Nearshore populations have been depleted and some have not yet recovered. Therefore, theoretical studies focus on improving fisheries management and designing marine protected areas (MPAs). Depleted populations may be undergoing an Allee effect, i.e. a decrease in fitness at low densities. Here, I constructed a marine metapopulation model that included pre- and post-dispersal Allee effects using a network theory approach. Networks represent metapopulations as groups of nodes connected by dispersal paths. With this model I answered four questions: What is the role of Allee effects on habitat occupancy? Are MPAs effective in recovering exploited populations? What is the importance of larval dispersal patterns in preventing local extinctions due to exploitation and Allee effects? Can exploitation fragment nearshore metapopulations? When weak Allee effects are included, habitat occupancy drops as larval retention decreases because more larvae are lost to unsuitable habitat. With strong Allee effects habitat occupancy also drops at high larval retention because more larvae are needed to overcome the Allee effect. Post-dispersal Allee effects seem more detrimental for nearshore metapopulations. MPA effectiveness seems also lower in a post-dispersal Allee effect scenario. In overexploited systems, local populations that go extinct are also less likely to recover even after protecting the whole coastline. In exploited nearshore metapopulations with Allee effects, local occupancy or the recovery of local populations depends not only on larval inflow from neighbor populations, but also on larval inflow for these neighbors. Nearshore metapopulations with intense fishing mortality and Allee effects may also suffer a decrease in dispersal strength and fragmentation. Population fragmentation occurs when large populations are split into smaller groups. A tool for detecting partitioning in a network is modularity. The modularity analysis performed for red abalone in the Southern California Bight showed that exploitation increases partitioning through time before the entire metapopulation collapses. These findings call for research effort in estimating the strength of potential Allee effects to prevent stock collapse and assess MPA effectiveness, evaluating the predictability of local occupancy by centrality metrics to help identify important sites for conservation, and using modularity analysis to quantify the health of exploited metapopulations to prevent their collapse. / text

The novel Salve Creek tells the story of Xavier Creed, a young man murdered in a small industry town in contemporary Northern Alberta. When Xavier goes missing the night of a large bush party, no one notices his absence. Having spoken for months about leaving for Edmonton, his friends and even his own mother assume that he took the Greyhound. Told through the close-third person narration of three main characters—Penelope, Dean, and Westley—the novel takes place over the duration of a year. With the discovery of Xavier’s remains, the narrative moves forwards and backwards in time, pushing against perceptions, as well as both the reader and characters’ understanding of events. Salve Creek is a non-linear narrative told primarily in fragments to reflect the shattered status quo of both town and characters. Penelope, who felt a desire bordering on obsession for Xavier, is particularly affected by his death and finds herself unable to sleep. Her dreams bring her closer to Xavier and repeatedly to the neighbours’ empty field. Dean, who met Penelope the night of the bush party, struggles to communicate his attraction to her. As the novel progresses, his frustration takes increasingly violent shapes. Westley, ten years older than both Dean and Penelope, is a stranger to them both and his actions affect them in ways they cannot see or understand. Salve Creek is a rural noir, written in the new gothic style.

Mafic magma is the most common magma erupted at the surface of the earth. It is generated from partial melting of the mantle, which has been subdivided into end-members based on unique geochemical signatures. One reason these end members, or heterogeneities, exist is subduction of lithospheric plates back into the mantle. The amount of elements, such as Cl and K, removed during subduction and recycled into the deep mantle, is poorly constrained. Additionally, the amount of volatiles, such as Cl, that are recycled into the deep mantle will strongly affect the behavior of the system. I have looked at Cl and K in HIMU source melts to see how it varies. Cl/Nb and K/Nb suggest that elevated Cl/K ratios are the result of depletion of K rather than increased Cl recycled into the deep mantle. After the mantle has partially melted and mafic melt has migrated to the surface, it usually erupts effusively or with low explosivity because of its low viscosity, but it is possible for larger eruptions to occur. These larger, Plinian eruptions, are not well understood in mafic systems. It is generally thought that basalt has a viscosity that is too low to allow for such an eruption to occur. Plinian eruptions require fragmentation to occur, which means the melt must undergo brittle failure. This may occur if the melt ascends rapidly enough to allow pressure to build in bubbles without the bubbles expanding. To test this, I have done decompression experiments to try to bracket the ascent rate for two Plinian eruptions. One eruption has a fast ascent, faster than those seen in more silicic melts, whereas the other eruption is unable to be reproduced in the lab, however it began with a increased viscosity in the partly crystallized magma. After fragmentation and eruption, it is generally thought that tephra do not continue to crystallize. We have found that crystallinity increases from rim to core in two basaltic pumice. Textural data along with a cooling model has allowed us to estimate growth rates in a natural system, which are similar to experimental data. / text

The surface-induced dissociation (SID) method is introduced into a Bruker matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MALDI TOF MS) as an efficient ion fragmentation method. Ion trajectory calculations using the SIMION 7.0 ion optics program are performed and results are combined with simple unimolecular decay calculations in order to study the kinetics of the SID processes. In this instrument, the observation time frame for SID fragments lies in the submicrosecond region, allowing the specific detection of submicrosecond fragmentation channels. MALDI-produced protonated peptides in the mass range of 700 - 1500 Da and radical ions produced by laser irradiation of fullerenes C60 and C70 are fragmented at a gold surface coated with a self-assembled monolayer of alkanethiol to obtain TOF SID TOF mass spectra. For the SID of peptides in the hyperthermal energy regime, a fragmentation time frame of tens to a few hundreds of nanoseconds was calculated for the observed fast fragmentation channels (Chapters 3 and 4). Theoretical and experimental peak shape comparisons assuming unimolecular decay kinetics indicated a log rate constant in the range 6 - 7 (Chapter 4). Energy and mass resolved kinetic studies are also carried out. The contribution of special structural features to peptide fragmentation and the possibility of different fragmentation mechanisms such as sequential and parallel pathways are investigated. The results indicate a unimolecular decay process for observed fast peptide fragments ruling out a surface-shattering mechanism. Fullerene ions, especially C60+., showed a fragmentation behavior producing C2n+. fragments with an even number of C units at collision energies in the range of 100 - 400 eV (Chapter 5). At around 400 eV, additional small fragments appeared that are apart by only a single C unit. According to the calculated fragmentation times and the theoretical and experimental peak shape comparisons assuming unimolecular decay kinetics, both these processes may be approximated by parallel fast unimolecular decay processes with fragmentation time frames of tens to hundreds of nanoseconds although the poor theoretical and experimental peak shape matching for example in the decay of C60+. to C19+. may suggest deviations from a one-step unimolecular decay process.

No description available.

The fragmentation of natural habitat caused by anthropogenic land use changes is one of the main drivers of the current rapid loss of biodiversity. In face of this threat, ecological research needs to provide predictions of communities' responses to fragmentation as a prerequisite for the effective mitigation of further biodiversity loss. However, predictions of communities' responses to fragmentation require a thorough understanding of ecological processes, such as species dispersal and persistence. Therefore, this thesis seeks an improved understanding of community dynamics in fragmented landscapes. In order to approach this overall aim, I identified key questions on the response of plant diversity and plant functional traits to variations in species' dispersal capability, habitat fragmentation and local environmental conditions. All questions were addressed using spatially explicit simulations or statistical models. In chapter 2, I addressed scale-dependent relationships between dispersal capability and species diversity using a grid-based neutral model. I found that the ratio of survey area to landscape size is an important determinant of scale-dependent dispersal-diversity relationships. With small ratios, the model predicted increasing dispersal-diversity relationships, while decreasing dispersal-diversity relationships emerged, when the ratio approached one, i.e. when the survey area approached the landscape size. For intermediate ratios, I found a U-shaped pattern that has not been reported before. With this study, I unified and extended previous work on dispersal-diversity relationships. In chapter 3, I assessed the type of regional plant community dynamics for the study area in the Southern Judean Lowlands (SJL). For this purpose, I parameterised a multi-species incidence-function model (IFM) with vegetation data using approximate Bayesian computation (ABC). I found that the type of regional plant community dynamics in the SJL is best characterized as a set of isolated “island communities” with very low connectivity between local communities. Model predictions indicated a significant extinction debt with 33% - 60% of all species going extinct within 1000 years. In general, this study introduces a novel approach for combining a spatially explicit simulation model with field data from species-rich communities. In chapter 4, I first analysed, if plant functional traits in the SJL indicate trait convergence by habitat filtering and trait divergence by interspecific competition, as predicted by community assembly theory. Second, I assessed the interactive effects of fragmentation and the south-north precipitation gradient in the SJL on community-mean plant traits. I found clear evidence for trait convergence, but the evidence for trait divergence fundamentally depended on the chosen null-model. All community-mean traits were significantly associated with the precipitation gradient in the SJL. The trait associations with fragmentation indices (patch size and connectivity) were generally weaker, but statistically significant for all traits. Specific leaf area (SLA) and plant height were consistently associated with fragmentation indices along the precipitation gradient. In contrast, seed mass and seed number were interactively influenced by fragmentation and precipitation. In general, this study provides the first analysis of the interactive effects of climate and fragmentation on plant functional traits. Overall, I conclude that the spatially explicit perspective adopted in this thesis is crucial for a thorough understanding of plant community dynamics in fragmented landscapes. The finding of contrasting responses of local diversity to variations in dispersal capability stresses the importance of considering the diversity and composition of the metacommunity, prior to implementing conservation measures that aim at increased habitat connectivity. The model predictions derived with the IFM highlight the importance of additional natural habitat for the mitigation of future species extinctions. In general, the approach of combining a spatially explicit IFM with extensive species occupancy data provides a novel and promising tool to assess the consequences of different management scenarios. The analysis of plant functional traits in the SJL points to important knowledge gaps in community assembly theory with respect to the simultaneous consequences of habitat filtering and competition. In particular, it demonstrates the importance of investigating the synergistic consequences of fragmentation, climate change and land use change on plant communities. I suggest that the integration of plant functional traits and of species interactions into spatially explicit, dynamic simulation models offers a promising approach, which will further improve our understanding of plant communities and our ability to predict their dynamics in fragmented and changing landscapes. / Die Fragmentierung von Landschaften umfasst die Zerschneidung und den Verlust von Flächen mit natürlicher Vegetationsentwicklung und ist eine der Hauptursachen für den gegenwärtigen drastischen Verlust an Biodiversität. Diese Dissertation soll zu einem besseren Verständnis der Vegetationsdynamik in fragmentierten Landschaften beitragen. Damit verbunden ist das Ziel, Vorhersagen über die Reaktion von Pflanzengemeinschaften auf Fragmentierung zu verbessern. Diese Vorhersagen sind notwendig, um gezielte Naturschutzmaßnahmen zur Verminderung eines weiteren Verlustes an Biodiversität umsetzen zu können. In Kapitel 2 der Dissertation wird mit einem Simulationsmodell untersucht, wie sich die Ausbreitungsdistanz von Samen auf die lokale Artenzahl von Pflanzengemeinschaften auswirkt. Dabei zeigte sich, dass längere Ausbreitungsdistanzen die lokale Artenvielfalt sowohl erhöhen, als auch verringern können. Der wichtigste Einflussfaktor war dabei die Artenvielfalt der über-geordneten Pflanzengemeinschaft, in der die betrachtete lokale Gemeinschaft eingebettet war. Im dritten Kapitel wird die Konnektivität zwischen Pflanzengemeinschaften in Habitat-fragmenten, d.h. der Austausch von Arten und Individuen durch Samenausbreitung, im Unter-suchungsgebiet in Israel analysiert. Dafür wurde ein zweites räumliches Simulationsmodell mit statistischen Verfahren an Felddaten angepasst. Der Vergleich des Modells mit den Daten wies auf eine sehr geringe Konnektivität zwischen den Habitatfragmenten hin. Das Modell sagte vorher, dass innerhalb von 1000 Jahren 33% - 60% der Arten aussterben könnten. In Kapitel 4 wird zuerst analysiert, welche Prozesse die Verteilung von funktionellen Eigenschaften in Pflanzengemeinschaften bestimmen. In einem zweiten Schritt wird dann unter-sucht, wie sich funktionelle Eigenschaften von Pflanzengemeinschaften mit dem Niederschlag und der Fragmentierung im Untersuchungsgebiet in Israel verändern. Der Zusammenhang zwischen den Eigenschaften Pflanzenhöhe, sowie spezifischer Blattfläche und der Fragmentierung änderte sich nicht entlang des Niederschlagsgradienten. Im Gegensatz dazu, änderte sich der Zusammenhang zwischen der Samenmasse bzw. der Samenzahl und der Fragmentierung mit dem Niederschlag. Aus den Ergebnissen der ersten Teilstudie wird deutlich, dass Naturschutzmaßnahmen, die natürliche Habitate stärker vernetzen sollen, die Diversität, sowie die Zusammensetzung der übergeordneten Artengemeinschaft berücksichtigen müssen, um Verluste an Biodiversität zu vermeiden. Die Verknüpfung eines räumlichen Simulationsmodells mit Felddaten in der zweiten Teilstudie stellt einen neuen und vielversprechenden Ansatz für die Untersuchung der Auswirkungen verschiedener Management-Szenarien dar. Die dritte Teilstudie ist die erste Analyse der gemeinsamen Auswirkungen von Klima und Fragmentierung auf funktionelle Pflanzen-eigenschaften und zeigt die hohe Bedeutung der Untersuchung von Synergie-Effekten verschiedener Umweltfaktoren. Für zukünftige Forschung legt diese Dissertation nahe, funktionelle Eigenschaften und Konkurrenz zwischen Arten in räumlichen Simulationsmodellen zu berücksichtigen, um das Verständnis von Artengemeinschaften in fragmentierten Landschaften noch weiter zu verbessern.

La perte et la fragmentation de l'habitat constituent les deux principaux types de perturbations qui influencent la biodiversité mondiale. Dans l'hémisphère nord, l'exploitation forestière commerciale génère la perte et la fragmentation du couvert forestier mature, affectant de nombreuses espèces fauniques. En forêt boréale, plusieurs travaux se sont intéressés à caractériser et quantifier les impacts des opérations forestières sur plusieurs taxons fauniques et floristiques. Maintenant que les impacts du prélèvement forestier sont mieux documentés dans cet écosystème, le défi de conservation s'inscrit davantage dans la configuration et le maintien d'habitats forestiers résiduels à l'échelle du paysage. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse présente la situation actuelle de la forêt boréale, de son exploitation commerciale, de même que plusieurs impacts découlant de cette exploitation sur la faune vertébrée. Y sont présentées aussi certaines notions d'écologie du paysage relatives aux processus de perte et de fragmentation de l'habitat, ainsi que les objectifs et hypothèses de la thèse. Le chapitre II résume quant à lui les connaissances relatives à différentes approches d'écologie numérique utilisées tout au long de la thèse. Le chapitre III évalue le potentiel de conservation faunique de deux types de configurations de la forêt résiduelle. L'abondance de 2 espèces de petits mammifères et de 25 espèces d'oiseaux forestiers a été estimée dans des unités mosaïques de 85-100 ha ainsi que dans des méga-blocs de 250-300 ha, de même qu'en forêt mature non perturbée (à titre de situation témoin). Aucune espèce ne présentait d'abondance inférieure à celle observée en forêt témoin, quoiqu'une faible réplication limitait la puissance statistique. Les relations faune -habitat ont été explorées à l'aide de régressions multiples entre les abondances, les variables de structure de peuplement et les caractéristiques de paysage, sur une base spécifique. Ces modèles d'utilisation d'habitat (MUHs) expliquaient une large part de la variation en abondance dont la majeure part correspondait aux effets de la structure forestière des peuplements résiduels. Les résultats suggèrent que les mosaïques et les méga-blocs sont des approches de dispersion de coupes favorables au maintien des espèces recensées, et que la planification des peuplements résiduels devrait intégrer tant la structure des peuplements résiduels que les caractéristiques du paysage. Le chapitre IV s'interroge sur le potentiel faunique des parterres en régénération. Plusieurs législations forestières canadiennes permettent la récolte des structures forestières résiduelles lorsque la régénération adjacente atteint une hauteur moyenne de 3 m, sans toutefois que la capacité de tels peuplements à soutenir les espèces vertébrées des forêts originales n'ait été démontrée. Ainsi, l'abondance de 2 espèces de petits mammifères et de 19 espèces d'oiseaux a été estimée dans des parterres en régénération ainsi qu'en forêt mature continue (à titre de témoin). Les parterres en régénération permettaient de soutenir des abondances supérieures à la forêt témoin pour six des 21 espèces, et équivalentes pour 12 autres. Cependant, l'abondance de trois espèces (i.e. roitelet à couronne dorée, grimpereau brun et campagnol à dos roux de Gapper) était significativement moins élevée dans les parterres en régénération qu'en forêt témoin. Les modèles de relations faune -habitat expliquaient en moyenne 87,3 ± 1,9 % de la variabilité en abondance pour 21 espèces. La structure des peuplements expliquant encore la plus grande part de la variation en abondance. Ces résultats suggèrent que certaines espèces associées à la forêt mature pourraient montrer de fortes diminutions en abondance et voir leur maintien ultimement compromis à l'échelle du paysage suivant l'application rigoureuse de la législation en vigueur. Jusqu'à ce que les effets de la récolte des peuplements résiduels sur la faune soient mieux quantifiés, il serait favorable de maintenir de grands massifs de forêt mature tout au long de la rotation forestière. Le chapitre V modélise les effets respectifs de la perte et de la fragmentation du couvert forestier mature sur l'abondance de 11 espèces d'oiseaux. Les simulations montrent que: 1) la perte d'habitat a une influence plus marquée que la fragmentation sur l'abondance des espèces étudiées; 2) la distribution spatiale des attributs fixes de paysage (routes, lacs, cours d'eau) est le deuxième facteur ayant le plus d'effet; 3) la fragmentation influence significativement l'abondance mais n'explique qu'une faible portion de variation. Dans une perspective appliquée, les principaux résultats de cette thèse suggèrent que des efforts de conservation devraient être investis en vue de réduire l'intensité de la perte d'habitat et de maintenir davantage de forêt mature dans les paysages exploités. Puisque les espèces d'intérieur sont souvent des spécialistes de forêt mature sensibles à l'exploitation forestière, il appert que la fragmentation des habitats forestiers matures devrait également être limitée. Dans un cadre d'aménagement écosystémique en forêt boréale, diversifier la configuration des interventions devrait garantir le maintien d'un spectre plus naturel de paysages et de structure des peuplements que ce que génère actuellement l'exploitation forestière. Cette variabilité ne pourra que faciliter la conservation des populations, des espèces, des communautés et des processus écologiques. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Forêt boréale exploitée, Oiseaux forestiers, Paysages, Perte et fragmentation d'habitat, Petits mammifères, Structures forestières résiduelles.

The first goal of this thesis is to develop and validate a modeling tool into which fundamental combustion chemistry and aerosol dynamics theory are implemented for investigating soot formation/oxidation in multi-dimensional laminar coflow diffusion flames taking into account soot polydispersity and fractal-like aggregate structure. The second goal is to use the tool to study soot aggregate formation/oxidation in experimentally studied laminar coflow diffusion flames to advance the understanding of soot aggregate formation/oxidation mechanism. The first part of the thesis deals with the large CPU time problem when detailed models are coupled together. Using the domain decomposition method, a high performance parallel flame code is successfully developed. An advanced sectional aerosol dynamics model which can model fractal-like aggregate structure is successfully implemented into the parallel flame code. The performance of the parallel code is demonstrated through its application to the modeling of soot formation/oxidation in a laminar coflow CH4/air diffusion flame. The parallel efficiency reaches as high as 83%. The second part of the thesis numerically explores soot aggregate formation in a laminar coflow C2H4/air diffusion flame using detailed PAH-based combustion chemistry and a PAH-based soot formation/oxidation model. Compared to the measured data, flame temperature, axial velocity, C2H2 and OH concentrations, soot volume fraction, the average diameter and the number density of primary particles are reasonably well predicted. However, it is very challenging to predict effectively the average degree of particle aggregation. To do so, particle-particle and fluid-particle interactions that may cause non-unitary soot coagulation efficiency need to be considered. The original coagulation model is enhanced in this thesis to accommodate soot coagulation efficiency. Different types of soot coagulation efficiency are numerically investigated. It is found that a simple adjustment of soot coagulation efficiency from 100% to 20% provides good predictions on soot aggregate structure as well as flame properties. In the third part of the thesis, the effects of oxidation-driven soot aggregate fragmentation on aggregate structure and soot oxidation rate are studied. Three fragmentation models with different fragmentation patterns are developed and implemented into the sectional aerosol dynamics model. The implementation of oxidation-driven aggregate fragmentation significantly improves the prediction of soot aggregate structure in the soot oxidation region.

The first goal of this thesis is to develop and validate a modeling tool into which fundamental combustion chemistry and aerosol dynamics theory are implemented for investigating soot formation/oxidation in multi-dimensional laminar coflow diffusion flames taking into account soot polydispersity and fractal-like aggregate structure. The second goal is to use the tool to study soot aggregate formation/oxidation in experimentally studied laminar coflow diffusion flames to advance the understanding of soot aggregate formation/oxidation mechanism. The first part of the thesis deals with the large CPU time problem when detailed models are coupled together. Using the domain decomposition method, a high performance parallel flame code is successfully developed. An advanced sectional aerosol dynamics model which can model fractal-like aggregate structure is successfully implemented into the parallel flame code. The performance of the parallel code is demonstrated through its application to the modeling of soot formation/oxidation in a laminar coflow CH4/air diffusion flame. The parallel efficiency reaches as high as 83%. The second part of the thesis numerically explores soot aggregate formation in a laminar coflow C2H4/air diffusion flame using detailed PAH-based combustion chemistry and a PAH-based soot formation/oxidation model. Compared to the measured data, flame temperature, axial velocity, C2H2 and OH concentrations, soot volume fraction, the average diameter and the number density of primary particles are reasonably well predicted. However, it is very challenging to predict effectively the average degree of particle aggregation. To do so, particle-particle and fluid-particle interactions that may cause non-unitary soot coagulation efficiency need to be considered. The original coagulation model is enhanced in this thesis to accommodate soot coagulation efficiency. Different types of soot coagulation efficiency are numerically investigated. It is found that a simple adjustment of soot coagulation efficiency from 100% to 20% provides good predictions on soot aggregate structure as well as flame properties. In the third part of the thesis, the effects of oxidation-driven soot aggregate fragmentation on aggregate structure and soot oxidation rate are studied. Three fragmentation models with different fragmentation patterns are developed and implemented into the sectional aerosol dynamics model. The implementation of oxidation-driven aggregate fragmentation significantly improves the prediction of soot aggregate structure in the soot oxidation region.

Notre thèse de maîtrise se consacre à une analyse psychanalytique du roman familial, et en particulier de la relation mère-fille dans trois œuvres du XXIe siècle. Les textes, Autour de ma mère (2007) de Catherine Safonoff, Décidément je t’assassine (2010) de Corinne Hoex et Rien ne s’oppose à la nuit (2011) de Delphine de Vigan proposent tous une narration fragmentée du récit familial dans lequel la communication entre mère et fille, la maternité et le rapport au corps ont une place importante. Nous montrons comment le récit familial, qui trouve ses origines dans la mort ou dans l’avènement de la mort de la mère, est un travail de deuil qui facilite l’acceptation de la relation que la narratrice entretient avec sa mère. En outre, nous nous intéressons au lien entre la complexité de la relation mère-fille et le processus thérapeutique, c’est-à-dire l’écriture du récit familial. Une approche psychanalytique nous permet, dans un premier chapitre, d’aborder et de définir le roman familial. À partir de cette définition, nous abordons à l’écriture en tant que travail de deuil. Nous examinons également l’importance de la forme et du contenu du récit familial et son rapport avec la relation mère-fille. Ce survol théorique nous permet de passer à l’analyse de la relation entre les deux femmes dans les récits familiaux des œuvres du corpus. Le désir de la fille d’être à la fois près et loin de sa mère est incontournable dans le discours familial ; cette complexité se manifeste dans les fragments sur la communication avec la mère, le rapport à la maternité et au corps. Ainsi, la fille, endeuillée par la disparition de la mère, trouve un certain réconfort dans l’écriture du roman familial.