The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cocaine on spatial memory consolidation using the Morris water maze. Specifically, male and female C57BL/6 mice were trained on a spatial water task, and then administered a single posttraining injection of saline or cocaine (1.25, 2.5, 5.0, or 20.0 mg/kg).

<p>The main purpose of the research this thesis is based upon was to study students’ attitudes towards learning chemistry at university level and their motivation from three perspectives. How can students’ attitudes towards learning chemistry be assessed? How can these attitudes be changed? How are learning situations experienced by students with different attitude positions?</p><p>An attitude questionnaire, assessing views of knowledge, learning assessments, laboratory activities, and perceived roles of instructors and student, was used to estimate students’ attitude positions. It was shown that a positive attitude was related to motivated student behaviour. Furthermore, it was shown that factors in the educational context, such as the teachers’ empathy for students learning chemistry, had affected the students. It was also found that students holding different attitude positions showed different learning outcomes and differed in their perceptions of the learning situation. Students’ holding a more relativistic attitude more readily accepted the challenges of open experiments and other more demanding tasks than those holding a dualistic attitude.</p><p>In addition, the teachers were found to play important roles in the way the tasks were perceived and the development of students’ ideas. In studied laboratory activities open tasks resulted in positive student engagement and learning outcomes. Preparative exercises, such as a computer simulation of the phenomena to be investigated, affected students’ focus during laboratory work, encouraging them to incorporate more theoretical considerations and increasing their ability to use chemical knowledge. Finally, it was shown that students’ focus during laboratory work is reflected in the questions they ask the teacher, implying that questions could be used as tools to evaluate laboratory teaching and learning processes.</p><p>The findings imply that students’ attitudes towards learning and motivation, and the design of learning situations, are key factors in the attainment of desirable higher educational goals such as the ability to judge, use, and develop knowledge. For universities encountering students with increasingly diverse attitudes, motivation and prior knowledge, these are important considerations if they are to fulfil their commissions to provide high quality learning environments and promote high quality learning.</p>

The main purpose of the research this thesis is based upon was to study students’ attitudes towards learning chemistry at university level and their motivation from three perspectives. How can students’ attitudes towards learning chemistry be assessed? How can these attitudes be changed? How are learning situations experienced by students with different attitude positions? An attitude questionnaire, assessing views of knowledge, learning assessments, laboratory activities, and perceived roles of instructors and student, was used to estimate students’ attitude positions. It was shown that a positive attitude was related to motivated student behaviour. Furthermore, it was shown that factors in the educational context, such as the teachers’ empathy for students learning chemistry, had affected the students. It was also found that students holding different attitude positions showed different learning outcomes and differed in their perceptions of the learning situation. Students’ holding a more relativistic attitude more readily accepted the challenges of open experiments and other more demanding tasks than those holding a dualistic attitude. In addition, the teachers were found to play important roles in the way the tasks were perceived and the development of students’ ideas. In studied laboratory activities open tasks resulted in positive student engagement and learning outcomes. Preparative exercises, such as a computer simulation of the phenomena to be investigated, affected students’ focus during laboratory work, encouraging them to incorporate more theoretical considerations and increasing their ability to use chemical knowledge. Finally, it was shown that students’ focus during laboratory work is reflected in the questions they ask the teacher, implying that questions could be used as tools to evaluate laboratory teaching and learning processes. The findings imply that students’ attitudes towards learning and motivation, and the design of learning situations, are key factors in the attainment of desirable higher educational goals such as the ability to judge, use, and develop knowledge. For universities encountering students with increasingly diverse attitudes, motivation and prior knowledge, these are important considerations if they are to fulfil their commissions to provide high quality learning environments and promote high quality learning.

In a perfect learning society, the whole community-from corporate institutions to family units-recognizes and acts upon its responsibility to nurture and create a total learning environment that should extend throughout the lifetime of each member (Senesh, 1991). In contrast, many efforts to reform education in America focus on only one locus of education, the pre/K- 12 school Fortunately, however, some current reforms are broadening their scope. One such example is found in Ball State University's Professional Development Schools Network, which has enlarged the focus of educational renewal by including a museum as one of its official network sites. This two-part museum, Minnetrista Cultural Center and Oakhurst Gardens, brings community partnership to the focus, incrementally enlarging educational environments and experiences beyond the school classroom and toward the ideals of a learning society.The purpose of this study was to describe and understand more fully the conception, planning, and initial implementation stages of this atypical Professional Development Schools (PDS) site, Minnetrista Cultural Center and Oakhurst Gardens. This case study drew from and contributes to the literature in three areas: (a) professional development schools, (b) community education and learning societies, and (c) program planning. Data collection consisted of 23 separate interviews with 12 participants, multiple observations, and extensive document review. Data were then processed through constant comparative analysis. Findings describe more fully this particular case, detailing the conception, planning, and initial implementation of the museum's partnership with the traditional schools (university and pre/K-12) in its community.Three conclusions were derived from the major findings. First, in the conception and planning phases, relationships among individuals were of great consequence in creating and developing Minnetrista Cultural Center and Oakhurst Gardens as a PDS site. Second, in the initial implementation phase of the museum's PDS program, the museum staff struggled to define and communicate the museum's role as a PDS site. Third, these insights, among others, have implications for PDS networks and potential non-traditional PDS sites, museums interested in their educational role, and those interested in nurturing a learning society. / Department of Educational Leadership

O câncer de colo de útero é o terceiro tipo de neoplasia mais comum em mulheres no estado do Rio de Janeiro, perdendo apenas para câncer de mama e pulmão. Não há informação disponível sobre a qualidade dos exames utilizados para prevenção do câncer do colo do útero nos municípios fluminenses. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a distribuição geográfica das unidades laboratoriais e a cobertura de exames e a performance da rede de laboratórios de citopatologia do estado do Rio de Janeiro, segundo regiões mesopolitanas e municípios, no que diz respeito aos exames citopatológicos realizados no âmbito do SUS, considerando a qualidade, a normalização dos procedimentos e a gestão do laboratório e propor melhorias. A pesquisa usa um desenho de estudo do tipo transversal incluindo dados relativos ao funcionamento dos laboratórios que fazem exame papanicolaou no âmbito do SUS no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Trata-se de um estudo com dados secundários, já coletados para atender a ação de avaliação dos laboratórios de citopatologia no âmbito do SUS, nesse trabalho também é usada a abordagem ecológica para estimar a cobertura dos exames em relação à população-alvo do programa de rastreamento de câncer de colo de útero. A rede de laboratórios de citopatologia do estado do Rio de Janeiro não teve desempenho satisfatório. As regiões que tiveram laboratórios com melhor desempenho foram Baia da Ilha Grande e Baixada Litorânea e aquelas com laboratórios de pior desempenho foram Médio Paraíba e Noroeste. Os critérios avaliados com melhor desempenho foram da dimensão qualidade e o mais fraco desempenho foi observado para os critérios da dimensão normalização. A dimensão de gestão de laboratórios teve desempenho regular. Um relevante achado desse estudo foi a insuficiente qualidade da leitura de lâminas, inclusive procedimentos de releitura, que pode ser explicado pela suposta falta de capacitação dos profissionais em todo o processo exigido desde a identificação, fixação, e formas de encaminhamento do material até a chegada aos laboratórios. Com relação à cobertura, alguns municípios se aproximam do parâmetro (0,30) porém, embora este dado revele a capacidade da rede estadual do rio de Janeiro de ofertar exames, é preciso que ele seja analisado em conjunto com as situações de citologia anterior e tempo da citologia anterior para verificação da periodicidade da oferta e o melhor dimensionamento do alcance da população alvo assim como a abrangência da rede laboratorial de cada município. Conclusão: Os dados mostram repetição desnecessária de exames citopatológicos, o que implica custos injustificados e uma situação ainda mais deficitária de alcance das ações do que tem revelado o indicador razão. Ocorrendo principalmente em regiões com predominância de laboratórios privados. A expansão da cobertura com base na periodicidade recomendada do exame é relevante no quadro estadual encontrado e deve vir associada a iniciativas que garantam a qualidade no processo de coleta e análise do material, bem como a adequada capacitação dos profissionais para adoção de condutas recomendadas para as lesões identificadas. / Cancer of the cervix is the third most common type of cancer in women in the state of Rio de Janeiro, second only to breast cancer and lung. No information is available about the quality of tests used to prevent cancer of the cervix in municipalities of Rio de Janeiro. Objective: To evaluate the geographic distribution of laboratory units and the coverage and network performance tests of cytopathology laboratories in the state of Rio de Janeiro, according mesopolitanas regions and municipalities, with respect to Pap smears performed within SUS, considering the quality , standardization of procedures and laboratory management and propose improvements. The research uses a design of cross-sectional study including data concerning the operation of laboratories performing Pap smears within the SUS in the state of Rio de Janeiro. This is a study of secondary data already collected to meet the action assessment of cytopathology laboratories within the SUS, is also used in this study the ecological approach to estimate the coverage of the tests in relation to the target population of the program screening of cancer of the cervix. The network of cytopathology laboratories in the state of Rio de Janeiro did not perform satisfactorily. Regions that had laboratories that performed well were the Big Island and Coastal Lowlands and those with worse performance labs were Middle Paraíba and Northwest.The criteria evaluated were the best performing of the size and quality weakest performance was observed for the criteria of size normalization. The size of laboratory management had regular performance. An important finding of this study was insufficient to read quality blades, including rereading procedures, which can be explained by the supposed lack of professional training required in the whole process from identifying, securing, routing and forms the material until the arrival laboratories. With respect to coverage, some municipalities approach the parameter (0.30) but, although this figure reveals the ability of the state of Rio de Janeiro to offer examinations, he must be considered in conjunction with situations of previous cytology and time of cytology prior to checking the periodicity of supply and better scaling of the reach of the target population as well as the scope of the laboratory network in each city. The data show unnecessary repetition of Pap smears, which implies unnecessary costs and an even more deficient range of actions that the indicator has revealed razão. Ocorrendo especially in regions with predominantly private laboratories. The expansion of coverage based on the recommended frequency of examination is relevant under state and found to be associated with initiatives to ensure quality in process of collection and analysis of the material, as well as adequate training of professionals to adopt guidelines recommended for lesions identified.

O câncer de colo de útero é o terceiro tipo de neoplasia mais comum em mulheres no estado do Rio de Janeiro, perdendo apenas para câncer de mama e pulmão. Não há informação disponível sobre a qualidade dos exames utilizados para prevenção do câncer do colo do útero nos municípios fluminenses. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a distribuição geográfica das unidades laboratoriais e a cobertura de exames e a performance da rede de laboratórios de citopatologia do estado do Rio de Janeiro, segundo regiões mesopolitanas e municípios, no que diz respeito aos exames citopatológicos realizados no âmbito do SUS, considerando a qualidade, a normalização dos procedimentos e a gestão do laboratório e propor melhorias. A pesquisa usa um desenho de estudo do tipo transversal incluindo dados relativos ao funcionamento dos laboratórios que fazem exame papanicolaou no âmbito do SUS no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Trata-se de um estudo com dados secundários, já coletados para atender a ação de avaliação dos laboratórios de citopatologia no âmbito do SUS, nesse trabalho também é usada a abordagem ecológica para estimar a cobertura dos exames em relação à população-alvo do programa de rastreamento de câncer de colo de útero. A rede de laboratórios de citopatologia do estado do Rio de Janeiro não teve desempenho satisfatório. As regiões que tiveram laboratórios com melhor desempenho foram Baia da Ilha Grande e Baixada Litorânea e aquelas com laboratórios de pior desempenho foram Médio Paraíba e Noroeste. Os critérios avaliados com melhor desempenho foram da dimensão qualidade e o mais fraco desempenho foi observado para os critérios da dimensão normalização. A dimensão de gestão de laboratórios teve desempenho regular. Um relevante achado desse estudo foi a insuficiente qualidade da leitura de lâminas, inclusive procedimentos de releitura, que pode ser explicado pela suposta falta de capacitação dos profissionais em todo o processo exigido desde a identificação, fixação, e formas de encaminhamento do material até a chegada aos laboratórios. Com relação à cobertura, alguns municípios se aproximam do parâmetro (0,30) porém, embora este dado revele a capacidade da rede estadual do rio de Janeiro de ofertar exames, é preciso que ele seja analisado em conjunto com as situações de citologia anterior e tempo da citologia anterior para verificação da periodicidade da oferta e o melhor dimensionamento do alcance da população alvo assim como a abrangência da rede laboratorial de cada município. Conclusão: Os dados mostram repetição desnecessária de exames citopatológicos, o que implica custos injustificados e uma situação ainda mais deficitária de alcance das ações do que tem revelado o indicador razão. Ocorrendo principalmente em regiões com predominância de laboratórios privados. A expansão da cobertura com base na periodicidade recomendada do exame é relevante no quadro estadual encontrado e deve vir associada a iniciativas que garantam a qualidade no processo de coleta e análise do material, bem como a adequada capacitação dos profissionais para adoção de condutas recomendadas para as lesões identificadas. / Cancer of the cervix is the third most common type of cancer in women in the state of Rio de Janeiro, second only to breast cancer and lung. No information is available about the quality of tests used to prevent cancer of the cervix in municipalities of Rio de Janeiro. Objective: To evaluate the geographic distribution of laboratory units and the coverage and network performance tests of cytopathology laboratories in the state of Rio de Janeiro, according mesopolitanas regions and municipalities, with respect to Pap smears performed within SUS, considering the quality , standardization of procedures and laboratory management and propose improvements. The research uses a design of cross-sectional study including data concerning the operation of laboratories performing Pap smears within the SUS in the state of Rio de Janeiro. This is a study of secondary data already collected to meet the action assessment of cytopathology laboratories within the SUS, is also used in this study the ecological approach to estimate the coverage of the tests in relation to the target population of the program screening of cancer of the cervix. The network of cytopathology laboratories in the state of Rio de Janeiro did not perform satisfactorily. Regions that had laboratories that performed well were the Big Island and Coastal Lowlands and those with worse performance labs were Middle Paraíba and Northwest.The criteria evaluated were the best performing of the size and quality weakest performance was observed for the criteria of size normalization. The size of laboratory management had regular performance. An important finding of this study was insufficient to read quality blades, including rereading procedures, which can be explained by the supposed lack of professional training required in the whole process from identifying, securing, routing and forms the material until the arrival laboratories. With respect to coverage, some municipalities approach the parameter (0.30) but, although this figure reveals the ability of the state of Rio de Janeiro to offer examinations, he must be considered in conjunction with situations of previous cytology and time of cytology prior to checking the periodicity of supply and better scaling of the reach of the target population as well as the scope of the laboratory network in each city. The data show unnecessary repetition of Pap smears, which implies unnecessary costs and an even more deficient range of actions that the indicator has revealed razão. Ocorrendo especially in regions with predominantly private laboratories. The expansion of coverage based on the recommended frequency of examination is relevant under state and found to be associated with initiatives to ensure quality in process of collection and analysis of the material, as well as adequate training of professionals to adopt guidelines recommended for lesions identified.

Abstract This research explores the development of Finnish Medical Laboratory Technologists based on education given in Turku covering the years 1955–1990. The data is limited into three time periods: education lasting for one year 1955–1963, education lasting for two years 1964–1983 and education 1984–1990 based on the secondary school reform. The development of the Finnish medical laboratory technologist education was connected with development of medical and natural sciences and technology. The representatives of the medicine were of vital importance in influencing the beginning of this education. The swift from industrial to service society speeded the development. The duration of education was extended gradually from one year to four and half year education. Even in the beginning of this education the students selected into training should have at least the basic general secondary school education which was not the case with other health care staff . Especially in the beginning the students should have good health in working with health hazard environment and substances. A distinctive change took place in the relationship of cognitive and practical teaching. In the beginning the greatest part of the educational training was practical given in health laboratories and hospital wards. Gradually the cognitive teaching was transferred into the school classrooms. Also the practical training in the hospital decreased. In the beginning of the educational training took place in the different faculties and institutes of Turku University given by medical staff. Later the teaching was moved to the nursing and health care colleges and the authority to teach was given to the permanent health care staff. The decrease of the infectious diseases and the development of internal medicine and surgery reflected in the changes of the selection of laboratory investigations from the bacteriological research to the chemical research. The manual research methods developed to automatic research methods was seen with a delay in the medical technologist education. Also the quality control appeared surprisingly late in the educational training. The education and training of the laboratory technologists were attached to the education of nursing instead of technical sector of health education. The intensive increase of the social and behaviorial sciences was part of wider international development. This research adds knowledge to the planning of laboratory technologist education. The analysis of the earlier actions helps to reveal the far reaching influences of the different choices made before and to explain why the situation is what it is. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin Suomessa toteutuneen laboratoriohoitajakoulutuksen kehittymistä Turussa tapahtuneen koulutuksen avulla. Tutkimus rajautui vuosille 1955–1990 ja jakautui ajallisesti kolmeen jaksoon: yksivuotiseen koulutukseen vuosina 1955–1963, kaksivuotiseen koulutukseen vuosina 1964–1983 ja keskiasteen koulunuudistukseen vuosina 1984–1990. Tutkimuksen tarkastelun kohteena oli: Mitkä tekijät johtivat laboratoriohoitaja-koulutuksen käynnistymiseen ja kehittymiseen? Miten opiskelijat valittiin? Miten tietopuolinen ja käytännöllinen opetus jakaantui? Minkälainen oli opettajien pätevyys? Minkälainen oli oppisisältö? Minkälaista tutkintonimikettä käytettiin? Laboratoriohoitajakoulutuksen kehittyminen oli yhteydessä lääketieteen, luonnontieteen ja teknologian kehittymiseen. Lääketieteen edustajat olivat keskeisiä vaikuttajia laboratoriohoitajakoulutuksen alkamiselle ja kehittymiselle. Teolliseen ja palveluyhteiskuntaan siirtyminen vauhdittivat kehitystä. Koulutus piteni asteittain yksivuotisesta neljä ja puolivuotiseksi. Koulutukseen valituilta opiskelijoilta vaadittiin jo alkuaikoina muista hoitohenkilöistä poik-keavasti vähintään keskikoulun oppimäärä. Suuri osa oli kuitenkin ylioppilaita. Koulutuksen alkuaikoina vaadittiin opiskelijoilta hyvää terveyttä tartuntavaarallisen ympäristön ja terveydelle haitallisten aineiden kanssa työskenneltäessä. Koulutuksen alkuaikoina suurin osa oli käytännöllistä opetusta terveydenhuoltoalan laboratorioissa ja vuodeosastoilla. Ajan kuluessa suhde muuttui selvästi koululla annattavan tietopuolisen opetuksen eduksi. Myös vuodeosastoharjoittelu väheni. Koulutuksen alkuaikoina tietopuolinen opetus tapahtui Turun yliopiston eri laitoksilla pääasiassa lääketieteilijöiden voimin. Myöhemmin koulutus siirtyi sairaanhoito- ja terveydenhuolto-oppilaitoksiin ja samalla vetovastuu siirtyi vakinaisille sairaanhoidon opettajille. Tartuntatautien väheneminen ja sisätautien ja kirurgian kehittyminen heijastuivat laboratorio-tutkimusvalikoiman muuttumiseen bakteriologian tutkimuksista kemiallisiin tutkimuksiin. Ihmisen elimistön tutkiminen kudos- ja elintasolta syveni solutasolle. Manuaalisten tutkimusmenetelmien kehittyminen automaatio-menetelmiksi näkyi viiveellä laboratoriohoitajien koulutuksessa. Samoin laboratorioissa voimakkaasti kehittyvä laaduntarkkailu tuli koulutukseen yllättävän myöhään. Laboratoriohoitajakoulutus määriteltiin hoitoalan koulutuksiin terveydenhuollon teknisen alan sijaan. Tämä määritteli hoidollisuutta korostavat raamit laboratoriohoitajakoulutukselle. Yhteiskunta- ja käyttäytymistieteiden voimakas lisääntyminen oli osa laajempaa kansainvälistä kehitystä. Opiskelijoita tuli kasvattaa myös ammatillisissa koulutuksissa yhteiskuntatietoisiksi, osallistuviksi ja sivistyneiksi kansalaisiksi ja perheenjäseniksi. Muiden maiden laboratoriohoitajakoulutukseen ne eivät kuitenkaan sisältyneet. Tämä tutkimus antaa lisää tietoa laboratoriohoitajakoulutuksen suunnitteluun. Aikaisemman toiminnan analysoiminen auttaa näkemään, minkälaiset, kauaskantoisetkin, vaikutukset erilaisilla valinnoilla on ollut, miksi ollaan siinä tilanteessa missä ollaan.

The virtual laboratory is divided into two groups. The first group is comprised of a virtual laboratory for simulation. It is mostly used for presentation and demonstration purposes. It is not necessary to install complicated and expensive software for their use. The second group of the virtual laboratory is a long distance measure. Real systems are measured with the help of this laboratory. The advantage of long distance measuring is that data from the measurements are saved directly onto the personal computer and they can be immediately evaluated. In this project the procedure for creating a virtual instrument for long distance measuring is described in the LabVIEW program. LabVIEW is a graphic developmental environment, for the measuring and analysis of data.

In Tanzania laboratory services were observed to be not providing the quality of services required. It is assumed that the perceived discrepancy between malaria diagnosis and confirming laboratory result might be attributed to incompetence of health personnel. Objective The objective of this research was to explore the competence and extend to which health personnel in Muhimbli hospital comply with procedural norms in malaria diagnosis. Methodology A quantitative approach of explorative descriptive design was used. A survey was done using observation guidelines based on existing policies and norms. Actual practice of malaria diagnosis compared with the policies and procedural norms. Result The data revealed that health personnel are not competence in malaria diagnosis. Conclusion Competence of health personnel is important in malaria diagnosis, a special guideline should be developed and in-service training be implemented to minimize errors in reporting for malaria investigation. / Health Studies / M. A. (Public Health)

In Tanzania laboratory services were observed to be not providing the quality of services required. It is assumed that the perceived discrepancy between malaria diagnosis and confirming laboratory result might be attributed to incompetence of health personnel. Objective The objective of this research was to explore the competence and extend to which health personnel in Muhimbli hospital comply with procedural norms in malaria diagnosis. Methodology A quantitative approach of explorative descriptive design was used. A survey was done using observation guidelines based on existing policies and norms. Actual practice of malaria diagnosis compared with the policies and procedural norms. Result The data revealed that health personnel are not competence in malaria diagnosis. Conclusion Competence of health personnel is important in malaria diagnosis, a special guideline should be developed and in-service training be implemented to minimize errors in reporting for malaria investigation. / Health Studies / M. A. (Public Health)