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This research introduces an attempt to regard morality from a motivational perspective by conceptualizing the moral realm in terms of approach-avoidance motivation. The study used a situational priming measure and dispositional measures to investigate the impact of approach-avoidance motivation on moral judgments. A secondary objective was to explore the relationship between conceptions of morality and perceived personal preference. Despite the failure of the priming measure, dispositional activation predicted moral judgments of approach-oriented behaviors, which were, overall, viewed as more a matter of personal preference. Dispositonal inhibition predicted moral judgments of avoidance-oriented behaviors, which were, overall, judged more harshly and were associated with perceptions of personal preference. The findings concerning the differences between approach and avoidance moral motivations provide support for the role of self-regulation in an individual’s moral system.

This essay is investigating parents' obligations and rights concerning their children. Questions that the essay is discussing are why parents have obligations to their children and what kind of obligations parents have. Another question that the essay is discussing is whether parents have parental rights. In the essay, I will present three theories that have different views on the subject. The theories are the biology theory, the causal theory and constructionism. Both the biology theory and the causal theory will be rejected, since they don’t give satisfactory arguments to the questions. Constructionism will be defended as the theory that can give the most satisfactory answer to my questions both about parental obligations and parental rights. The conclusion of this essay is that constructionism can answer the questions about obligations and rights. The causal theory and constructionism have similarities, which is also a conclusion of the essay. Therefore, the causal theory also has reasonable thoughts about the issue, especially when it comes to answering the question about parental rights. / Den här uppsatsen kommer undersöka föräldrars skyldigheter och rättigheter i förhållande till sina barn. Uppsatsens frågeställningar är varför föräldrar har skyldigheter till sina barn och vad för typer av skyldigheter föräldrarna har. Ytterligare en frågeställning är om föräldrar innehar rättigheter i förhållande till sina barn. Uppsatsen utgår från tre teorier som har olika syn på området. Teorierna är biologiteorin, kausalteorin och konstruktionsteorin. Jag kommer argumentera mot biologiteorin och kausalteorin då deras argument inte håller för att förklara varför föräldrar har skyldigheter. Konstruktionsteorin kommer att försvaras då teorin har mest tillfredsställande svar till frågeställningarna, både om föräldrars skyldigheter och föräldrars rättigheter. Uppsatsens slutsats är att konstruktionsteorin kan svara på frågan om föräldrars skyldigheter och rättigheter. En annan slutsats är att konstruktionsteorin och kausalteorin har vissa likheter. Det gör att även kausalteorin har vissa rimliga ståndpunkter kring frågeställningen, i synnerhet när det kommer till att besvara frågan om föräldrars rättigheter i förhållande till sina barn.

With this dissertation I developed a new theory and measure of ethical work climate (EWC). Currently, there exists one dominant theory and measure of EWC developed by Victor and Cullen (1988, 1987). Even though researchers have identified problems with this theory, such as inconsistencies with regard to its limited theoretical scope and troubling psychometric properties, it is the most widely utilized framework for conceptualizing and testing EWC. Therefore, I propose to develop an improved theory and measure of EWC, one capable of addressing some of the principle shortcomings of earlier efforts. Building on Rest's (1986, 1979) "Four-Component" model of individual-level ethical decision-making and behavior, I specify four dimensions of EWC necessary for the emergence of ethical behavior: collective moral sensitivity, collective moral judgment, collective moral motivation, and collective moral character. I developed a multidimensional instrument capable of capturing each of these dimensions at the climate level. I anticipate that this theory and instrument will allow researchers to understand EWCs and their impact on attitudes and behaviors more effectively than previous approaches. Chapter 1 reviews the organizational climate and culture literatures, so as to gain a comprehensive understanding of the organizational climate construct in general and how it differs from organizational culture in particular. Chapter 2 includes a review and evaluation the EWC literature. This helped to identify opportunities and suggestions for a new theory and measure of EWC. Chapter 3 describes the development of the new theory of EWCs, the Psychological Process Model, with propositions for future research. Chapter 4 informs about the development of the Ethical Climate Index, the measure used to assess the new theory of EWCs. It describes 3 studies that were used to construct the Ethical Climate Index to measure the ethical work climate dimensions of collective moral sensitivity (12-items), collective moral judgment (10-items), collective moral motivation (8-items), and collective moral character (6-items). Study 1 and 2 resulted in parsimonious and reliable scales for each one of the four dimensions. Results of the 3rd study support convergent and discriminant validity for each one of the scales and suggest that the ECI is a valid and reliable predictor of ethical and unethical behavior. Implications and suggestions for the use of this measure in future research is discussed.

Thesis advisor: M. Cathleen Kaveny / Thesis advisor: Daniel J. Daly / Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2022. / Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry. / Discipline: Sacred Theology.

Thesis advisor: Daniel Daly / Thesis advisor: James Keenan / Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2023. / Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry. / Discipline: Sacred Theology.

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