Bakgrund: Tetrakloretylen (TTCE) har flera humantoxikologiska och ekotoxikologiskaegenskaper, bla ökad risk för flera olika typer av cancer samt bildande av marknära ozon som bidrar till växthuseffekten. Ämnet används ofta som lösningsmedel vid analys av mineraloljor i vatten med hjälp av IR-spektrofotometri. TTCE är svårt att ersätta med andra lösningsmedel på grund av dess positiva egenskaper vid denna typ av analys. Bland annat ger TTCE inget eller ytterst lite utslag på FTIR spektrat där avläsning av alifatiska och aromatiska kolväten sker. Syfte: Syftet med rapporten är att validera ett nytt instrument samt att minimera hälsoriskerna för berörd laboratoriepersonal som arbetar med tetrakloretylen. Metod: I samband med valideringen av metoden, analys av mineraloljor i vatten medinfraröd spektrofotometri, har en riskbedömning i form av en checklista genomförtstillsammans med bland annat skyddsombud för att säkerställa en säker arbetsmiljö. Resultat: Instrumentets och metodens linjäritet klarade kravet på R2>0,995. Totalt extraherbara alifatiska och aromatiska kolväten i halterna 1,0 samt 15 mg/l klarade mätosäkerheten på 15%. Data över riktigheten behöver kompleteras innan ett rättvist resultat kan erhållas. Slutsats: Valideringen av metoden LidMiljö0A.01.19 version 10, mineralolja i vatten med infraröd spektrofotometri, visar att den tidigare rapporteringsgränsen på 1,0 mg/l kommer att kvarstå. Hälsoriskerna för personalen som arbetar med analysmetoden, kan enligt denna studie minimeras till en godtagbar nivå som innebär att laboranten utsätts för minimal risk. / Background: Tetrachlorethylene (TTCE) has several human- and ecotoxicological properties, including increased risk for several types of cancer, as well as formation of ground-level ozone that contributes to the greenhouse effect. The substance is often used as solvent for the analysis of mineral oils in water by means of IR spectrophotometry. TTCE is difficult to replace with other solvents due to its positive properties in this type of analysis. Among other things, TTCE gives no or very little impact on the FTIR spectra where reading of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons occurs. Purpose: The purpose of this report is to validate a new instrument and to minimize the health risks for the laboratory staff using the method. Method: In connection with validation of the method, analysis of mineral oils in water with infrared-spectrophotometry, a risk assessment in the form of a checklist has been implemented together with personnel which has an increased resonsibility of the working enviroment, to ensure a safety of the workplace. Results: The linearity of the instrument and the method met the requirement of R2> 0,995. Total extractable aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons at levels of 1,0 and 15 mg/l achieved uncertainty of the measurement by 15%. The data regarding correctness needs to be further expanded to obtain a relaiable result.3 Conclusion: The validation of the method LidMiljö0A.01.19 version 10, mineral oil in water with infrared-spectrophotometry, shows that the previous limit of 1,0 mg/l will remain. Health risks for the personnel involved in the analysis method can, according to this study, be minimized to an acceptable level.

<p>Picropodophyllin (PPP) is an analogue of the anti tumour lignan podophyllotoxin with the unique ability to selectively inhibit the receptor of Insulin like growth factor 1(IGF-1). IGF-1 is believed to play an important part in development of the endometrium facing implantation. With PPP treated mice, studies can be made to measure gene expression from tissue of both treated and untreated mice to compare the role of IGF-1 regarding ovulation, implantation and receptivity. The aim of this study was to analyze gene expression of some steroid hormone receptors and cytokines in ovaries from mice treated with PPP. In this study, seven mice were treated with PPP at different times and tissue was collected. PCR-primers for cDNA sequences of estrogene receptor α, estrogene receptor β, progesterone receptor A, progesterone receptor B, growth hormone receptor, interleukin 1 α, interleukin 1 β, tumour necrosis factor α and androgen receptor were used. Real Time PCR was run with the samples and gene expression was measured. The results of this study showed that the inhibition of IGF-1 receptor interacted with IGF-1 which lead to altered levels of estrogene receptor alpha, progesterone receptor, growth hormone receptor and androgen receptor that can decrease ovulation. The results also showed the differences in gene products between treated and untreated samples, suggesting that IGF-1 plays an important role regarding ovulation.</p> / <p>Studier med hjälp av den selektiva insulinlika tillväxtfaktor 1 receptorn (IGF-1R) antagonisten; picropodof?phyllin (PPP), hur samspelet mellan livmoderslemhinnan och implantationsprocessen, samt hur ovulationen påverkas av insulinlika tillväxtfaktorn 1 (IGF-1) kan nu utföras. IGF-1 tros ha en viktig roll för den reproduktiva processen, där den påverkar ovulation, implantation och embryoutveckling. IGF-familjen består av tre ligander; insulin, IGF-1 och IGF-2. IGF transporteras bundet till bindarprotein (IGFBP). Medlemmarna i IGF receptorfamiljen kan binda IGF-1, IGF-2 och insulin fast med olika affinitet. PPP som är en cykloligan, är en analog från podofyllotoxin och fungerar som en syntetisk IGF-1 receptorantagonist, som selektivt inhiberar receptorns aktivitet. PPP tros även kunna nedreglera genexpression av receptorn. Tre tidigare projektarbeten har utförts på vävnader från möss injicerade med PPP. Tyngdpunkterna i dessa arbeten har legat på immunhistokemiska studier av IGF-1 i reproduktionsorgan från möss, uttryck av IGF-1, dess receptor och bindarprotein 1 i ovarier och uterus efter behandling med PPP. I denna studie användes vävnad samt cDNA från sju möss behandlade med PPP, i olika stadier av reproduktionen samt även icke behandlade möss. Studiens syfte var att med sanntids-PCR jämföra genuttryck från östrogenreceptor α och β, progesteronreceptor A och B, tillväxthormonreceptor, Interleukin 1 α och β, ’tumor necrosis’ faktor α samt androgenreceptor i vävnad från PPP-behandlade och obehandlade möss och genom de erhållna resultaten från ovarievävnaden utläsa effekten på ovulationen och från uterusvävnaden effekten på implantation och receptivitet. Studieresultaten visade att IGF-1s frånvaro gav förändrade nivåer av genprodukter, som medförde minskad ovulationen. Studien visade att IGF-1s roll vid ovulationen var väsentlig.</p>

Around 130-150 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis C-virus today. Personal suffering and great societal costs aside, this also causes around 400 000 deaths every year due to complications. Earlier treatments with pegylated interferon and ribavirin were both ineffective and had a lot of side effects, but in recent years new treatments using direct-acting antivirals that are both more effective and has less side effects have been introduced. The downside with these are that their effectiveness depends on which HCV genotype the patient has, which requires costly and time consuming pre-treatment examinations before treatment can begin. This paper investigates clinical studies in which the effectiveness and side effects of a new combination of drugs containing sofosbuvir and velpatasvir is tested. The studies where found through PubMed, and they are what the usage of these drugs in health care is based on. The studies show that the combination of sofosbuvir and velpatasvir is effective, measured by sustained virological response, against all HCV genotypes irrespective of if the patient has a compensated or decompensated cirrhosis, or if the patient has had a previously failed treatment. The patients with decompensated cirrhosis also had an early improvement in liver function, but it is too early to say if the improvement is long lasting. The treatment also gave less side effects compared to pegylated interferon and ribavirin. The combination of sofosbuvir and velpatasvir was also shown to have a good effect amongst patients where resistance associated variants of NS5A and NS5B where found. The conclusion is that the combination of sofosbuvir and velpatasvir is an effective, but also at the moment expensive, treatment for HCV independent of genotype.

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Abstract Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in STI-samples from Västra Götaland county with Aptima™ TV Assay on Panther™ System Also, evaluation of Aptima™ TV Assay on Panther™ System with comparison with Xpert® TV Kit on GeneXpert® Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasite that is spread by sexual contact, it is also the biggest sexually transmitted infection in both the United States and Europe. The prevalence in Sweden today is unknown as no national basic data exist. The routine procedure of identification is Wet-Smear although nucleic acid amplification enable a higher level of specificity and sensitivity. Panther™ System and GeneXpert® are two systems using RNA respectively DNA for analysis. The objective of the study was primarily to investigate the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in STI-samples from Västra Götaland county with Aptima™ TV Assay on Panther™ System and secondarily to evaluate Aptima™ TV Assay with comparison to Xpert® TV Kit on GeneXpert®. The evaluation and prevalence study took place at Clinical Microbiology, Unilabs AB, Skaraborgs Hospital Skövde during the period of April-May 2017. The results of the evaluation indicate that Aptima™ TV Assay is specific for Trichomonas vaginalis and that the sensitivity falls within the detection limits for the kit. Therefore, the kit is suitable for use in the prevalence study. The prevalence study displayed a positive outcome on two out of 606 analyzed patient samples, corresponding to 0.3%. The conclusion is that the prevalence is enough for further studies.

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