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No description available.

The purpose of this study was to relate femoral venous plasma potassium concentrations ([K⁺]) following a fatiguing submaximal isometric quadriceps contraction, to the excitability of the muscle cell membrane as assessed by the compound muscle action potential (M-Wave) . Ten healthy male volunteers (22. 0 ± . 5 yrs) performed a unilateral 3 minute (min) sustained isometric quadriceps contraction at 30% of their maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) . M-Waves, peak evoked twitch torque, plasma lactate concentration ([La⁻]), and plasma potassium concentration ([K⁺]) were measured before, and at predetermined times over the course of a 15 min recovery period following the fatigue paradigm. Immediately post-exercise, twitch torque decreased to 58% of baseline, femoral venous [La⁻] had risen to 10 ± 0.8 mmol/1, and [K⁺] was significantly increased from 4.0 ± 0.1 mmol/1 to 5.9 ± 0.2 mmol/1. M-Wave amplitude illustrated a trend for potentiation increasing 9.5%-from 13.9 ± 2.4 mV pre-exercise, to 15.3 ± 2.8 mV at 1 min 20 seconds post-exercise. M-Wave area exhibited a similar trend from baseline, but values showed no statistical significance during this time. These results suggest that in spite of increased extracellular [K⁺] following this type of fatiguing exercise, muscle membrane excitability is maintained, which is probably due to the electrogenic nature of the highly active Na⁺ /K⁺ pump. This study was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Shoulder injuries are a focus of work related musculoskeletal disorder (WMSD) research due to rising healthcare costs, an aging workforce, and long recovery times. Substantial research has been performed in the area of shoulder WMSDs and a number of risk factors have been implicated in their development; including static loads, repetition, and deviated posture. However, knowledge of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms is limited. Thermography provides a non-invasive technique that may offer clues to unknown physiological markers associated with injury development during job task performance. The objective of this study was to quantify anterior deltoid surface temperature changes as function of changing task demands. Skin surface temperature changes of the anterior deltoid, modified Borg CR-10 ratings, and endurance time during overhead static exertions until exhaustion for two work loads (15 and 30% MVC) and shoulder angles (90o and 115o) were quantified. Ten participants (5 males and 5 females) participated in the study and were free of confounding conditions (such as chronic or acute shoulder injury) and were required to meet body fat percentile requirements. Thermography showed that the higher shoulder angle had a reduced blood flow while there were no differences in temperature for exertion. Modified Borg ratings were not found to be well correlated with temperature values. The findings suggest that workers performing overhead work should minimize their deviated posture when available to prevent a high risk of developing a shoulder WMSD. / Master of Science

With overcrowded schools as a project vehicle, this thesis investigates the expansion and contraction of an existing infrastructure" and the relationship that developed between the two. The proposed intervention, guided by the site, touches on an urban scale by generating a gateway into the city. / Master of Architecture

A cascading series of control systems is developed which incorporates the molecular events that are currently thought to cause a muscular contraction. The model is developed with the hypothesis that a series of disturbing signals (or inputs) simply propagate faster than the respective controlling signals can correct for them. Transfer functions for each system are developed, with quantification derived for the excitation and the excitation-contraction coupling control systems. These latter systems include the release of acetylcholine into the synapse, the depolarization of the muscle membrane, and the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm. Expressions involving the energy processes, as well as the exact mechanism of the power stroke, are also developed. The systems involved are the Krebs cycle, thick and thin filament regulation, and the generation of a cross-bridge power stroke. / Master of Science

This dissertation aimed to explore the S2 region with an attempt to modulate its elasticity in order to tune the contraction output. Two peptides, the stabilizer and destabilizer, showed high potential in modifying the S2 region at the cellular level, thus they were prepared for animal model testing. In this research, (i) S2 elasticity was studied, and the stabilizer and destabilizer peptides were built to tune contraction output through modulating S2 flexibility; (ii) the peptides were attached to heart homing adducts and the bond between them was confirmed; and (iii) it was shown that minor changes were imposed on the modulating peptides' functionality upon attaching to the heart homing adducts. S2 flexibility was confirmed through comparing it to other parts of myosin using simulated force spectroscopy. Modulatory peptides were built and computationally tested for their efficacy through interaction energy measurement, simulated force spectroscopy and molecular dynamics; these were attached to heart homing adducts for heart delivery. Interaction energy tests determined that tannic acid (TA) served well for this purpose. The stoichiometry of the bond between the TA and the modulating peptides was confirmed using mass spectroscopy. The functionality of the modulating peptides was shown to be unaltered through expansion microscopy where they located to the same position on the sarcomere with and without TA. They were also shown to cause the sarcomeres to contract similarly with and without the TA in contractility assay. Taken together, this work prepared the modulating peptides for animal model tests by attaching them to tannic acid.

Thèse ou mémoire avec insertion d'articles / Introduction : Les muscles du tronc participent au maintien de la posture, ils s'activent pour rigidifier et/ou mouvoir la colonne vertébrale. Il est possible de distinguer deux types de contrôle moteur pour ces derniers: un contrôle volontaire (e.g., extension du dos) et un contrôle postural pour conserver la posture (involontaire). Les patients souffrant d'états de santé tels que les accidents vasculaires cérébraux, les lésions de la moelle épinière et les lombalgies présentent des altérations du contrôle moteur du tronc. Ces altérations peuvent être dues à une lésion du système nerveux central (SNC) (e.g., accident vasculaire cérébral) ou à une réorganisation des circuits neuronaux (e.g., lombalgie) en présence de douleur. Bien que la lombalgie chronique soit à l'origine du plus grand nombre d'années vécues avec incapacité dans le monde, la neurophysiologie du contrôle moteur des muscles paravertébraux lombaires est méconnue. Par exemple, les études sondant les représentations des muscles paravertébraux lombaires avec la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne (TMS) chez l'humain se sont concentrées sur une seule région : le cortex moteur primaire (M1). Pourtant, d'autres circuits de neurones tels que l'aire motrice supplémentaire (SMA) semblent impliqués. Dépendamment de la direction du courant électrique utilisée (postéro-antérieur [PA] vs. antéro-postérieur [AP]), la TMS pourrait activer différents circuits de neurones qui pourraient être impliqués différemment dans le contrôle des muscles du tronc. Il a été suggéré que les circuits recrutés par le courant AP pourraient refléter l'action des structures prémotrices (prémoteur et SMA) sur le M1. L'objectif général de la thèse est d'explorer, à l'aide de techniques de neurophysiologie (TMS et réflexe d'étirement (SR)), le fonctionnement de différents circuits de neurones impliqués dans le contrôle moteur des muscles paravertébraux lombaires chez des individus en santé. Méthode : Une revue systématique de la littérature a été réalisée pour examiner systématiquement les études portant sur le contrôle neuronal des muscles paravertébraux lombaires chez l'homme testé par la TMS. Puis, la TMS a été utilisée dans deux études pour mesurer l'excitabilité corticospinale des muscles érecteurs du rachis lombaire (LES) chez des individus en santé. Dans l'étude 2, l'effet de différentes directions de courant de la TMS (PA- vs. AP-TMS) sur la mesure du contrôle corticomoteur des LES et sur la cartographie de la représentation corticale des LES ont été réalisé pendant une tâche statique de maintien postural. Dans l'étude 3, l'excitabilité des circuits de neurones PA- et AP-TMS ainsi que l'excitabilité spinale (SR) ont été testés lors de la préparation et de l'exécution de tâches posturale et volontaire des LES. Les potentiels moteurs évoqués (MEPs) et SR ont été mesurés à plusieurs intervalles de temps avant l'exécution d'une bascule du bassin (activation volontaire des LES) et d'une flexion bilatérale des épaules (activation posturale des LES). Résultats : Les résultats obtenus dans l'étude 1 suggèrent des projections bilatérales à partir de chaque M1 vers un muscle lombaire et la présence de circuits inhibiteurs et excitateurs intracorticaux dans M1. Dans l'étude 2, l'utilisation du courant AP-TMS a entraîné une latence de réponse plus tardive, une inhibition plus importante avec un protocole de stimulations pairées, et un seuil moteur plus élevé qu'avec le courant PA-TMS. Les résultats de l'étude 3 ont révélé (i) dans la tâche posturale, un changement de l'excitabilité corticospinale et motoneuronale plus élevé pendant l'exécution par rapport à la préparation motrice, quelle que soit la direction du courant et (ii) dans la tâche volontaire, une augmentation de l'excitabilité corticospinale pendant l'exécution par rapport à la préparation motrice uniquement avec le courant AP-TMS. Conclusion : Les connaissances des structures neuronales sous-jacentes du contrôle moteur des muscles paravertébraux lombaires sont influencées par les études menées en neurophysiologie sur le contrôle moteur des muscles distaux (e.g., main). Les résultats de la thèse supportent l'existence de différences entre le contrôle moteur des muscles paravertébraux lombaires et des muscles distaux, notamment par une plus grande contribution des voies descendantes bilatérales. De plus, les résultats soutiennent l'existence de deux circuits de neurones sous-jacents du contrôle moteur des LES recrutés par les courants PA- et AP-TMS. Ces circuits semblent contribuer différemment au contrôle moteur des LES dépendamment du type de tâche à réaliser (posturale ou volontaire) chez des individus en bonne santé. De futures études seront nécessaires pour explorer si ces circuits sont modulés différemment en présence de douleur expérimentale (e.g., stimulation électrique) et clinique (e.g., lombalgie). / Introduction: The muscles of the trunk are essential for maintaining posture, they are activated to stiffen and/or move the spine. Two types of motor control can be distinguished for them: voluntary control (e.g., back extension) and postural control during which the motor system is activated to maintain posture. Patients suffering from various health conditions such as stroke, spinal cord injury and low back pain show alterations in the trunk motor control. These alterations may be due to damage to the central nervous system (CNS) (e.g., stroke) or to a reorganisation of neural circuits (e.g., low back pain) in the presence of pain. Although chronic low back pain accounts for the largest number of years lived with disability in the world, the neurophysiology of motor control of the lumbar paraspinal muscles is poorly understood even in healthy individuals. For example, studies probing trunk muscle representations with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in humans have mainly focused on a single region: the primary motor cortex (M1). However, evidence suggests the major involvement of other neural circuits such as the supplementary motor area (SMA). Depending on the direction of the electrical current used (posterior-anterior [PA] vs. antero-posterior [AP]), TMS could activate different neural circuits that might be differently involved in trunk muscle control. It has been suggested that the circuits recruited by the AP current may reflect the action of premotor structures (premotor and SMA) on the M1. The general objective of the thesis is to explore, using neurophysiological techniques (TMS and stretch reflex (SR)), the functioning of different neural circuits involved in the motor control of lumbar paraspinal muscles in healthy individuals. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted to systematically examine studies of the neural control of lumbar muscles in humans tested by TMS. Then, TMS was used in two studies to measure the corticospinal excitability of lumbar spinal erector spinae (LES) muscles. In Study 2, the effect of different TMS current directions (PA- vs. AP-TMS) on the measurement of corticomotor control of the LES muscles and on the mapping of the cortical representation of the LES muscles were performed during a static postural maintenance task in healthy individuals. In Study 3, the excitability of PA- and AP-TMS neural circuits as well as spinal excitability via the stretch reflex were tested during the preparation and execution of postural and voluntary LES muscle tasks. MEPs and SR were measured at several time intervals before the execution of a pelvic tilt (voluntary activation of the lumbar muscles) and a bilateral shoulder flexion (postural activation of the lumbar muscles). Results: The results obtained in Study 1 suggest bilateral projections from each M1 to a lumbar muscle and the presence of intracortical inhibitory and excitatory circuits in M1. In Study 2, the use of AP-TMS current resulted in a later response latency, greater inhibition with a paired pulses stimulation protocol, and a higher motor threshold than with PA-TMS current. The results of Study 3 revealed (i) in the postural task, a higher modulation of corticospinal and motoneuronal excitability during execution than during motor preparation, regardless of the direction of the current and (ii) in the voluntary task, a modulation of corticospinal excitability that was present only with the AP-TMS current. Conclusion: Knowledge of the neural structures underlying motor control of lumbar paraspinal muscles is greatly influenced by neurophysiological studies of motor control of distal muscles (e.g., hand). However, the results of the thesis support the existence of differences between the motor control of the lumbar paraspinal muscles and the distal muscles, notably through a greater contribution of bilateral descending pathways. Furthermore, the results support the existence of two underlying neuronal circuits of LES muscle motor control recruited by PA- and AP-TMS currents. These circuits also appear to contribute differently to LES motor control depending on the type of task being performed (postural or voluntary) in healthy individuals. Future studies are needed to explore whether these circuits are active differently in the presence of experimental (e.g., electrical stimulation) and clinical (e.g., low back pain) pain.

Résumé : Les anomalies de la contractilité utérine induisent des complications majeures. Il a été décrit que les facteurs inflammatoires et hormonaux déterminent la qualité des contractions utérines. FACTEURS INFLAMMATOIRES : Lors de prématurité spontanée, un statut inflammatoire est présent dans 60 % des cas où des médiateurs lipidiques inflammatoires (leucotriènes, prostaglandines) jouent un rôle majeur. Cette étude évalue l’effet du Montélukast, un antagoniste des récepteurs aux cys-leucotriènes, sur l’activité myométriale humaine in vitro. L’effet du Montélukast anténatal a été quantifié en condition inflammatoire sur l’activité contractile in vitro et sur la prolongation de la grossesse. Deux modèles sont utilisés. Le premier modèle est basé sur le prélèvement de biopsies utérines humaines, lors de césariennes. Le deuxième modèle est basé sur l’induction d’inflammation chez des rates gestantes suivie par des prélèvements utérins. En condition basale, les résultats montrent que le Montélukast a un effet tocolytique significatif sur l’activité contractile in vitro humaine et que son effet est additif à celui de la Nifédipine, le tocolytique de référence. Par ailleurs, l’effet du Montélukast est maximal en condition de prématurité spontanée. Lors de l'ajout d'agent pharmacologique bien caractérisé in vitro dans le modèle inflammatoire, la réactivité contractile à l'ocytocine des biopsies utérines des rates traitées au Montélukast est abolie alors que la sensibilité à la niféfipine était augmentée. Finalement, 3 des 9 rates traitées au Montélukast présentaient une prolongation anormale de la gestation. FACTEURS HORMONAUX : Lors d’une observation fortuite, une modification du patron de contractions utérines a été observée in vitro chez des femmes enceintes présentant une hypothyroïdie et traitées à la T[indice inférieur 4]. Des anomalies de contractilité peuvent conduire à des césariennes avec les risques chirurgicaux associés. Cette partie évalue si cette modification de la contractilité utérine est causée par l’hypothyroïdie sous-jacente ou l’administration de T[indice inférieur 4]. Par des biopsies utérines de rates, nous avons démontré que l’hypothyroïdie réduit la durée et augmente significativement la fréquence des contractions tandis qu’à forte dose de T[indice inférieur 4], une augmentation de la durée et une fréquence diminuée sont quantifiées. Ces résultats miment le patron anormal de contractions observé chez les femmes enceintes traitées à la T[indice inférieur 4]. Nos données suggèrent donc que la modification de la réactivité myométriale est due au traitement à la T[indice inférieur 4]. Cette approche originale montre que ces deux facteurs influencent la contractilité utérine et que des prises en charge plus personnalisées et mieux adaptées permettront de revenir à une contractilité utérine physiologique. / Abstract : Abnormalities of uterine contractility result in major complications. It has been described that inflammatory and hormonal factors determine the quality of uterine contractions. INFLAMMATION FACTORS: In spontaneous prematurity, inflammatory status is present in 60 % of preterm birth cases, where inflammatory lipid mediators (leukotrienes, prostaglandins) play a key role. This section aims to evaluate the effect of montelukast, a cysteinyl-leucotrienes receptor antagonist, on in vitro human myometrial activity. Then, the effect of antenatal montelukast on contractile activity will be quantified under an inflammatory condition in vitro and on the prolongation of the pregnancy. Two models have been used. The first model is based on human uterine biopsies recovered from c-sections. The second model is based on the induction of inflammation in pregnant rats, in which hysterectomies were performed. In the basal condition, montelukast has a tocolytic effect in vitro on human uterine contractile activity and its effect is additive to the effect of nifedipine, the reference tocolytic. Moreover, the effect of montelukast is maximal under spontaneous preterm birth. When adding in vitro pharmacological agent s well characterized to pregnant rats from the inflammatory model, uterine reactivity to oxytocin is abolished after antenatal montelukast treatment while the uterine sensitivity to nifedipine was increased. Finally, three of the nine rats treated with montelukast had an abnormal delay of gestation. HORMONAL FACTORS: After a fortuitous observation, an abnormal pattern of uterine contraction was observed in pregnant women with hypothyroidism and treated with T[subscript 4]. Contractile abnormalities can lead to c-sections with associated surgical risks. This section assesses whether this change in uterine contractility is caused by an underlying hypothyroid condition or the administration of T[subscript 4]. In uterine biopsies from a female rat hypothyroid model, we have demonstrated that hypothyroidism significantly shortens and increases the contractions, while with high doses of T[subscript 4] an increased duration and a decreased frequency were quantified. These results mimic the abnormal pattern of contractions observed in pregnant women treated with T[subscript 4]. Thus, our data suggest that this change in myomterial reactivity is due to T[subscript 4] treatment. This original approach shows that these two factors influence uterine contractility and that appropriate management will allow their uterine contractile activity to return to physiological values.

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1998. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references.