Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo geral desta dissertaÃÃo de mestrado à discutir a crise do sindicalismo contemporÃneo, tendo como foco empÃrico as relaÃÃes entre professores da rede estadual do Cearà e sua entidade representativa, o sindicato APEOC, abarcando o perÃodo que vai da greve de 2011 atà o presente. Essa discussÃo buscarà elucidar as consequÃncias daquela greve na relaÃÃo entre base e sindicalistas, visto que aquele movimento foi encerrado deixando tensÃes entre os sujeitos relacionados. Para a realizaÃÃo desta pesquisa, o campo empÃrico eleito se compÃe dos ambientes de interaÃÃo da base com o sindicato, tais como: manifestaÃÃes pÃblicas, assembleias gerais e outros. AlÃm disso, foi realizado levantamento de dados em duas escolas da rede estadual do CearÃ: uma na capital, Fortaleza, e outra no interior. O objetivo disso à buscar apreender as visÃes desses sujeitos sobre a atuaÃÃo do seu sindicato no perÃodo analisado. A pesquisa de campo na escola da capital ocorreu entre fevereiro e maio de 2014. Jà na escola do interior, a investigaÃÃo ocorreu entre julho e dezembro do mesmo ano. O texto da dissertaÃÃo apresenta a narrativa da greve, a partir do recurso metodolÃgico dos dramas sociais, seguindo as formulaÃÃes de Victor Turner, a anÃlise dos elementos de tensÃo e conflito entre as partes, durante e apÃs o movimento grevista e as posturas dos professores entrevistados das duas escolas escolhidas como campo empÃrico. Alguns resultados encontrados foram: que a greve de 2011 gerou conflitos entre direÃÃo sindical e base, que se mantÃm atà os dias atuais; que esses revelam processos de oligarquizaÃÃo, burocratizaÃÃo e relativa estatizaÃÃo do sindicato APEOC, que fomentam sua crise de representatividade, desmobilizando a base. Ademais, os docentes percebem em sua profissÃo o que GraÃa Druck denomina de desmantelamento, o que foi confirmado pela anÃlise de leis relacionadas à atividade, alÃm da forma como o Plano de Cargos, Carreiras e SalÃrios foi estruturado apÃs 2011. A dissertaÃÃo conclui que o desmantelamento se apresenta como uma forma de fragmentaÃÃo da categoria ao pulverizar as demandas dos professores, o que à potencializado pela sua fragmentaÃÃo interna, isto Ã, pelos conflitos internos à categoria relacionados à forma como a greve de 2011 foi encerrada. / This Masterâs dissertation general goal is to discuss the contemporary labor union crisis, having as empirical focus the relationship between teachers from the state of Cearà and their representative entity, the APEOC union, covering the period from the 2011 strike until now. This discussion will seek to elucidate the consequences of that strike on the relationship between the grass roots and the union leaders, given that that movement was ended leaving tensions between the related subjects. To carry out this research, the chosen empirical field consists of the interactions environments between the grass roots and the union leaders, just as: demonstrations, general assemblies and others. Moreover, data was collected in two schools from the state of CearÃ: one in the capital, Fortaleza, and another in the interior. The goal is to understand these subjectsâ visions on the role of their labor union in the analyzed period. The field research in the school of the capital occurred between February and May of 2014. In the interior one, the investigation occurred between July and December of the same year. The dissertation text presents the narrative of the strike, from social dramas methodological resources, following Victor Turnerâs formulations, the analysis of elements of tension and conflicts between the parts during and after the strike movement and the position of interviewed teachers from the two schools chosen as empirical field. Some of the results founded out were: the 2011 strike has generated conflicts between the union leaders and the grass roots; these conflicts reveal processes of oligarchization, bureaucratization and relative nationalization of APEOC union, that foster its representativeness crisis, demobilizing the grass roots. Furthermore, the teaching staff perceived in their profession what GraÃa Druck names dismantling, what was confirmed by the analysis of laws related to the activity, besides how the Plan of Posts, Careers and Salaries was restructured after 2011. The dissertation concluded that the dismantling appears as a way of fragmentation of the category when it sprays teacherâs demands, what is enhanced by its intern fragmentation, namely, by the categoryâs intern conflicts related to the way the 2011 strike was ended.

Par ce travail de recherche, nous tâchons de mettre à jour les dynamiques qui sous-tendent la relation entre syndicalistes et travailleurs d'un secteur de production de services tel que le nettoyage industriel. Ce secteur, désormais le plus souvent externalisé, emploie une main-d’œuvre majoritairement féminine et souvent d’origine immigrée. Ce n’est pourtant pas entièrement un « désert syndical », ce qui justifie une analyse fine des pratiques syndicales de ce secteur. Par la comparaison internationale, nous avons ciblé les interactions qui se déploient au niveau des structures territoriales de la bourse du travail pour la CGT de Marseille et de la Camera del Lavoro pour à la CGIL de Bologne. En particulier, une approche basée sur l'observation directe et sur le concept de stratégie syndicale nous a permis d'analyser trois pratiques syndicales, le suivi individuel, l'action collective et les assemblées. Des dynamiques de fonctionnement variées, ainsi que les différentes sources de légitimité des organisations syndicales, conduisent à parler de syndicalismeS au pluriel, plutôt que de syndicalisme. / The current research project aims to analyze the relation between cleaning workers and labor unions based on the comparative international approach. The cleaning sector mainly employs immigrant female workforce, and many of them work under, subcontracting. Although this sector is characterized by a weak labor-union presence, however labor-unions exist, and they have constant relations with cleaning workers. Therefore, the current research project highlights the importance of taking into account trade union practices, and studies more in details the interaction between union activists and cleaning workers. For the purpose of the analysis, we performed participant observation studies at the local structures of the CGT in (Marseille) and CGIL in (Bologna). The participant observation was focused on the concept of union strategies which helped us to identify three main union practices: (individual monitoring (suivi individuel), strikes, and meetings). The results show that different modes of union practices lead us to define the concept labor-unionismS in the plural form, rather than in the singular form.

À partir d’une enquête portant sur deux syndicats majeurs et des centres universitaires spécialisés sur le syndicalisme et les relations professionnelles, cette thèse traite des transformations du syndicalisme états-unien, des mouvements sociaux des années 1960 aux années 2010. Souvent associées à l’idée d’une « revitalisation syndicale », ces mutations sont analysées ici comme des processus de mise en réforme réalisés par des acteurs pluriels (syndicalistes, universitaires, éducateurs syndicaux, consultants, militants associatifs) qui, pour des raisons différentes, ont promu un rapprochement du champ syndical de l’espace des mouvements sociaux et du monde associatif. Des stratégies et des modes d’action devant permettre de syndiquer de nouveaux membres ont été valorisés, de même que des recettes organisationnelles utilisées ailleurs (dans des entreprises et des associations principalement). Ces acteurs ont entendu faire des syndicats des organisations plus « militantes » et « efficaces », en recourant à des savoir-faire et à des représentations de mobilisations des années 1960, ainsi qu’à des dispositifs managériaux. Contrairement à d’autres contextes, notamment à cause d’une adhésion généralement obligatoire pour bénéficier d’une représentation syndicale et être couvert par les accords collectifs négociés avec les employeurs, la réponse apportée à la « crise du syndicalisme » a moins été de chercher à assimiler les adhérents actuels et potentiels à des clients d’organisations leur fournissant des services, qu’à des militants. La thèse montre que ces entreprises réformatrices ont conduit à partiellement délégitimer des pratiques syndicales, des formes d’organisation et les acteurs qui les portent. Elles ont également contribué à structurer les mobilisations syndicales sous forme de campagnes pilotées par des permanents spécialisés, où les membres ne sont bien souvent amenés qu’à jouer un rôle symbolique, éphémère et dirigé. / Based on a study of two large labor unions and labor centers, this dissertation deals with the transformations of unionism in the United States from the social movements of the 1960s to the 2010s. Usually associated with the idea of “union revitalization”, these changes are analyzed here as reform processes conducted by various actors (unionists, academics, labor educators, consultants, activists) who—for different motives—advocated for reducing the gap between the labor union and social movement fields as well as the non-profit sector. Actions for organizing new members were promoted in addition to organizational recipes utilized elsewhere (mainly in corporations and in non-profit organizations). Those actors wanted to make labor unions more “militant” and “effective” by mobilizing tools and views from mobilizations of the 1960s as well as managerial techniques. Contrary to other settings, partly due to union shop—a form of union security clause which requires that any new employees of a unionized worksite become members within a certain amount of time—the answer to the “crisis of labor unionism” has not been to make current and potential members clients of organizations who provide them services, but instead to encourage them to be activists. The dissertation shows that these reforming enterprises led to partially delegitimize labor union practices, forms of organization and the actors who embody them. They also contributed to shaping labor union mobilizations in the form of campaigns managed by specialized staff, in which members tend to have little initiative and only play a symbolic, short-lived part.