This thesis has two focuses. The first problem facing the olive industry in the Eastern Cape is the growers’ perceptions of both what the industry will provide them and what a pest management program might entail. The second focus is the biology of olive pests in the Eastern Cape in terms of understanding their populations and their natural enemies on private farms, with future hopes of understanding how Integrated Pest Management strategies can be developed for this crop. Eastern Cape private farmers, small-scale farmers and workers from agricultural training institutions were interviewed regarding the history and cultivation of the local olive crop. Only one commercially viable olive grove was identified; other groves were small, experimental pilot ventures. The introduction of olives to small-scale farmers and agricultural training schools was generally a top-down initiative that led to a lack of sense of ownership and the trees being neglected. Other problems included poor human capital; poor financial capital; lack of adequate support; lack of knowledge transfer and stability; lack of communication and evaluation procedures of the project; miscommunication; and finally, olive pests. Apart from hesitancy to plant at a commercial scale, the main problem facing private farmers (Varnam Farm, Hewlands Farm and Springvale Farm) was pests. Therefore an investigation of pests from private farms was conducted ranging from collection of cultivated and wild olive fruit and flea beetle larvae for parasitism, trapping systems both for fruit flies and olive flea beetle adults. A survey of olive fruits yielded larval fruit flies of the families Tephritidae (Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), B. biguttula (Bezzi) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)) and Drosophilidae (Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen)) from wild olives (O. europaea cuspidata (Wall. ex G. Don) Cif.) but none from cultivated olives (O. e. europaea L.). Braconid wasps (Opiinae and Braconinae) were reared only from fruits containing B. oleae and B. biguttula. This suggests that B. oleae is not of economic significance in the Eastern Cape, perhaps because it is controlled to a significant level by natural enemies, but B. biguttula may be a potential economic pest. A survey of adult fruit flies using ChamP traps baited with ammonium bicarbonate and spiroketal capsules and Sensus trap baited with methyl eugenol and Questlure confirmed the relative importance of B. biguttula over B. oleae. ChamP traps were over 50 times better than Sensus traps for mass trapping of B. biguttula but both were ineffective for trapping B. oleae and C. capitata. Six indigenous flea beetles of the genus Argopistes Motschulsky (Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) were found, three described by Bryant in 1922 and 1944 and three new species. Their morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and mutivariate morphometric analysis. The leaf-mining larvae are pests of wild and cultivated olives in South Africa and threaten the local olive industry. At Springvale Farm, A. oleae Bryant and A. sexvittatus Bryant preferred the upper parts of trees, near new leaves. Pseudophanomeris inopinatus (Blkb.) (Braconidae) was reared from 23 Argopistes larvae. The beetle larvae might not be controlled to a significant level by natural enemies because the rate of parasitism was low. The olive flea beetles showed no attraction to traps containing various volatile compounds as baits. The lace bug, Plerochila australis Distant (Tingidae), was sometimes a pest. It showed a preference for the underside of leaves on the lower parts of the trees. A moth, Palpita unionalis Hübner (Crambidae), was reared in very low numbers and without parasitoids. A twig-boring beetle larva, chalcidoid parasitoids and seed wasps of the families Eurytomidae, Ormyridae and Eupelmidae were also recorded.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Through the case of tenants from Apiques community, the settlement in the city of MaceiÃ, Itapipoca-CearÃ, this study aims to analyze the economic and cultural aspects of bobbin lace made by rural women as a strategic way of living in the semiarid. In a qualitative and quantitative approach, it was used a data collected during primary origin experiences carried along to tenants and employees by applying a round of conversation workshop, interviews and pre-designed forms to achieve the proposed objectives of this study. The craftswomen perform agricultural work in the rainy season periods and focus not on land that combine time in their daily household chores and bobbin lace, is being performed in two ways: individually and collective group of women lace makers. Regarding the production cycle in the community, it has been directly related to climate variations, such the distribution of the handicraft a disability is perceived, the dependence of middlemen who are the current sales channels, but not provide much gain on the sale of the handicraft. Another factor is the lack of knowledge by consumer market, which is generated by the distance of the main tourist centers and the informality that the activity has to the community. Despite lower annual earnings, this economic activity demonstrates profitability, proving profitability for craftswomen that develop this work. The bobbin lace retains characteristics of its origin where women sit to the pad to produce each piece by hand. It is necessary to identify new market channels and create a local entity able to maintain higher production levels and bargaining power, as well as the stimulation of specific capabilities of management, leadership and market studies. Therefore, with the spread of the Creative Economy emerges a new economic thinking activity taking into consideration the cultural richness basis on the sites in Brazil. / Por intermÃdio do caso das rendeiras da comunidade Apiques, no assentamento Maceià â MunicÃpio de Itapipoca-Cearà â este estudo tem o objetivo de analisar aspectos culturais e econÃmicos da renda de bilro, trabalho realizado por mulheres camponesas como forma estratÃgica de convivÃncia com o semiÃrido. Em uma abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa, foram utilizados dados de origem primÃria coletados durante vivÃncias realizadas juntamente Ãs rendeiras e empregadas com a aplicaÃÃo de oficina em formato de roda de conversa, formulÃrios e entrevistas previamente elaborados para atingir aos objetivos propostos deste estudo. As artesÃs desempenham trabalhos agrÃrios nos perÃodos em que concentram a quadra chuvosa e nÃo agrÃrios, em que aliam em seu cotidiano as atividades domÃsticas e a renda de bilro, esta sendo desempenhada de duas formas: individualmente e por grupo de mulheres rendeiras. No que concerne ao ciclo produtivo da renda na comunidade, tem-se que a produÃÃo està diretamente relacionada Ãs variaÃÃes climÃticas do local. Quanto à distribuiÃÃo das peÃas, existe uma deficiÃncia, caso este percebido na dependÃncia de atravessadores, que sÃo os canais de venda atuais, mas nÃo proporcionam tanto ganho na venda das peÃas. Outro fator à o nÃo conhecimento do mercado consumidor, fato este ensejado pela distÃncia dos principais centros turÃsticos e a informalidade que a atividade tem para a comunidade. Apesar de ganhos anuais baixos, a atividade demonstra rentabilidade econÃmica, comprovando lucratividade para as rendeiras que a desenvolvem. A renda de bilro mantÃm caracterÃsticas de sua origem em que mulheres se sentam à almofada para produzir artesanalmente cada peÃa. Fazem-se necessÃrias a identificaÃÃo de novos canais de comercializaÃÃo e a criaÃÃo de uma entidade local que seja capaz de manter maior volume produtivo e poder de negociaÃÃo, bem como o estÃmulo de capacitaÃÃes especÃficas da gestÃo, lideranÃa e estudos de mercado. Portanto, com a difusÃo da Economia Criativa, surge um novo pensamento econÃmico das atividades, levando em consideraÃÃo a base na riqueza cultural das localidades no Brasil.

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