un autore e riuscire a trasferirlo con tutte le sue sfumature in un’altra lingua rappresenta da sempre per il traduttore una sfida di non poco conto, soprattutto se le peculiarità stilistiche da riprodurre sono quelle di un autore come Flaubert. È nell’incredibile universo racchiuso negli studi e nelle ricerche relative alla traduzione, nel quale, timidamente, ci proponiamo di inoltrarci, attraverso uno dei capolavori della letteratura mondiale, Madame Bovary, e in particolare attraverso un’indagine critica di alcune traduzioni italiane realizzate da scrittori in proprio: Diego Valeri (1936), Oreste del Buono (1965), Natalia Ginzburg (1983) e Maria Luisa Spaziani (1997). Focalizzeremo la nostra attenzione innanzitutto sulla traduzione d’autore, nella quale, più che in ogni altra tipologia di atto traspositivo, si intersecano fedeltà e tradimento, creatività e interventismo, letteralità e rielaborazione. Proseguiremo con un’ampia e articolata analisi del testo di partenza, in cui verranno messe in luce le principali peculiarità del romanzo e dello stile autoriale. Entrando poi nella specificità delle diverse traduzioni, procederemo a un esame comparativo della resa di alcuni tratti caratteristici del romanzo da parte dei vari traduttori, in particolare circa le metafore e le similitudini; la terminologia specialistica, che denota il realismo flaubertiano; i vocaboli appartenenti a diversi livelli linguistici, attinti sia dalle varietà diacroniche sia da quelle sincroniche del francese e infine, alcune configurazioni frastiche particolari del testo, quelle che, anziché improntarsi alla varietas grammaticale, mostrano una monotonia grammaticale voluta, con la funzione di riprodurre a livello sintattico quanto espresso semanticamente. Seguirà l’analisi del contesto socio-letterario in cui si collocano le traduzioni oggetto di studio, articolata in un’indagine comparativa sullo stadio della lingua italiana, sullo statuto della traduzione e sulle attitudini traspositive riguardo a certi elementi del discorso. La determinazione del quadro d’insieme, unitamente agli aspetti estrapolati nel corso della trattazione, consentirà la definizione di ogni sujet traduisant e della sua position traductive circa il significato, le finalità, le forme e i modi del tradurre, nel tentativo di ricondurre le variazioni apportate al testo originale allo stile di ogni singolo scrittore in proprio. A completamento del lavoro inseriremo in appendice la nostra proposta traduttiva degli atti del processo a Madame Bovary.

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No description available.

Affrontare l’analisi critica delle traduzioni italiane di Un amour de Swann di Marcel Proust implica necessariamente un attento esame dello stile esemplare di un autore, che ha modificato, in larga misura, la concezione del romanzo e della scrittura stessa; in secondo luogo significa considerare l’altrettanto complesso lavorio intellettuale rappresentato dalla traduzione, in qualità di atto critico fondamentale. Prenderemo in esame nel capitolo primo la genesi del TP, le sue specificità narratologiche e la ricezione critica francese e italiana, per comprendere appieno l’originalità di Proust rispetto al panorama letterario dell’epoca. Nella seconda parte del primo capitolo delineeremo un excursus lungo la storia di tutte le traduzioni italiane del romanzo, accordando particolare attenzione alla figura di ogni traduttore: Natalia Ginzburg (1946), Bruno Schacherl (1946), Armando Landini (1946), Oreste Del Buono (1965), Giovanni Raboni (1978), Maria Teresa Nessi Somaini (1981), Gianna Tornabuoni (1988), Eurialo De Michelis (1990) e il traduttore, rimasto anonimo, della casa editrice La Spiga Languages (1995). Nel secondo capitolo analizzeremo la peculiarità stilistica più nota dell’autore, la sintassi. I lunghi periodi complicati da un intreccio di subordinate e sciolti solo con il ricorso a vari nessi sintattici contribuiscono a rendere la sintassi proustiana una delle sfide maggiori in sede traduttiva. Nel capitolo successivo accorderemo attenzione all’eteroglossia enunciativa, espressa nei diversi idioletti del romanzo. In sede contrastiva affronteremo la questione della trasposizione dei niveaux de langue, per poter valutare le scelte intraprese dai traduttori in un ambito altamente complesso, a causa della diversità diafasica intrinseca dei due codici. All’interno del medesimo capitolo apriremo una parentesi sulla specificità di una traduzione, quella di Giacomo Debenedetti, effettuata seguendo una personale esegesi dello stile musicale e armonico di Proust. Riserveremo al capitolo quarto lo studio del linguaggio figurato, soffermandoci sull’analisi delle espressioni idiomatiche, che vengono impiegate frequentemente da alcuni personaggi. Rivolgeremo uno sguardo d’insieme alle strategie messe in atto dai traduttori, per cercare un equivalente idiomatico o per ricreare il medesimo impatto nel lettore, qualora vi siano casi di anisomorfismo. Analizzeremo nel quinto capitolo la terminologia della moda, confrontando il lessico impiegato nel TP con le soluzioni adottate nei TA, e aprendo, inevitabilmente, una parentesi sulla terminologia storica del settore. A compimento del lavoro presenteremo la nostra proposta traduttiva di un capitolo tratto dal saggio Proust et le style di Jean Milly, per mettere in luce, tramite la sua parola autorevole, la genialità e la complessità della scrittura proustiana e, conseguentemente, il compito ardimentoso e ammirevole che è stato richiesto ai traduttori italiani.

The construction and use of multimedia corpora has been advocated for a while in the literature as one of the expected future application fields of Corpus Linguistics. This research project represents a pioneering experience aimed at applying a data-driven methodology to the study of the field of AVT, similarly to what has been done in the last few decades in the macro-field of Translation Studies. This research was based on the experience of Forlixt 1, the Forlì Corpus of Screen Translation, developed at the University of Bologna’s Department of Interdisciplinary Studies in Translation, Languages and Culture. As a matter of fact, in order to quantify strategies of linguistic transfer of an AV product, we need to take into consideration not only the linguistic aspect of such a product but all the meaning-making resources deployed in the filmic text. Provided that one major benefit of Forlixt 1 is the combination of audiovisual and textual data, this corpus allows the user to access primary data for scientific investigation, and thus no longer rely on pre-processed material such as traditional annotated transcriptions. Based on this rationale, the first chapter of the thesis sets out to illustrate the state of the art of research in the disciplinary fields involved. The primary objective was to underline the main repercussions on multimedia texts resulting from the interaction of a double support, audio and video, and, accordingly, on procedures, means, and methods adopted in their translation. By drawing on previous research in semiotics and film studies, the relevant codes at work in visual and acoustic channels were outlined. Subsequently, we concentrated on the analysis of the verbal component and on the peculiar characteristics of filmic orality as opposed to spontaneous dialogic production. In the second part, an overview of the main AVT modalities was presented (dubbing, voice-over, interlinguistic and intra-linguistic subtitling, audio-description, etc.) in order to define the different technologies, processes and professional qualifications that this umbrella term presently includes. The second chapter focuses diachronically on various theories’ contribution to the application of Corpus Linguistics’ methods and tools to the field of Translation Studies (i.e. Descriptive Translation Studies, Polysystem Theory). In particular, we discussed how the use of corpora can favourably help reduce the gap existing between qualitative and quantitative approaches. Subsequently, we reviewed the tools traditionally employed by Corpus Linguistics in regard to the construction of traditional “written language” corpora, to assess whether and how they can be adapted to meet the needs of multimedia corpora. In particular, we reviewed existing speech and spoken corpora, as well as multimedia corpora specifically designed to investigate Translation. The third chapter reviews Forlixt 1's main developing steps, from a technical (IT design principles, data query functions) and methodological point of view, by laying down extensive scientific foundations for the annotation methods adopted, which presently encompass categories of pragmatic, sociolinguistic, linguacultural and semiotic nature. Finally, we described the main query tools (free search, guided search, advanced search and combined search) and the main intended uses of the database in a pedagogical perspective. The fourth chapter lists specific compilation criteria retained, as well as statistics of the two sub-corpora, by presenting data broken down by language pair (French-Italian and German-Italian) and genre (cinema’s comedies, television’s soapoperas and crime series). Next, we concentrated on the discussion of the results obtained from the analysis of summary tables reporting the frequency of categories applied to the French-Italian sub-corpus. The detailed observation of the distribution of categories identified in the original and dubbed corpus allowed us to empirically confirm some of the theories put forward in the literature and notably concerning the nature of the filmic text, the dubbing process and Italian dubbed language’s features. This was possible by looking into some of the most problematic aspects, like the rendering of socio-linguistic variation. The corpus equally allowed us to consider so far neglected aspects, such as pragmatic, prosodic, kinetic, facial, and semiotic elements, and their combination. At the end of this first exploration, some specific observations concerning possible macrotranslation trends were made for each type of sub-genre considered (cinematic and TV genre). On the grounds of this first quantitative investigation, the fifth chapter intended to further examine data, by applying ad hoc models of analysis. Given the virtually infinite number of combinations of categories adopted, and of the latter with searchable textual units, three possible qualitative and quantitative methods were designed, each of which was to concentrate on a particular translation dimension of the filmic text. The first one was the cultural dimension, which specifically focused on the rendering of selected cultural references and on the investigation of recurrent translation choices and strategies justified on the basis of the occurrence of specific clusters of categories. The second analysis was conducted on the linguistic dimension by exploring the occurrence of phrasal verbs in the Italian dubbed corpus and by ascertaining the influence on the adoption of related translation strategies of possible semiotic traits, such as gestures and facial expressions. Finally, the main aim of the third study was to verify whether, under which circumstances, and through which modality, graphic and iconic elements were translated into Italian from an original corpus of both German and French films. After having reviewed the main translation techniques at work, an exhaustive account of possible causes for their non-translation was equally provided. By way of conclusion, the discussion of results obtained from the distribution of annotation categories on the French-Italian corpus, as well as the application of specific models of analysis allowed us to underline possible advantages and drawbacks related to the adoption of a corpus-based approach to AVT studies. Even though possible updating and improvement were proposed in order to help solve some of the problems identified, it is argued that the added value of Forlixt 1 lies ultimately in having created a valuable instrument, allowing to carry out empirically-sound contrastive studies that may be usefully replicated on different language pairs and several types of multimedia texts. Furthermore, multimedia corpora can also play a crucial role in L2 and translation teaching, two disciplines in which their use still lacks systematic investigation.