This thesis studies the use of the functional reactive programming (FRP) framework reactive-banana in a prototype which simulates a part of a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) base station: the Radio Resource Control connection setup procedure. The investigated problem is to determine whether using this FRP framework leads to an implementation with suitable performance and improved maintainability compared to the current implementation. Enhancing the maintainability of the base station software enables quicker and more efficient maintenance activities, which lead to an improved customer satisfaction. Moreover, it means that less programmers need to work on maintenance, so they can work on developing new products instead. In order to compare the use of the FRP paradigm to the one currently used in the base station implementation, the object-oriented programming (OOP) paradigm, a second prototype using this paradigm was also implemented. Having two prototypes implementing the same designed reference model (which is a simplified version of the Radio Resource Control connection setup procedure) enables a relevant comparison of the two paradigms. The two prototypes were then compared in terms of performance and maintainability. The maintainability evaluation consisted in using both software metrics and experts’ assessment, as this has been proven to be the most efficient way to evaluate software maintainability. Four experts were asked to fill in a questionnaire after reviewing the code of the two implementations. The comparison of the two prototypes indicates that the FRP prototype is more maintainable than the OOP one, but the OOP prototype has better performances than the FRP one. Moreover, the performance of the FRP prototype during the conducted tests indicates that such an implementation of the FRP paradigm is not suitable for a real base station.

Inter-cell interference coordination in 3GPP Long Term Evolution system received much attention in recent years. However, most of the studies are based on ideal system with regular hexagon-shaped cell. The indoor environment has special characteristics that the building shape and BS locations are irregular; the traffic load has great variation compared to urban and rural area. So, conventional ICIC scheme may not be used in indoor situation directly. In this thesis, ICIC scheme is employed for indoor environment. Based on different quality of backhaul, static and dynamic schemes will be proposed. The performances of proposed schemes and the performance of system without ICIC will be simulated and compared. At last, how much the improvement of the system can acquire after applying ICIC schemes will be analyzed, and the question about whether it is good to apply ICIC scheme in indoor environment will be answered.

Le Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) est une future direction dans les réseaux de communications sans fils pour déployer des systèmes cellulaires 4G et renforcer la migration des opérateurs vers la nouvelle génération 5G. En comparaison avec l'architecture traditionnelle des stations de base distribuées, l'architecture C-RAN apporte un lot d'avantages à l'opérateur: meilleure utilisation des ressources radio, flexibilité du réseau, minimisation de la puissance consommée et amenuisement des coûts de déploiement. Dans cette thèse, nous adressons le problème d'allocation dynamique des ressources et minimisation de la puissance des communications à liaison descendante dans le C-RAN. Notre recherche vise à allouer les ressources radio à des flux dynamiques d'utilisateurs, tout en trouvant les meilleures combinaisons entre points d'accès et unités de calculs, pour satisfaire la demande de trafic. Il s'agit en outre, d'un problème d'optimisation non linéaire et NP-difficile, comprenant plusieurs contraintes relatives aux demandes de ressources des utilisateurs, gestion d'interférences, capacités fixes des unités de calcul dans le Cloud et des liaisons de transport ainsi que la limitation de la puissance transmise maximale. Afin de surmonter la complexité inhérente à cette problématique du C-RAN, nous présentons différentes approches pour l'allocation dynamique des ressources en trois principales contributions. Les résultats de nos simulations prouvent l'efficacité de nos méthodes, comparé à celles existantes dans la littérature, en termes de taux de débit de satisfaction, nombre d'antennes actives, puissance consommée dans le Cloud, résilience et coût opérationnel du C-RAN. / Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) is a future direction in wireless communications for deploying cellular radio access subsystems in current 4G and next-generation 5G networks. In the C-RAN architecture, BaseBand Units (BBUs) are located in a pool of virtual base stations, which are connected via a high-bandwidth low latency fronthaul network to Radio Remote Heads (RRHs). In comparison to standalone clusters of distributed radio base stations, C-RAN architecture provides significant benefits in terms of centralized resource pooling, network flexibility and cost savings. In this thesis, we address the problem of dynamic resource allocation and power minimization in downlink communications for C-RAN. Our research aims to allocate baseband resources to dynamic flows of mobile users, while properly assigning RRHs to BBUs to accommodate the traffic and network demands. This is a non-linear NP-hard optimization problem, which encompasses many constraints such as mobile users' resources demands, interference management, BBU pool and fronthaul links capacities, as well as maximum transmission power limitation. To overcome the high complexity involved in this problem, we present several approaches for resource allocation strategies and tackle this issue in three stages. Obtained results prove the efficiency of our proposed strategies in terms of throughput satisfaction rate, number of active RRHs, BBU pool processing power, resiliency, and operational budget cost.

La coopération entre les réseaux de diffusion classiques et les réseaux mobiles cellulaires pour une distribution commune de la télévision mobile est actuellement l'un des éléments clé discutés dans le cadre des nouvelles technologies de diffusion mobile; surtout l'extension mobile de la deuxième génération de diffusion de la télévision numérique terrestre (DVB-T2 Lite) et son suiveur le DVB-Next Generation Handheld (DVB-NGH).En fait, ces technologies de diffusion visent à coopérer avec la récente technologie de téléphonie mobile, connue sous le nom de Long Term Evolution (LTE) qui permet la diffusion de la TV Mobile grâce au protocole de diffusion des services multimédia dans les réseaux de téléphonie mobile (de nature unicast à priori) et connu sous le nom de enhanced-Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service feature (e-MBMS).Bien que la coopération entre les réseaux de diffusion DVB et ceux de téléphonie mobile n'est pas un nouveau sujet et a été étudiée avec l'introduction de la technologie de diffusion mobile précédente, connue sous le nom DVB-Handheld (DVB-H), la plupart des travaux traitants ce sujet ont considéré un scénario avec une zone de couverture commune entre le réseau de diffusion et celui cellulaire et ont évalué cette coopération en terme des gains de capacité apportés par DVB au réseau cellulaire et en terme d'amélioration de la fiabilité de transmission apportée par les réseaux cellulaire au DVB grâce à la possibilité des retransmissions unicast. / The broadcast/cellular cooperation for a common delivery of Mobile TV is at the heart of the emerging mobile broadcast technologies, namely the mobile extension of the second generation digital video broadcasting for terrestrial reception (DVB-T2 Lite) and its follower DVB-Next Generation Handheld (DVB-NGH). These broadcast technologies aim to cooperate with the Long Term Evolution (LTE), as the latter is intended to be the bearer of Mobile TV thanks to its enhanced-Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service feature (e-MBMS). Even though the 3GPP/DVB cooperation is not a new topic and was investigated with the introduction of the previous DVB technology, known as DVB-Handheld (DVB-H), most of the works addressing this issue considered a common service area covered by both DVB and cellular systems and focused solely on the impact of such cooperation in terms of capacity gains brought by 3GPP and error repair gains brought by DVB. This strategy was judged to be expensive since a new and very dense DVB network was needed. In order to overcome this problem and decrease as much as possible the need for a new broadcast network, we propose in this thesis a hybrid DVB/LTE network with a coverage extension strategy, where the LTE system, planned for almost a universal coverage, is used to deliver Mobile TV in areas not covered by recent DVB-T2 Lite (or eventually DVB-NGH) network. In this context, we explore two main issues:1. Mobile TV services have to share LTE resources with other higher priority services such as voice traffic. The dynamicity of the latter will impact the Quality of Service (QoS) of Mobile TV. We propose a new QoS-based planning for the hybrid DVB/LTE so as to guarantee an acceptable watching experience without over-dimensioning the LTE system. We derive using Markov chain analysis and hitting time theory, several QoS metrics pertaining to mobile TV performance, such as interruption frequency and duration.2. A new business model which clarifies the relationships between the different actors of the ecosystem namely DVB and LTE operators as well as the TV channel providers and constructs the service area from an economic point of view is needed. In fact, the absence of a clear and viable economic model that resolves the monetary conflicts between cellular and broadcast operators was one of the main drawbacks behind the failure of the first attempt of mobile TV delivery by cooperating UMTS/DVB-H. We develop in this thesis a profit sharing strategy for the cooperative network, using coalition game concept Shapley value and Nash equilibrium for a self-enforcing strategy. We further develop a new framework using real option theory coupled with coalition games for investment decision in mobile TV networks (whether an operator should enter the mobile TV market and, if yes, when to do so) and show how operators can incorporate the uncertainties related to demand and network operation costs. We propose a bi-level dynamic programming algorithm to solve numerically the developed real option game.

Les systèmes de communication sans fil caractérisés par des services à haute vitesse sont en évolution permanentes malgré les restrictions en termes de la capacité du système et les conflits de couverture intérieure. Récemment, les réseaux “SmallCells” basés sur le standard LTE présentent une solution prometteuse en offrant les services demandés avec une meilleure couverture à l’intérieur et augmentant la capacité du système. Cependant, de nombreux défis rencontrent les constructeurs et les opérateurs pour un déploiement efficace de ces systèmes. Dans cette thèse, afin de développer ce type de réseaux et d’apporter des améliorations considérables de Qualité de Service (QoS) et de débits, nous adoptons une stratégie se basant complémentairement sur deux différents niveaux : couche de liaison (MAC) et couche physique. En première partie, au niveau de la couche de liaison, nous proposons deux algorithmes d’ordonnancement et d’allocation conjointes de ressources se basant sur la technique d’Adaptation de Modulation et de Codage (AMC) et sur le contrôle de puissance pour les deux liaisons descendante et montante respectivement. Deux catégories distinctes d’utilisateurs qui diffèrent par la Qualité de Service demandée sont considérées. Ces algorithmes sont nommés respectivement : “Downlink AMC-QRAP” et “Uplink AMC-QRAP”. L’adaptation conjointe de puissance de transmission et de type de Modulation&Codage répond forcement aux variations de la qualité de la liaison sur chaque canal radio destiné à être alloué. Cependant, les deux liaisons, descendante et montante diffèrent par leurs spécificités. En particulier, comme mode de transmission du signal, le système 3GPP LTE utilise la technique OFDMA pour la liaison descendante et la technique SC-FDMA, plus efficace en termes d’énergie, pour la liaison montante. Une modélisation sous forme de problèmes d’optimisation linéaire est ainsi conçue. Comme compromis entre les architectures de réseaux: centralisée et distribuée, nous utilisons l’architecture de groupes ou “clusters” ainsi proposée dans la littérature. Dans la deuxième partie de notre recherche, nous avons abord´e les techniques de la “couche physique” en termes de traitement de signal comme une approche d’amélioration du système LTE. Ainsi, deux contributions basées sur la “transformée en ondelettes” (Wavelet Transform) sont proposées. Premièrement, vu que la technique de modulation multi-porteuse OFDM souffre de plusieurs limitations en termes d’efficacité spectrale et énergétique, de synchronisation et d’interférence entre porteuses, nous proposons une méthode alternative basée sur les ondelettes. Nous avons démontré que la substitution de la transformée de Fourier par la transformée en ondelettes dans la technique OFDM permet de dépasser les différentes limitations de l’OFDM. Enfin, nous avons propos´e une approche pour délimiter et détecter les différents canaux de ressources alloués. Elle est utilisée dans l’algorithme d’ordonnancement de la transmission montante pour améliorer la fiabilité de la transmission et réduire le temps de convergence du problème d’optimisation. Des simulations étendues selon différentes densités de réseau ont été réalisées, en utilisant plusieurs paramètres tels que l’efficacité spectrale, la puissance de transmission, le taux de satisfaction en termes de débits demandés et la capacité du réseau. Nous avons comparé nos méthodes à plusieurs travaux existants dans la littérature et prouvé la surperformance pour les différents paramètres pris en compte. / Responding to the huge demand for high data rates and satisfying Quality of Service (QoS) requirements are the main objectives of the wireless mobile operators. LTE-based small cell system is a promising technology offering the required services, enhanced indoor coverage and increased system capacity. However, many challenges face the constructors and the operators for an effective deployment of these systems. In this thesis, in order to evolve such systems and adduce significant enhancement in terms of QoS and throughput, we adopt a complementary strategy based on both data link layer and physical layer.First, we propose, on the link layer level, two scheduling and joint resource allocation algorithm based on the Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) and the power control mechanism for OFDMA-Downlink and SC-FDMA-Uplink connections respectively. Namely, they refer to: “Downlink AMC-QRAP” and “Uplink AMC-QRAP”. The joint adaptation of the transmission power and the Modulation and Coding Scheme reliably interacts with the link quality on each allocated sub-channel. Two distinct user categories are considered to differentiate between different QoS levels required. Accordingly, a linear optimization model is performed for the problem resolution. A clustering approach proposed in the literature has been used as a tradeoff between centralized and distributed schemes. Particularly, we used the spectrum sensing technique as proposed on the physical layer to detect surrounding transmissions.After that, we tackle the physical layer “signal processing” techniques as an LTE enhancement approach. Thus, two contributions based on the “wavelet transform” (WT) are proposed.The “wavelet-based OFDM” technique is firstly proposed as an alternative transmission mode for both downlink and uplink of the LTE and beyond wireless systems. In fact, theOFDM suffers from several limitations in terms of PAPR, spectral efficiency, synchronization cost and the inter-carrier interference. We proved that with substituting the Fourier transform by the wavelet transform in the OFDM technique, the different OFDM limitations can be significantly overcame. Second, we proposed an enhanced spectrum sensing approach based on WT tool that accurately delimits the occupied resource blocks in the whole spectrum. These physical layer enhancements help improving the scheduling algorithm for the uplink proposed in our second contribution.Extensive network simulations with different network densities have been conducted, using several metrics such as spectral efficiency, throughput satisfaction rate, user outage and transmission power. We have compared our methods to several existing works in the literature and proved the outperformance for the different considered metrics.

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Due to the great demand for high-speed wireless communication, Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) antenna systems have been attracted rapidly increased attention. Therefore, the interaction between human body and MIMO antenna becomes an important issue, which will be studied in the present thesis. This thesis mainly focuses on the specific absorption rate (SAR) of the LTE MIMO antenna in mobile phone. It is different from the SISO antenna, and as the MIMO antenna has more operation modes and functions (MIMO, SISO, beam forming, etc.), more parameters need to be investigated for the SAR of the antenna. In this thesis, four designs of dual elements MIMO antenna (dual semi ground free PIFA, co-located antenna, dual OG PIFA in parallel position and dual OG PIFA in orthogonal position) are studied under four typical LTE frequency points (0.75GHz, 0.85GHz 1.9Ghz and 2.1/2.6GHz), with the effects of different chassis lengths (90mm, 110mm, 130mm and 150mm), the port’s states (terminated with 50ohm, open or short) and phase difference (0 degree to 360 degree). The SAR, when dual elements operate simultaneously, is also studied, which is evaluated by the SAR to PEAK Location Spacing Ratio (SPLSR). The simulations are run on both a SAM head phantom and a flat phantom by CST 2011, and measurements on flat phantom are carried out with iSAR and Dasy to verify the accuracy of our simulations. Besides SAR, the body loss of MIMO and SISO LTE antennas (MIMO: dual semi ground free PIFA and co-located Antenna; SISO: OG PIFA on top and OG PIFA at the bottom) in mobile phones are also studied in this thesis. The body loss and multiplex efficiency (MUX) with head and hand (H+H) in an increased cell phone case length (110mm, 130mm and 150mm) are investigated and discussed. Furthermore, some prominent problems in body loss study (body loss reduction, right and left hand problem, etc.) are also discussed in this thesis.

In dieser Bachelorarbeit wird eine LTE Cell Search Procedure auf Basis von SDR entwickelt, um eine Synchronisation mit einem LTE-System in Zeit und Frequenz zu erreichen. Dabei werden mehrere Verarbeitungsblöcke implementiert, die zur LTE Cell Search Procedure gehören. Diese beinhalten die Erkennung des Integer Frequency Offsets (IFO), Primary Synchronisation Signals (PSS), Fractional Frequency Offset (FFO) und des Secondary Synchronisation Signals (SSS). Die Arbeit umfasst eine Literaturrecherche, die Implementierung der Verarbeitungsblöcke, die Simulation verschiedener Szenarien, statistische Analysen und die Anwendung auf ein gemessenes LTE-Signal. Sie liefert Antworten auf spezifische Forschungsfragen zur Effizienz, zum Einfluss des SNR und des CFO, sowie zur Eignung für reale LTE-Systeme. Darüber hinaus wird ein Ausblick auf mögliche Anwendungen im Kontext von 5G NR, WLAN und Erweiterungen gegeben.:Kurzfassung.................................... III Abbildungsverzeichnis .............................. VII Tabellenverzeichnis................................ VIII Codeverzeichnis.................................. IX Abkürzungsverzeichnis .............................. X Symbolverzeichnis ................................ XIV 1. Einleitung................................... 1 1.1. Forschungsfragen ............................ 1 1.2. Untersuchungsdesign .......................... 2 2. Grundlagen .................................. 3 2.1. Zadoff-Chu (ZC)-Sequenzen ...................... 3 2.2. Maximum Length (M)-Sequenzen................... 5 2.3. Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) ................ 7 2.4. Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM): Kanal und Equalization............................... 10 2.5. Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM): Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO).......................... 11 2.6. Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO)-Erkennung ................... 14 2.7. Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) und Spektrogramm ......... 16 2.8. Software Defined Radio (SDR) .................... 17 2.9. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)-Long Term Evolution (LTE).................................. 18 3. Praktische Untersuchung ........................... 23 3.1. Simulationsumgebung ......................... 27 3.2. Software Defined Radio (SDR)-basierte Long Term Evolution (LTE)- Messung................................. 29 3.3. Integer Carrier Frequency Offset (IFO)-Erkennung ............ 30 3.4. Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS)-Erkennung .............. 38 3.5. Fractional Carrier Frequency Offset (FFO)-Erkennung ........ 44 3.6. Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS)-Erkennung ............ 49 3.7. Simulation der gesamten Implementierung .................... 57 4. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick ....................... 62 Literaturverzeichnis................................ 65

The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry is one of the most energy consuming industries in the world. With the increase of the number of global mobile traffic users which is growing rapidly for each year, it is more important than ever for all industries to implement energy efficient methods to decrease the greenhouse gas emissions. This thesis looks into Ericsson, one of the largest companies within ICT, and how their energy efficient methods in LTE impact the end-users. The experiment was conducted in an Ericsson laboratory in Lund and the results showed that some quality of service metrics (latency,throughput, etc.) were impacted by the different energy efficient features enabled. However, performing a mean opinion score showed that the end-users were not as affected while browsing through different sites and streaming videos in 720p. While the experiment was performed on a smaller scale (4 User Equipments and 3 end-users) the result was promising enough for it to be conducted on a larger scale in the future. With enough data Ericsson and other ICT companies can be able to convince mobile operators to enable more energy efficient features (without it having any impact on the end-users) while fighting the climate change.

Cellular network deployment scenarios refer to how cellular networks are implementedand deployed by network operators to provide wireless connectivity to end users.These scenarios can vary based on capacity requirements, type of geographical area, populationdensity, and specific use cases. Radio Access Networks of different generations,such as 4G and 5G, may also have different deployments. Network deployment scenarioscover many aspects, but two major components are Configuration settings and PerformanceMeasures which refer to the network nodes, hardware build-up and softwaresettings, and the end user behavior and connectivity experience in the area covered by thewireless network.In this master thesis, the aim is to understand how different area types - such as Rural,Suburban, and Urban – affect the cellular network deployment in such areas. A novelframework was developed to label each node (base station) with the area type it is associatedwith. The framework utilizes spatial analytics on the dataset provided by Ericsson forthe LTE nodes working with 4G technology in combination with open-source libraries anddatasets such as GeoPy and H3 Kontur population dataset respectively, to create area typelabels. The area types are labeled based on the calculated population density served byeach node and are considered true labels based on manual sanity checks performed. A supervisedmachine learning model was used to predict the nodes based on the CM and PMdata to understand the strength of the relationship between the features and true labels.This thesis also includes analysis and insights about characteristic deployment scenariosunder different area types. The main goal of this master thesis is to utilize machinelearning to uncover the characteristic features of a variety of node groups inherent in atelecom network, which, in the long run, contributes to better service operation and optimizationof existing cellular infrastructure. Nodes (base station) are labeled in the datato be able to distinguish their associated area-type. In addition to this clustering is performedto uncover the inherent characteristic behavior groups in the data and comparethem against the output from the classification model. Lastly, the investigation was doneon the potential impact of node placements such as indoor or outdoor, on the correspondingfeatures.In conclusion, the study’s results showed us that a correlation exists between deploymentscenarios and the different areas. There are a few prevalent common denominatorsbetween the node groups such as Pathloss and NR Cell Relations that drive the classificationmodel to a better classification metric, F1 score. Clustering of CM and PM data uncoversinherent patterns in different node groups under different area types and providesinformation about characteristic features of the groups such as CM data displaying twoconfiguration setting clusters, and PM data showing three different user behavior patterns.