Th.--Droit--Bordeaux, 1882.

Thesis--Università di Roma, 1877. / Originally published under title: Sopra il precarium nel diritto romano. Roma : Tip. del Senato di Forzani, 1878. Includes bibliographical references.

This thesis is concerned with the doctrine of title by possession and the doctrine of relative title. Many property lawyers believe that these doctrines are elementary, important and interesting. But, while virtually everyone accepts that possession of land or chattels is a source of title and that titles are relative, the doctrines have long been a focus of debate. The nature of possession, the nature of the possessor's title, and the relationships between possession, relative title and ownership have been particularly contentious. Accordingly, this thesis seeks to provide sound answers to the following questions: (1) what, in this context, is possession? (2) What is the nature of the title that is acquired by taking possession of land or chattels? (3) Does English law recognise landownership and chattel-ownership?-and, if it does, is a person who acquires, by virtue of his or her possession, a title to land or chattels the (or an) owner of the land or chattels? It is argued in Chapter 2 that, for the purposes of the doctrine of title by possession, the general rule is that a person is in possession of land or chattels if and only if she has: (i) a sufficient degree of exclusive physical control; and (ii) an intention to possess. Chapters 3-5 are concerned with the second question. It is argued that, upon obtaining possession, a person acquires, in cases involving land, an estate in fee simple absolute in possession and, in cases involving chattels, a general property interest. Chapter 6 is concerned with the third question. It is argued that English law does recognise landownership and chattel-ownership; and that a person who acquires a title by obtaining possession of land or chattels owns the land or chattels if her title is supreme but not if it is inferior.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O escopo deste trabalho é analisar e discutir questões relacionadas com conflitos urbanos que contrapõem posse e propriedade no Brasil. Na realidade social deste país, é comum que pessoas que não têm um lugar para morar ocupem terras que não são utilizadas por seu proprietário. Frequentemente, estes casos são levados ao Poder Judiciário e o juiz tem o desafio de decidir quem será tutelado. No sistema jurídico brasileiro, os princípios constitucionais dão unidade ao ordenamento. Assim, o direito à moradia, a dignidade da pessoa humana e o princípio da função social da propriedade devem ser considerados em todas as decisões relativas a estes temas. Então, quando há um conflito entre posse e propriedade em áreas urbanas, é relevante considerar se tanto a pessoa que é proprietária do imóvel quanto a pessoa que o possui estão agindo de acordo com o ordenamento jurídico. Embora o direito de propriedade seja protegido pela lei, o proprietário tem que observar os deveres que decorrem do princípio da função social da propriedade. Se ele os descumprir, não deverá ser protegido, já que está agindo em desacordo com o ordenamento jurídico. De outro lado, a pessoa que tem a posse da terra, sem ser sua proprietária, pode ser protegida se esta ocupação satisfaz necessidades e direitos fundamentais seus. Sua posse tem, neste caso, uma função social. O Poder Legislativo editou leis que protegem o possuidor contra o proprietário se a terra não é utilizada de acordo com o princípio da função social da propriedade. Entretanto, ainda que um caso específico não seja previsto em lei, é possível proteger o possuidor contra o proprietário se o imóvel não é usado de acordo com o princípio da função social e se o possuidor a utiliza para promover sua dignidade e seus direitos fundamentais. / The aim of this paper is to analyze and discuss matters related to urban conflicts that oppose possession and property in Brazil. In this countrys social reality it is common that people that dont have a place to live occupy lands that arent used by their owner. Frequently these cases are brought to court and the judge is challenged to decide who should be protected by the law. In Brazilian law, the constitutional principles provide unity to the legal system. Thus, the right to housing, the human dignity and the propertys social function principle must be observed in every decision related to these matters. Therefore, when there is a conflict between possession and property in urban areas, it is relevant to consider if both the person that owns the land and the person that possesses it are acting accordingly to the law. Although the right of property is protected by law, there are duties that the owner must observe due to the propertys social function principle. If he violates them, he should not be protect, as he is acting disaccordingly to the law. On the other hand, the person who has the possession of the land, even though he is not its owner, may be protected if by occupying it he satisfies his needs and fundamental rights. His possession has, in that case, a social function. The Congress passed laws to protect the person that possesses the land against the owner that does not respect the propertys social function principle. However, even when the law does not provide for a specific case, it is possible to protect the possessor against the owner if the land was not used by him accordingly to the propertys social function principle and if the person that possesses the land uses it to exercise his dignity and his fundamental rights.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O escopo deste trabalho é analisar e discutir questões relacionadas com conflitos urbanos que contrapõem posse e propriedade no Brasil. Na realidade social deste país, é comum que pessoas que não têm um lugar para morar ocupem terras que não são utilizadas por seu proprietário. Frequentemente, estes casos são levados ao Poder Judiciário e o juiz tem o desafio de decidir quem será tutelado. No sistema jurídico brasileiro, os princípios constitucionais dão unidade ao ordenamento. Assim, o direito à moradia, a dignidade da pessoa humana e o princípio da função social da propriedade devem ser considerados em todas as decisões relativas a estes temas. Então, quando há um conflito entre posse e propriedade em áreas urbanas, é relevante considerar se tanto a pessoa que é proprietária do imóvel quanto a pessoa que o possui estão agindo de acordo com o ordenamento jurídico. Embora o direito de propriedade seja protegido pela lei, o proprietário tem que observar os deveres que decorrem do princípio da função social da propriedade. Se ele os descumprir, não deverá ser protegido, já que está agindo em desacordo com o ordenamento jurídico. De outro lado, a pessoa que tem a posse da terra, sem ser sua proprietária, pode ser protegida se esta ocupação satisfaz necessidades e direitos fundamentais seus. Sua posse tem, neste caso, uma função social. O Poder Legislativo editou leis que protegem o possuidor contra o proprietário se a terra não é utilizada de acordo com o princípio da função social da propriedade. Entretanto, ainda que um caso específico não seja previsto em lei, é possível proteger o possuidor contra o proprietário se o imóvel não é usado de acordo com o princípio da função social e se o possuidor a utiliza para promover sua dignidade e seus direitos fundamentais. / The aim of this paper is to analyze and discuss matters related to urban conflicts that oppose possession and property in Brazil. In this countrys social reality it is common that people that dont have a place to live occupy lands that arent used by their owner. Frequently these cases are brought to court and the judge is challenged to decide who should be protected by the law. In Brazilian law, the constitutional principles provide unity to the legal system. Thus, the right to housing, the human dignity and the propertys social function principle must be observed in every decision related to these matters. Therefore, when there is a conflict between possession and property in urban areas, it is relevant to consider if both the person that owns the land and the person that possesses it are acting accordingly to the law. Although the right of property is protected by law, there are duties that the owner must observe due to the propertys social function principle. If he violates them, he should not be protect, as he is acting disaccordingly to the law. On the other hand, the person who has the possession of the land, even though he is not its owner, may be protected if by occupying it he satisfies his needs and fundamental rights. His possession has, in that case, a social function. The Congress passed laws to protect the person that possesses the land against the owner that does not respect the propertys social function principle. However, even when the law does not provide for a specific case, it is possible to protect the possessor against the owner if the land was not used by him accordingly to the propertys social function principle and if the person that possesses the land uses it to exercise his dignity and his fundamental rights.

Através do recuo historiográfico, este trabalho buscou recolocar a relação entre missionários, cientistas e viajantes de cultura ocidental com as etnias indígenas e comunidades mestiças em termos dialógicos, isto é, partimos da hipótese que, na historiografia da representação gramatical que o europeu construiu sobre a língua indígena, seja possível surpreender a negociação de sentidos entre esses dois mundos. O objeto material constitui-se, principalmente, das gramáticas de línguas Tupi elaboradas entre os séculos XVI e XIX, nomeadamente: Anchieta 1595, Figueira 1621, Anônimo séc. XVIII, Faria 1858, Sympson 1877, Hartt 1938 [1872], Couto de Magalhães 1975 [1876] Luccock 1880 e Stradelli 1929. Como objeto formal, definimos a historiografia da descrição dos sistemas que seus autores classificaram, em seus modelos metalingüísticos, como de posse. Com efeito, a codificação metalingüística deste conceito parece ser um lugar de observação adequado visto que constituía em um aspecto cultural divergente entre tradições ocidental e indígena. / Through the historiographic approach, this work aimed to put the relationship between missionaries, scientists and travelers of the western tradition and the Indians populations in dialogical terms. Looking the historiographical grammatical representation elaborated by the European about the Indian language, we assumed that it´s possible to see the negotiation of senses between these two worlds. Our material was formed, basically, by the Tupi grammars elaborated between centuries XVI XIX. They are: Anchieta 1595, Figueira 1621, Anônimo séc. XVIII, Faria 1858, Sympson 1877, Hartt 1938 [1872], Couto de Magalhães 1975 [1876] Luccock 1880 and Stradelli 1929. As a formal object, we took the historiography of the terms classified by the authors, in their metalinguistic method, as possessive. The metalinguistic system about this conception seems to be an adequate place of observation inas much as it was a divergent cultural aspect between the western and Indian traditions.

Cette thèse concerne la description des constructions possessives en tongugbe, l’un des dialectes de l’éwé, langue parlée au sud-est du Ghana au long du fleuve Volta. La thèse présente une description détaillée des constructions; et tente de comprendre la relation qui existe entre les constructions possessives propositionnelles et les constructions locatives et existentielles. De plus, ce travail présente une première esquisse de la grammaire de tongugbe. La grammaire présente surtout des résultats préliminaires sur le contraste de durée qui existe au niveau des tons de tongugbe et un système de démonstratifs très riche. Les constructions possessives peuvent être regroupées dans trois catégories : les constructions attributives, les constructions prédicatives et les constructions à possesseur externe. Il est montré que les configurations structurelles des constructions possessives attributives sont motivées par des considérations fonctionnelles. Il est aussi démontré que les variations structurelles des constructions possessives prédicatives et des constructions à possesseur externe correspondent à des différences de sens. Enfin, il est argumenté que, synchroniquement, les constructions possessives propositionnelles et les constructions locatives et existentielles ne peuvent pas être réduites à une structure unique. La proposition soutenue est que chaque construction est une correspondance entre une forme et un sens. / This dissertation concerns the description of possessive constructions in Tongugbe, one of the many dialects of the Ewe language, which is spoken in south-eastern Ghana, along the Volta River. It presents a detailed description of the constructions; and explores the relationship that exists between clausal possessive constructions and locative and existential constructions. In addition to this, the work presents a first outline grammar of Tongugbe. The grammar presents notably preliminary findings on the duration contrast in tones of Tongugbe and a rich demonstrative paradigm. The possessive constructions can be grouped into attributive, predicative and external possessor constructions. It is shown that the structural configurations of attributive possessive constructions are functionally motivated. It is also demonstrated that structural variations in predicative possessive and external possessor constructions correspond to differences in meaning. Finally, it is argued that, synchronically, clausal possessive constructions and locative and existential constructions are not reducible to a single structure. The view supported here then is that each construction is a form-meaning pair.

The study of possession phenomena in South Asia presents a unique set of challenges for scholars. Because of its occurrence within diverse contexts, from healing temples and ritual performances to festival celebrations and devotional practices, attempts on the part of scholars to hone in on a concise vocabulary and conceptual framework with which to articulate the critical nature and function of possession has resulted in an extensive body of literature with wide-ranging methodological and theoretical dispositions. Each of these approaches, in its own way, contributes to an increasingly complicated web of intersecting disciplinary approaches. As this body of literature continues to grow, and with it, the resources for generating a more productive academic discourse surrounding possession, so too grows a set of distinct challenges. How is one to sort through the maze of interpretive strategies and the conclusions they produce? Is it possible to assemble them in such a way as to develop a cooperative and mutually beneficial approach? Is there hope for arriving at a commonly shared vocabulary of possession capable of functioning across disciplinary boundaries? And if so, would such a vocabulary avoid forcing localized experiences and practices to conform to ill-fitting, non-native criteria of analysis? Through critical evaluation of ethnographic contributions to the study of possession, this paper sets out to arrive at a set of conclusions about what works best for furthering the depth of appreciation and understanding for how diverse, complex, and pervasive possession practices are within a South Asian context. My criteria for this evaluation focuses on the degree to which specific approaches are established in, and guided by, an ethos of inclusivity, one that develops a healthy and vibrant dialectic between indigenous models of experience, practice, and interpretation, and those of the scholar. Along the way, I investigate key issues raised in the study of possession, such as ritual efficacy, embodiment, agency, and the nature of human relations with various nonhuman beings.

<p>This study examines the interpretation and production of inalienable possession among heritage speakers and L2 learners of Spanish. Inalienable possession lies at the syntax-semantics interface and has previously been found to be challenging among bilingual populations (Giancaspro & Sánchez, 2019; Montrul & Ionin, 2010, 2012; Pérez-Leroux et al., 2002). In particular, this study explores the extent to which Spanish heritage speakers and L2 learners exhibit knowledge of Spanish inalienable possession with pronominal verbs requiring the use of the clitic <i>se</i>. Results from an Elicited Production Task and a Contextualized Preference Task administered online showed that the L2 learners followed a distinct pattern of response compared to the native speakers in the production and interpretation of inalienable possession. This pattern was characterized by the preference of possessive determiners over definite determiners. Heritage speakers, on the contrary, were not found to differ from the native speakers of Spanish. They behaved similarly to the control group as they followed the continuum that emerged for inalienable possession. That is, both groups were more accepting of definite determiners, while they showed less preference for structures with possessive determiners. The findings are discussed in terms of current debates on the role of factors involved in language acquisition such as maturational issues, learning experience, patterns of language exposure and usage, cross-linguistic influence, and the grammatical structure itself.</p>

Objectives: As social determinants of health, mortgage possessions (primarily foreclosures in the US context) and housing instability have been associated with certain mental and physical health outcomes at the individual level. However, individual risks of foreclosure and of poor health are spatially patterned. The objective of this study is to examine the extent to which area-specific social and economic characteristics help explain the relationship between mortgage possessions and obesity prevalence in 75 of the 100 most populous US metropolitan areas. Study design: This is a cross-sectional study. Methods: The study relies on three sources of data: the Selected Metropolitan/Micropolitan Area Risk Trends (SMART) project, RealtyTrac foreclosure data, and the American Community Survey. Focal social and economic characteristics include foreclosure rates, levels of racial residential segregation, and poverty. Obesity prevalence and several control measures for each metropolitan area are also used. Ordinary least squares regression, weighted using the SMART project data, is used, and statistical significance is set at 0.05. Results: The results suggest that mortgage possessions are independently associated with higher obesity prevalence and that foreclosures operate through the specific channel of racial residential segregation and its tie to the racial composition of a metropolitan area. Socio-economic status of an area, and not poverty, is related to foreclosures and obesity prevalence. Conclusion: Mortgage possessions not only are socio-economic but also have negative health consequences, such as obesity. The findings provide an empirical base for other researchers to uncover the relationships between segregation, mortgage possessions, and obesity at the individual level of analysis. The public health community should be engaged in addressing the issue of foreclosures in the US because the failure to engage may have broad financial and health consequences across large cities.