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The production of antibodies for analytical purposes using invasive procedures on small mammals is common practice in biomedical research. The aim of this study was to develop an efficient method for non-invasive antibody production in the chicken. This thesis presents an alternative method that eliminates the discomfort, pain and distress invoked by traditional immunization procedures on mammals by instead harvesting antibodies (IgY) from the yolk of eggs laid by orally immunized hens. An efficient oral immunization regime was developed by first trying out a suitable non-aggressive oral adjuvant with Bovine Serum Albumine (BSA) as the model antigen. It was found that the pegylated mono/diglyceride RhinoVax® (Softigen®) at a concentration of 20% (v/v) produced a good humoral antibody response in chickens as well as development of IgY antibodies in the egg yolk. The age of the chicken is important in order to have a proper humoral immune response. We found that chicken older than 22 days produced circulating immunospecific anti BSA-antibodies of of IgG, IgM and IgA class when orally immunized with BSA alone, whereas chickens 15 days old only produced IgM and IgA antibodies. This is the first report of oral immunizations with a high dose (250–300mg) of BSA in 20% RhinoVax® consisting of 3 or 5 consecutive daily doses resulting in high concentrations of immunospecific IgY antibodies in the yolk. Using this technique of three consecutive daily doses repeated after 7 weeks and after 18 weeks, a booster effect was induced after the third immunization. This is the first demonstration of a clear anamnestic immune response in orally immunized chickens. The results suggest that it may be possible to further increase the concentration of immunospecific IgY antibodies by modifying the immunization regime. It seems plausible to develop a procedure where the immunogen can be fed to the chickens as in an ordinary egg producing farm thus making antibody production not classified as an animal experiment.

"Major Subject: Laboratory Animal Medicine" Title from author supplied metadata (automated record created 2010-03-12 12:08:51). Includes bibliographical references.

"Major Subject: Laboratory Animal Medicine" Title from author supplied metadata (automated record created 2010-03-12 12:08:51). Includes bibliographical references.

"Major Subject: Laboratory Animal Medicine" Title from author supplied metadata (automated record created 2010-03-12 12:08:51). Includes bibliographical references.

Contact between human beings and dogs may allow sharing of antimicrobial resistant and virulent bacteria. Objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of cross-species sharing of fecal E. coli based on pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profile similarity, to compare antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and virulence factor patterns between dog-owner pairs, and to analyze the epidemiology of cross-species sharing using a questionnaire. A cross-sectional study comparing fecal E. coli isolates from dogs and their owners was conducted. A questionnaire and fecal sample was collected from 61 dogowner pairs and 30 controls. Three E. coli colonies were isolated from each participant and confirmed biochemically. Antimicrobial susceptibility of each isolate was determined via disc diffusion for 17 antimicrobial agents routinely monitored by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. PFGE profiles were used to establish relatedness among bacterial isolates. A multiplex PCR was developed to determine presence or absence of 4 urovirulence factor genes: cnf, hlyD, sfa, and papGIII. The questionnaire asked about medical history, antimicrobial therapy, hygiene, and relationship with dog. A wide array of PFGE profiles was observed in E. coli isolates from all participants. Within-household sharing occurred with 9.8% prevalence, and acrosshousehold sharing occurred with 0.26% prevalence. No specific behaviors were associated with increased clonal sharing between dog and owner. No differences were found in susceptibility results or virulence factor patterns between dog-owner pairs. Control isolates were more resistant than canine isolates, and human beings carried more multiple-drug resistant E. coli than dogs. Isolates from owners who did not wash their hands after petting their dogs had increased resistance to ampicillin. An association was found in women between history of UTI and presence of each virulence factor in their dog’s fecal E. coli. Antimicrobial resistance was associated with reduction of virulence factors. Within-household sharing of E. coli occurred more commonly than acrosshousehold sharing, but both direct contact and environmental reservoirs may be important routes for cross-species sharing of bacteria and genes for resistance and virulence. Cross-species bacterial sharing is a potential public health concern, and good hygiene is recommended.

The estimation of time of death (TOD) can be used to aid law enforcement officers in solving criminal cases involving a death. By determining the period from the TOD until the time the body is discovered, forensic investigators can potentially link or rule out a suspect. A great amount of research has been conducted for the purpose of establishing a reliable and accurate means of estimating TOD in humans. In contrast, most animal studies have centered on techniques that might be applied to human forensic cases or to aid wildlife officers in prosecuting criminals who violate conservation laws. However, little research has been conducted concerning the estimation of TOD in companion animals, especially canines. Estimating TOD in companion animals can aid investigators in solving animal abuse cases involving the death of a pet and/or the murder of an owner that coincides with the death of the pet. The objectives of this study are to take selected TOD measures and apply them for the purpose of expanding the current scientific knowledge concerning TOD determination in canines. Such information should be useful in animal cruelty/abuse investigations by providing a practical and inexpensive quantitative methodology of estimating TOD, maximize the probability that investigators with limited experience will collect useful data, and aid in teaching animal cruelty/abuse investigators proper forensic techniques for handling and collecting data in the field. The measures chosen for this study include postmortem temperature declines in the brain, liver, rectum, and external ear canal and analysis of changes in the concentration of vitreous humor potassium after death. Recording data for these measures are relatively easy, inexpensive, and have been shown in many studies to be the least controversial and most accurate means for estimating TOD. This study documented that body temperature declines measured in the rectum, liver, brain, and external ear canal can be documented using relatively inexpensive and readily available instruments. Further, this study confirms the work of others that changes in K+ concentration in the vitreous humor of the eye is a reliable measure for use in estimation of TOD in dogs. Keywords: Estimation of time of death; Forensics; Canines; Core body temperature; Vitreous humor; Potassium

Abstract Laboratory animals play an essential role to level up medical research, life science and biotechnology. On the other hand, animal quality and supply would directly influence the result of research. Since 1940, western countries has been developing the laboratory animal science, and 1990 western countries start to develop biotechnology industry, until 2000, has tremendous growth, especially the human genomic sequence was completed causing the demand of disease model animals increasing and also speed up the development of biotechnology industry. Regarding the biotechnology industry in Taiwan, started in 2000 and has very limit development for laboratory animal industry become an obstacle of biotechnology industry developing. Therefore, it can¡¦t be ignored that laboratory animal industry leveling up and future developing strategy has a high tribute to Taiwan biotechnology. As case study, we got an approval to review two companies how to improve and maintain their competitive advantages through managing process. These two companies are 1) Charles River Laboratories who has more than 50years history and is the largest global laboratory animal supply company; 2) BioLasco Taiwan who is the only one private company in Taiwan producing SPF Rodents. Through Michael Porter¡¦s 5 competitive forces and SWOT together with two companies developing strategies as references of the future development strategy models for government policy making and also for private enterprise who are interested in involving in this industry. The results of this study provides the key developing strategies for Taiwan laboratory animal industry as following aspects: (1) Market globalization : Regionalized marketing and production for SPF laboratory animals and model animals to meet the economy scale in order to reduce the cost and to get more benefits. (2) The diversification of products and services: Excluding laboratory animal supply, breeding equipments production management of animal housing and outsourcing service forming multiple product lines to enhance the industrious competitiveness and expand market potential for risk sharing sake. (3)R&D and talent internationalization: Through national innovation system and human resource integrated, accompany with NIH. Jackson Lab. and other international/ domestic research institutes together developing new products and new technologies to boast the global competitiveness and competitive advantage for Taiwan laboratory animal industry.

The spinal cord is an important component in the processing and modulation of painful stimuli. Nerve signals from the periphery are relayed and further conducted to the brain (nociception) in the spinal cord, and the most essential modulation of painful information (antinociception) occurs here. Several neurotransmitters are involved in spinal pain modulation, among them acetylcholine. However, the role of acetylcholine has previously been little investigated. In the present thesis, the acetylcholine release in the spinal cord was studied in vivo. By using spinal microdialysis on anaesthetised rats, the effects on the intraspinal acetylcholine release of various receptor ligands and analgesic agents were examined. This, together with pain behavioural tests and in vitro pharmacological assays, was used to evaluate the role of acetylcholine in spinal pain modulation. The four studies in this thesis resulted in the following conclusions: An increased release of spinal acetylcholine is associated with an elevated pain threshold, while a decreased acetylcholine release is associated with hyperalgesia, as seen after systemic treatment with a muscarinic agonist and an antagonist. Lidocaine is a potent analgesic when given systemically. It was found to produce an increase of intraspinal acetylcholine after intravenous injection of analgesic doses. This effect was attenuated after muscarinic, and abolished after nicotinic, receptor blockade. Various a2-adrenergic ligands, associated with nociceptive or antinociceptive effects, were found to affect intraspinal acetylcholine release via action on nicotinic receptors. Finally, the involvement of spinal acetylcholine in the analgesic effects of aspirin and paracetamol was examined. It was found that spinal acetylcholine could participate in the analgesic effects of aspirin, but not of paracetamol. The present thesis provides data that clearly demonstrate a relationship between intraspinal acetylcholine and antinociception, and elucidate interactions between acetylcholine and other mechanisms that mediate antinociception in the spinal cord.

Orientador: Luis Augusto Passeri / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-24T19:51:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rabelo_LuisRaimundoSerra_M.pdf: 3722104 bytes, checksum: c6b3938f71c82fff4c3a0a68d13f9cc3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência à remoção, por tração, de três marcas diferentes de parafusos, de 1,5 mm de diâmetro, inseridos de maneira monocortical em tíbias de coelhos foram testados 30 parafusos, confeccionados em titânio, divididos em 3 grupos de acordo com a marca comercial (W. Lorenz, Synthes e Engimplan). Os parafusos foram inseridos em fragmentos ósseos removidos de tíbias de coelho, que foram armazenadas em solução fisiológica e congeladas à temperatura de -18°C, até a realização dos testes. As tíbias tiveram suas epífises proximal e distal removidas e foram divididas em 4 segmentos de 1,0 cm. Os segmentos ósseos foram incluídos em resina acrílica quimicamente ativada, no interior de cilindros de PVC. Cada segmento recebeu uma perfuração em sua cortical superior, e um parafuso foi inserido de maneira monocortical. Os corpos-de-prova foram levados a uma máquina de tração universal, onde por meio de um dispositivo confeccionado em aço inoxidável, adaptado ao mordente inferior da mesma, foram submetidos a testes de tração, a uma velocidade de 6 mm/min. Os resultados obtidos foram transformados em kgf/cm2. Foi aplicada análise estatística não paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, em prova bilateral. Os resultados indicaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre a tração exercida para remoção dos parafusos do grupo W. Lorenz, quando comparados ao grupo Engimplan. Os maiores valores de tração foram alcançados pelo grupo W. Lorenz, e os menores pelo grupo Engimplan. O grupo Synthes não apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significante, quando comparados aos demais / Abstract: This study evaluated the uniaxial pull-out strength of three differents systems of 1.5 mm monocortical screws inserted into rabbit tibias. Thirty titanium screws of three groups (Group W. Lorenz, Synthes and Engimplan) were tested. The screws were inserted into 30 tibias of New Zealand Breed rabbits, ranging 2.0 mm thick. The bone was stored in a 0.90/0 saline solution and refrigerated at the temperature af -18°C until all tests were completed. The proximal and distal epifisis were removed and each tibia were cut into 1.0 cm sections with a carborundum disk under low speed. The sections were fixed with chemicallyactivated acrylate resin in a PVC cylinders. Roles were drilled in the fixed bone fragments and 1.5 mm screws were inserted remaining the run-out portion uncovered. The test bodies were secured in a custom-made retention jig and subjected to the uniaxial pull-out tests by the universal rehearsal machine at speed of 6 mm/minute. The results obtained in a kilogram - force (kgf) and were analyzed through a bilateral test, the Kruskal - Wallis' test, at a 5% level of probability. The results indicated significant differences between Group W. Lorenz and Group Engimplan. The largest force was related to the Group Lorenz screws while the smallest to the group Engimplan screws / Mestrado / Cirurgia e Traumatologia Buco-Maxilo-Faciais / Mestre em Clínica Odontológica