This thesis presents a study of the relationship between test-takers’ first language, listening proficiency and their performance on paired speaking tests. Forty participants from two different L1 backgrounds (20 Urdu and 20 Thai) participated in the study. They took two paired speaking tests: one with a shared L1 partner, and one with a non-shared L1 partner, as well as a listening test and a monologic speaking test to measure their listening ability and individual speaking ability. After each paired speaking test, the participants were also interviewed about their test-taking experience. All speaking tests and interviews were video recorded and transcribed. Raters awarded test-takers analytical speaking test scores (grammar and vocabulary, discourse management, pronunciation and interactive communication) and provided comments to justify their scores. Raters also participated in a stimulated recall session. The mixed-methods approach was utilised in analysing and triangulating different data sources. The data analysed in this study included listening and speaking test scores, raters’ perceptions of the test-takers’ speaking performance gathered from stimulated recalls and test-takers’ stimulated recall interviews, as well as the interactional discourse data in the paired speaking formats. The combination of quantitative analysis, Conversation Analysis (CA) and thematic analysis informed the relationship between test-takers’ listening proficiency, their L1 and their paired speaking performance.

Cette thèse porte sur l’étude des stratégies de compréhension de l’oral des apprenants de français dans le contexte hétéroglotte thaïlandais. Nos travaux ont pour objectifs d’étudier ainsi que d’analyser les stratégies de la compréhension de l’oral, le rôle du multimédia dans l’acquisition de cette compétence et de proposer des macro-tâches d’entraînement individuel à la compréhension de l’oral du français en tant que langue étrangère dans des environnements multimédias. Nos deux expérimentations ont été menées auprès de 30 apprenants de français en tant que langue étrangère au centre de langues étrangères de l’université Suan Dusit Rajabhat, à Bangkok en Thaïlande. Nous avons effectué différents modes de collectes de données : observation, questionnaire et entretien. La réalisation de cette recherche nous a permis non seulement de répondre aux questions initiales mais aussi de valider nos hypothèses et d’obtenir des résultats positifs et favorables chez les apprenants, comme point de départ de l’amélioration de la compétence d’écoute. Le type de stratégie employée dépend du niveau linguistique. Les apprenants adaptent leurs stratégies d’écoute aux types de tâches à résoudre et de documents sonores. Ils sont favorables à nos tâches d’écoute médiatisées avec les supports TIC permettant un rythme d’apprentissage personnalisé qui facilite la gestion et la répartition du temps, l’individualisation et l’autonomie dans l’apprentissage, sans regard ni jugement unique du formateur, mais une gestion partagée de l’évaluation. Tous les apprenants ont tiré le plus grand profit de ces expérimentations d’entraînement à l’écoute qui leur permettent d’améliorer leur compétence dans la compréhension de l’oral ainsi que leur autonomie. Cette étude analytique nous amènera à tirer profit, pour l’enseignement et l’entraînement de l’utilisation des stratégies adéquates, pouvant être intégrées en début d’apprentissage linguistique, qui seraient bénéfiques à la compréhension de l’oral ainsi qu’à d’autres compétences langagières (compréhension de l’écrit, production orale et production écrite) du français en tant que langue étrangère. / This thesis focuses on the study of listening strategies to learn French in the Thai heteroglott context. Our work has two main aims. The first is to study and analyze listening strategies and the role of multimedia in the acquisition of this skill. The second is to provide individual macro-task training in multimedia environments to improve listening comprehension of French as a foreign language. The study was conducted with 30 learners of French as a foreign language at the institute of language, art and culture at Suan Dusit Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand. We collected the data by using three different methods : observation, questionnaire and interview. The realization of this research has enabled us not only to respond to initial questions and to validate our assumptions, but also to develop methods that can be used by learners as a starting point to improve the skill of listening. We found that the type of listening strategy employed depended on the learner’s language level. Students adjusted their listening strategies according to the type of task that needed to be carried out and the type of sound recording. Students used the support of ICT to learn at their own pace, manage their time more effectively, be more autonomous, and learn according to their individual needs without the need for feedback from the teacher. All learners have taken advantage of our listening training experiments to enable them to improve their listening skills and be more autonomous learners. This analytical study has enabled us to devise and make use of the best teaching and training strategies for early language learning that can improve learners’ listening and other language skills (reading, speaking and writing) when studying French as a foreign language.

The aim of this thesis is to verify the effectiveness of children's listening activities in the preschool period from five to six years of age, to introduce the utilization of methodology connected with listening to the music by Jaroslav Herden in terms of preschool education, and to demonstrate the importance of motivation and integrative activities for the development of attention together with the overall harmonious development of children. In the theoretical part, I analyse the input of music into the consciousness of children in terms of basic psychological features and functions which are important for perception. I introduce basic musical abilities, particularly musical creativity and imagination. The theoretical part is concluded with the clarification of basic means of expression and shape features, which are important not only for the music perception as such, but also the music perception in an ontogenetic context. Moreover, I also present the philosophy of educational thinking concerning the listening activities proposed by Professor Jaroslav Herden. In the practical part, I introduce a comprehensive authorial project involving the methodology of Jaroslav Herden's music tailored to children who are aged from five to six years. This project was implemented into practice and evaluated...

Inledning: Sigmund Freud omnämner 1912 för första gången i publicerad form det psykoanalytiska lyssnandets princip med begreppet Jämnt svävande uppmärksamhet (JSU) (1912/2002). Begreppet har frekvent refererats till i publikationer om psykoanalys och psykoterapi sedan Freud myntade det.  Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande studie är att ge innebörd åt och förstå mer om Freuds begrepp och hur psykodynamiska psykoterapeuter med utgångspunkt i Freuds grundregel lyssnar kliniskt idag.  Metod: Genom intervjuer med fem psykoterapeuter söks begreppets kliniska relevans och tillämpbarhet. Intervjuerna analyseras enligt en kombinerad deduktiv och induktiv Tematisk analys.  Resultat: Resultatet visar att jämnt svävande uppmärksamt lyssnande utgörs av en historiserande positionering i förhållande till berättelsen. Lyssnande som läsning utgörs av uppmärksamhet efter semantiska och vokaliserande aspekter av mänskliga erfarenheter bortom språk och begrepp. Lyssnandet i samtalets form karaktäriseras av med-lyssnande.  Diskussion: Analysen visar terapeuternas uppfattning av tillämpbarheten av JSU med hänsyn till begreppets referensvärde. Terapeuternas förståelse av och syn på dess kliniska relevans diskuteras utifrån tillgängliga forskningsresultat från studier av empatisk förståelse och kliniskt lyssnande inom psykoterapi. / Introduction: In 1912, Sigmund Freud first mentions in published form the principle of psychoanalytic listening with the concept ofEvenly Hovering Attention(EHA) (1912/2002). The term has been frequently referenced in publications on psychoanalysis and psychotherapy since Freud coined it.  Research questions: The purpose of this study is to give meaning to and understand more about Freud's concepts and how psychodynamic psychotherapists, based on Freud's groundrule, listen clinically today.  Method:Through interviews with five psychotherapists the clinical relevance and applicableness of the concept is sought. The interviews are analyzed according to a combined deductive and inductive Thematic Analysis.  Results:The results show that evenly hovering attentive listening consists of a historizing positioning in relation to thestory. Listening as readingconsists of attention aftervocalizing aspects of human experiences beyond language. Listening in the form of conversationis characterized by co-listening.  Discussion:The analysis shows the therapists' perception of the applicableness of EHAtaking into account the reference value of the term. The therapists' view of its clinical relevance is discussed based on available research results from studies of empathetic understanding and clinical listening in psychotherapy.

La médiation est un dispositif de gestion de différends impliquant la présence et l’intervention d’une tierce personne, médiateur ou médiatrice, dont le rôle principal est d’en faciliter la résolution. L’étude de ce type d’interactions est souvent abordée par le biais d’analyses détaillées, centrées principalement sur la dynamique des tours de parole. Le présent travail propose de décentrer cette posture et de dresser un portrait en creux des interactions, en donnant la part belle à l’écoute. Comment, en effet, les participants tentent-ils de se faire écouter, et comment marquent-ils leur écoute ? L’ubiquité de l’écoute et son caractère spectral en font un objet d’étude évanescent, difficile à circonscrire. Pour cette raison, la présente étude vise à décrire et comprendre la manière dont l’écoute s’incarne, et ce, à travers des marqueurs d’écoute relevés lors de médiations durant lesquelles un citoyen et le représentant d’une institution tentent de régler le conflit qui les oppose. Les séances de médiation analysées sont réelles (il ne s’agit pas d’exercices). Captées en format vidéo puis retranscrites, ces données empiriques ont permis d’identifier des mécanismes d’écoute dialogique ainsi que des phénomènes clés rattachés à ces mécanismes. L’intention ici était d’observer la différence qu’un marqueur d’écoute ou son absence est susceptible de faire dans une interaction. Il ne s’agissait donc pas de juger de la qualité d’écoute des participants en tant que telle, mais plutôt de révéler la manière dont ceux-ci réagissaient à ce qui avait été précédemment exprimé et ce qu’ils en faisaient. Autrement dit, les marqueurs d’écoute doivent être compris, selon cette perspective, comme les moyens par lesquels l’existence de certaines choses qui semblent compter pour un participant se met à aussi compter pour le ou les autres. Parmi les phénomènes relevés se trouvent les manières de se faire écouter et les modes d’écoute des participants, mais aussi la manière dont les marqueurs d’écoute s’inscrivent dans des schémas décrits comme la trajectoire de l’écoute ou encore les boucles d’écoute. Ces boucles d’écoute et la trajectoire d’écoute rendent plus intelligible l’agentivité des humains, mais également celle des documents et des émotions intervenant dans le processus de médiation. Étudier une séance de médiation par le biais de l’écoute permet ainsi de creuser certains concepts proposés dans les travaux portant sur la négociation, comme les notions de position et d’intérêt. L’approche CCR (constitution communicationnelle de la réalité) (Cooren, 2012) adoptée pour cette recherche permet, par ailleurs, de transcender la perspective binaire que l’on retrouve souvent dans les réflexions et analyses portant sur l’écoute (à savoir l’évaluation d’une bonne ou mauvaise écoute) et d’envisager le phénomène sous l’angle de sa performativité, dépouillée de jugements de valeur. L’objectif d’une telle enquête est d’envisager les interactions autrement, avec un recul susceptible d’assister les médiateurs dans leur métier, et potentiellement d’autres acteurs en situation de négociation dans divers milieux organisationnels. / Mediation is a conflict management process that involves the presence and intervention of an impartial third party in charge of facilitating the discussion. Studies of this type of interaction are often conducted through detailed analyses focused on the dynamics of turns of talk. This dissertation proposes to reframe this approach by favouring the detailed study of listening over speaking in interactions. How do participants make themselves heard, and inversely, how do they manifest their listening? Listening’s spectral quality, as much as its ubiquity, challenges any attempt at producing a set definition of the phenomenon. This study aims to describe and comprehend how listening materializes itself as it unfolds. It concentrates on listening markers identified in videos and transcripts produced from 27 actual mediation sessions opposing a citizen and an institutional representative. The Communicative Constitution of Reality (CCR; Cooren, 2012) approach affiliated to the Communicative Constitution of Organization (CCO) literature allows for an in-depth exploration of listening that challenges the binary model of positive vs. negative listening by choosing to observe its performativity in interactions. For example, it is shown that the absence of listening markers is not necessarily related to the absence of attention, or malevolence. This study aims at observing how listening markers, or lack thereof, are likely to make a difference in the unfolding of a mediation session. The point here is not to judge the participants’ listening quality, but rather to unpack the ways in which participants react to what has been expressed and what they do with that information. In other words, and following the CCR perspective, listening markers indicate means by which the existence of certain things that seem to count for one participant begins to count for the other(s) participant(s) and end up existing more in the interlocutive sphere. Two dialogic listening mechanisms were identified from the analysis of the data set, and various phenomena related to these mechanisms were traced. These phenomena include ways of making oneself heard and the participants’ listening modes, as well the absence of listening markers. The first mechanism, the listening loop, indicates a shift in one or several of the participants’ listening pattern(s); the second is the listening trajectory. Together these mechanisms bring intelligibility to human agency as well as to that of documents or emotions that come into play during the mediation sessions. Studying mediation sessions through listening precipitates reassessing specific notions in the field of negotiation, such as the notions of position and interests. This inquiry considers interactions from the largely untapped perspective of listening, thereby providing insights to conducting mediations. This framework is potentially applicable to a wider range of organizational or peri-organizational areas/fields, including negotiation and decision-making.

Detta kandidatarbete undersöker Pierre Schaeffers (2012 [1952]) begrepp musique concrète samt dess metoder och tekniker. Musique concrète kan beskrivas som en samling kompositionsmetoder som utgår från inspelade ljud av omvärlden utan inblandning av musikinstrument, musikteori, eller ljud genererade från elektroniska källor. Vi använde Schaffers begrepp reduced listening, vilket är en lyssningsmetod där man bortser från ljudets källa och fokuserar på dess akustiska egenskaper, (vilket Michel Chion (1994) senare expanderade på). Jøran Rudi (2011) skriver om R. Murray Schafer’s begrepp Hi-Fi och Lo-Fi, vilket vi använde för att kategorisera ljuden som användes och platserna som spelades in. I designprocessen applicerade och experimenterade vi med metoder och tekniker från den aktuella forskningen för att utforska och dokumentera arbetsprocessen i gestaltningsprototyperna. Detta arbete resulterade i en samling kompositioner utefter Lo-Fi och Hi-Fi inom musique concrète där vi fick en bredare förståelse för de aktuella metoderna och teknikerna. / This bachelor thesis examines Pierre Schaeffer’s (2012 [1952]) term musique concrète as well as it’s methods and techniques. Musique concrète can be described as a collection of compositional methods that uses recorded sounds from the surrounding world as a startingpoint, without the use of musical instruments, music theory, or electronically produced sounds. We used Schaeffer’s term reduced listening (which Michel Chion (1994) later expanded upon). Jøran Rudi (2011) writes about R. Murray Schafer’s term Hi-Fi and Lo-Fi,and these terms were later used by us to categorise and record sounds from the environment. Investigation and experimentation with the various methods and techniques ensued in the design process in order to explore and document the work process of the prototypes. This process resulted in a collection of musique concrète compositions stemming from the Lo-Fi och Hi-Fi processes through which we gained more knowledge and understanding of themethods and techniques involved.

The aim of this study was to find out how Utbildningsverket’s (UR) pedagogical material, belonging to two miniseries aimed at upper secondary school, use top-down- and bottom-up strategies to teach listening comprehension. For this purpose, a case study method was used where the materials worked as the case to be studied. Furthermore, the approaches that were used for this study were based on taxonomies established by previous research: First, a taxonomy of strategies for listening comprehension illustrated by Graham and Santos (2015). Secondly, a taxonomy relating to listening types, illustrated by Field (2009). With these taxonomies and the English 5 syllabus, the materials were studied as a qualitative case study. The results show that the two criteria in the English 5 syllabus, which relate to strategies, are addressed within the teacher’s guide of both miniseries. Moreover, My English Mistakes and The Great Debate, both implicitly instruct students to use various strategies. The results also show that the top-down strategies are overrepresented in frequency but less varied in listening type variation. However, the strategies that are instructed are not explained or motivated in the materials.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The goal of this thesis was to create a model of how video-taped law lectures (authentic materials) can be used in designing individual lessons which will, in general, incorporate current EAP practices and standards in aiding the LL.M. students to improve their lecture listening comprehension skills. More specifically, my model will show how within each lesson the video-taped law lectures can be used to target either a particular linguistic form or lecture construct feature for which studies have shown to be problematic in L2 lecture comprehension. Moreover, this model will further demonstrate how these lessons should address lecture organization specific to the study of law, as well as show how general lecture listening strategies can be presented as an integral part of every lesson.

No description available.

Listening has proved to be a difficult skill to teach in the language classroom. Research has shown that pre-listening activities, or those activities done with students prior to listening, can have an effect on listening comprehension outcomes. This research addressed the effectiveness of two types of pre-listening activities: top-down and bottom-up. Volunteers from intermediate level courses taught at Brigham Young University were divided into two treatment groups and a control group. The treatment groups followed a mixed models design by each going through a top-down and bottom-up pre-listening activity, followed by listening to a passage in Mandarin Chinese and taking a multiple-choice test. The bottom-up activity chosen for this research was a vocabulary preview activity, with an advance organizer being chosen for the top-down activity. Results showed both treatment groups significantly outperformed the control group for both the top-down and bottom-up activities (p=0.0123 and p=0.0181 respectively). No significant difference existed in scores between top-down and bottom-up activities (p=0.9456). It was determined that both the vocabulary activity and the advance organizer helped to increase the listening comprehension of intermediate level students of Mandarin Chinese.