Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:36:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaJCS_TESE.pdf: 4682645 bytes, checksum: c50792ed3b0b8c62deede5b0c512df12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-06 / A tese tem como objetivo descrever e analisar caracter?sticas e princ?pios dos padr?es das rendas de bilro de modo a estabelecer rela??es com a Matem?tica escolar, principalmente, no que se refere aos t?picos como Geometria, simetria, isometria, ?rea, per?metro, entre outros. Desse modo, elaboramos atividades did?ticas, com base na Matem?tica explorada nos padr?es da cria??o da renda de bilro, visando concretizar um exerc?cio investigat?rio nas aulas de Matem?tica, de modo que, sejam estabelecidas rela??es conceituais entre a pr?tica investigada e os conte?dos da Matem?tica escolar. Para satisfazer esses objetivos, buscamos apoio metodol?gico na pesquisa bibliogr?fica, do tipo documental em cat?logos como o da Professora Valdelice Gir?o (1984) e tamb?m o de Dawson (1984). Realizamos tamb?m a pesquisa emp?rica durante as visitas ao Museu do Cear? e ao Centro das Rendeiras na Prainha, em Aquiraz, no Cear?. Para realizar as atividades did?ticas, apoiamo-nos em Mendes (2009). Consideramos relevante essa abordagem de ensino porque pressup?e a experi?ncia direta do aprendiz com situa??es reais vivenciadas, nas quais a abordagem instrucional ? centrada no aluno. Desse modo, conclu?mos que para o ensino de conte?dos como Geometria, simetria, isometria, rela??o entre per?metro e ?rea, entre outros que s?o abordados na Educa??o B?sica, os modelos decorrentes da cria??o renda de bilro e outros modelos j? descritos na tradi??o cearense podem ser usados como artefato cultural na cria??o de atividades did?ticas

Orientador: Sergio de Freitas / Banca: Valmir Antonio Costa / Banca: Angélica Maria Penteado Martins Dias / Banca: Francisco Jorge Cividanes / Banca: Sergio Antonio de Bortoli / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento de parasitóides associados à Leptopharsa heveae (Hemiptera: Tingidae) em talhões de seringueiras de cultivo na fazenda da empresa "Plantações E. Michelin Ltda.", município de Itiquira - MT (17º22'23''S, 54º44'23''W). Foram realizados três ensaios para determinar a ocorrência, porcentagem de parasitismo e flutuação populacional da praga e parasitóides em talhões com e sem aplicação de produtos fitossanitários. Também foi verificada a influência a idade da folha de seringueira na oviposição de L. heveae e na ocorrência de parasitóides e a distribuição espacial de parasitóides nos lados dos talhões, em cinco clones de seringueira (RRIM 600, PR 255, PB 217, PB 235 e GT 1). Nos ensaios realizados eram coletadas folhas maduras (completamente expandidas), sendo demarcadas as áreas contendo os ovos de L. heveae, do terço inferior da copa de árvores dos cinco clones estudados. No ensaio correspondente à influência da idade das folhas, além de folhas maduras, eram coletadas folhas intermediárias (semiexpandidas e verde-claras) e novas (não expandidas e arroxeadas). Em todos os ensaios realizados a espécie Erythmelus tingitiphagus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) foi a mais abundante e freqüente. A porcentagem de parasitismo de E. tingitiphagus sobre ovos de L. heveae variou entre 13,8% no clone PB 235 a 30,8% no RRIM 600 em condições naturais. Os picos populacionais de L. heveae e de E. tingitiphagus deram-se nos meses de outubro e novembro nas áreas estudadas. Verificou-se que a distribuição de E. tingitiphagus ocorreu de maneira eqüitativa nos lados dos talhões, com tendência a concentrar-se no centro dos mesmos. A oviposição de L. heveae é maior em folhas maduras em relação às intermediárias e novas. / Abstract: The objective of this work was to make a survey of parasitoids associated with Leptopharsa heveae (Hemiptera: Tingidae) in lots of rubber trees cultivation on the farm of the company "Plantações E. Michelin Ltda.", municipality of Itiquira - MT (17º22'23'', 54º44'23''W). Three experiments were made to determine the occurrence, percentage of parasitism and population flotation of the pest and parasitoids in lots with and without application of pesticides. Also the influence of the age of the rubber tree leaf was verified in the oviposition of L. heveae and in the parasitoids occurrence and the space distribution of parasitoids beside the lots, in five rubber tree clones (RRIM 600, PR 255, PB 217, PB 235 and GT 1). Through the experiments made, ripe leaves were collected (completely expanded), being demarcated the areas containing L. heveae's eggs, of the inferior third of the canopies of the five studied clones. In the experiment corresponding to the influence of the age of the leaves, besides ripe leaves, intermediate leaves were collected (semi-expanded and light green) and new (unexpanded and purple). In all experiments made, the species Erythmelus tingitiphagus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) was the most abundant and frequent. The percentage of parasitism of E. tingitiphagus on eggs of L. heveae varied between 13.8% in the PB 235 clone, to 30.8% in RRIM 600 in natural conditions. L. heveae's and E. tingitiphagus's population picks happened in the months of October and November in the studied areas. It was verified that that the distribution of E. tingitiphagus happened in an equal way in the sides of the lots, with tendency to concentrate in the center of themselves. The oviposition of L. heveae is larger in ripe leaves related to the intermediate and new ones. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:52:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KleberSB.pdf: 4867538 bytes, checksum: 81e83ee83caad9746c0f992d73c8b0a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-16 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Brazilian craft production plays an important role in the generation of employment and income for many families in every state across Brazil. In Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, among many types found, identifies itself with the production of bobbin-lace, still practiced in Ponta Negra Village for ancient craftswomens of city that try to preserve the art and tradition of bobbin-lace. This work presents the results of an analysis conducted based in concepts of anthropotechnology, on the effects of a design workshop held with bobbin-lace craftswomen in the village of Ponta Negra in July of 2006. The workshop was intended to propose a new concept of products and a new alternative for production in the activity of the craftswomen, on the premise that the laces could be used as a detail inserted into other industrial products such as shirts, bags, towels, etc. Evaluations after the workshop showed that none of the artisans continued to work, indicating that actions focused solely on products did not generate representative results in the production of bobbin-lace. Evaluations also indicated that knowledge about the artisan's personal and professional characteristics, organization, pace, workload, and cultural and historical issues that permeate the activity are essential to the success of technology transfer, particularly when the transfer affects the craft production as it relates to the inseparable aspects of the craftswomen's work and lifestyle / O setor de produ??o artesanal brasileiro tem importante participa??o na gera??o de ocupa??o e renda de muitas fam?lias em todos os estados da federa??o, tendo em cada um, diferentes tipologias de artesanato. Em Natal, RN, dentre muitas tipologias encontradas, identifica-se a Renda de Bilro, uma arte introduzida no Brasil pelos colonizadores portugueses e ainda praticada na Vila de Ponta Negra por antigas rendeiras de bilro da cidade que tentam preservar a arte e tradi??o da renda. Esta pesquisa apresenta a an?lise dos resultados e repercuss?es de uma Oficina de Design realizada com um grupo de 19 rendeiras de bilro da Vila de Ponta Negra, al?m de expor os motivos pelos quais os ensinamentos repassados na Oficina n?o foram incorporados a atividade das artes?s. Para tal, utilizou-se como base te?rica a antropotecnologia e como base metodol?gica a An?lise Ergon?mica do Trabalho (AET). A referida Oficina de Design tinha como objetivo propor um novo conceito de produto e uma nova alternativa de produ??o a serem introduzidos ? atividade das rendeiras, partindo da premissa de utiliza??o da renda como detalhe a ser inserido em outros produtos industriais, como camisetas, bolsas, toalhas, etc, diferenciando-se da produ??o tradicional realizada pelas artes?s em que s?o produzidas blusas, saias, vestidos, tolhas, etc. totalmente em renda. Avalia??es realizadas ap?s a oficina mostraram que nenhuma das artes?s deu continuidade aos trabalhos de forma espont?nea, indicando que a??es pontuais focadas apenas nos produtos n?o geram resultados representativos na produ??o da renda de bilro, e que o conhecimento das caracter?sticas pessoais e profissionais das artes?s, organiza??o, ritmo e carga de trabalho, quest?es culturais e hist?ricas que permeiam a atividade s?o primordiais para o sucesso das transfer?ncias de tecnologia, principalmente quando estas transfer?ncias est?o relacionadas ? produ??o artesanal, em que o modo de vida e de trabalho dos artes?os ? indissoci?vel

Nossa pesquisa visa problematizar o dispositivo de grupo a partir da psicanálise lacaniana. A questão da qual partimos foi: Se a psicanálise aponta para o singular do sujeito, como trabalhar com dispositivos de grupos sem dissolvê-las num universal? Num primeiro momento, mapeamos alguns elementos históricos do surgimento da noção de grupo. Extraímos daí que tal noção nasce concomitantemente à noção de indivíduo, ambos tomados como totalidades. A psicanálise, por sua vez, não parte do indivíduo, pois tem como fundamento e horizonte de intervenção o sujeito, de forma que o dispositivo de grupo também deve levá-lo em conta. Na sequência, o tema grupo é investigado nas obras de S. Freud, W. R. Bion, E. Pichon-Rivière, J. Lacan procurando extrair-lhes uma lógica coletiva. A partir de Freud, temos um esquema no qual a tendência do grupo é fazer massa, identificando-se ao mesmo tempo verticalmente sob uma insígnia do mestre colocado como Ideal do Eu, e horizontalmente entre os sujeitos a partir do Eu, tendendo a apagar suas singularidades através de um grupo imaginariamente completo. Com isso, vemos a questão da identificação se tornar um problema central na questão dos grupos. Assim procuramos elementos que pudessem nos auxiliar para que o grupo não ceda aos efeitos imaginários. Frente a isso, Bion trouxe uma primeira contribuição do grupo sem líder, para quem o analista não atua do lugar de líder, trazendo a importante ideia de descompletar o grupo; Pichon, por sua vez, traz a ideia de interdependência dos sujeitos afirmando uma lógica coletiva, uma vez que os sujeitos não são mônadas isoladas. Na sequência, foi importante o recurso ao dispositivo de cartel, órgão de base da Escola lacaniana, o qual aponta para um grupo não completo, dado que a função do +1 é justamente descompletar o grupo a fim de mitigar seus efeitos imaginários. Nosso próximo passo foi abordamos os efeitos de sujeito - em oposição aos efeitos imaginários - a partir do recurso de vinhetas clínicas de atendimentos de grupos em articulação à contribuição lacaniana da sua tríade Imaginário, Simbólico e Real. A consideração desses três registros apontou para outro modo de universalizar um grupo como prescindindo do significante, uma vez que o que Lacan denominou como objeto a escapa às suas determinações simbólicas e imaginárias em suas tendências identificatórias e homogeneizantes. Extraída tal lógica coletiva, apontamos que o analista num grupo tem sua função ancorada no objeto a. Além disso, o analista deve considerar os efeitos da fala que os sujeitos têm entre si, visto que a transferência circula entre os sujeitos. Uma vez que os sujeitos em grupo tendem a responder às demandas um do outro, concluímos que é importante ao psicanalista fazer circular a palavra, de modo a manter a significação aberta, para que ninguém venha a ocupar o lugar de Ideal do Eu. Por fim oferecemos um quadro de leitura das experiências ambivalentes de grupo: como experiências produtivas (de determinação e indeterminação), mas também improdutivas (de indeterminação e determinação). Finalmente, concluímos que o dispositivo de grupo pode ser um importante dispositivo de intervenção clínica, ética e política para o campo da Saúde / This research aims to problematize the device group from Lacanian psychoanalysis. The question with which we started was: If psychoanalysis points to the singular subject, how to work with groups devices without dissolving them in a universal? Initially, we mapped some historical elements of the emergence of the notion of group. We extracted from this that such notion is born simultaneously with the notion of the individual, both taken as totalities. Psychoanalysis, in turn, does not arise from the individual, because it is based and has as intervention goal the subject, so that the device group should also take it into account. Subsequently, the group theme is investigated in the works of S. Freud, Bion, E. Pichon-Rivière J. Lacan seeking to extract from them a collective logic. From Freud, we have a scheme in which the tendency of the group is to make dough, identifying both vertically under a master insignia placed as the Ideal Self, and horizontally among subjects starting from themselves, tending to erase their singularities through an imaginary whole group. Therewith, we see the issue of identification become a central point in the matter of groups. Thus we seek elements that could help us so that the group does not give in to imaginary effects. Faced with this, Bion brought a first contribution of the \"leaderless group\", to which the analyst does not act in the place of leader, bringing the important idea of not to complete the group; Pichon, in turn, brings the idea of interdependence of individuals stating a collective logic, since the subjects are not isolated monads. Thereafter, it was important to make use of the cartel device, organ base of Lacanian School, which points to a not complete group, since the function of the +1 is precisely not complete the group in order to mitigate its imaginary effects. Our next step was to approach the \"effects of subjects\" - as opposed to imaginary effects - from the use of clinical vignettes used on groups treatment in articulating their contribution to the Lacanian triad Imaginary, Symbolic and Real. The consideration of these three records, pointed to another way of universalizing a group as waiving significant, since what Lacan has termed as escape object to their symbolic and imaginary determinations in its identificatory and homogenizing trends. Extracted such collective logic, it is possible to indicate that, in a group, the analyst has his role anchored in the object. In addition, the analyst must consider the effects of speech that individuals have with each other, since the transfer circulates between subjects. Since the subjects in groups tend to respond to each other demands, we conclude that it\'s important the psychoanalyst to circulate the word, in a way to keep an open meaning, so no one will take the place of the Ideal I. Finally we provide a reading framework for the ambivalent group experiences: as productive experiences (determination and indeterminacy) but also unproductive (of indeterminacy and determination). Lastly, we conclude that the group device can be an important tool for clinical policy in the field of health care intervention and ethics

The outcome of my thesis is airy relief in the form of a spreaded Kyjov´s women's folk costumes. It is made up of embroidery and lace, which gets their original lightness without underlying substance.The white color, I have used, strenghts this feeling. All parts are printed by the ABS plastic. I follow the transformation of hand-made embroidery on the machine-made one with this. 3D printing is another entirely fictitious step for me. Just as the embroidery machine adjusts stitches according to their outline, as well as 3D printer has its own structure of applying material.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:32:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Manoela de Oliveira Lainetti.pdf: 605868 bytes, checksum: bd8c5045011d0e46da77b03e09047861 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Restorative Justice and the adolescent author of infractional act integrate with each other in this report, in such a way that the elements of the research are used to understand which is the conception of the adolescent author of infractional act concerning to the restorative circle (while restorative justice practical), what has the experience provoked in the adolescent, as well as the way the personal implication of the adolescent has contributed in this process. This work attempts to the comprehension the of transformation possibilities in the adolescent author of infracional acts social laces who has experienced the practical of Restorative Justice. The inquiry of this subject is important to enable and to subsidize the work with adolescents, and to question and dicuss the binomial adolescence-violence. This is a practical work where the psychoanalys was used as subsidy for conception of adolescence and analysis of the interviews. The analysis was made from the psychoanalytic listenings of the attests and interviews, and it was made through the speeches that produce and reveal social laces. It was observed inside the Restorative Justice proposal the importance of the adolescent as not the only depositary of some many ways of the conflicts causes and solutions . Another consideration is that the structure in which he is inserted creats a coherent that contributes for the resolution and prevention of conflicts and infractional acts. The social laces the adolescent establishes is changeable and this different constitution of laces allude to the speech individual speech and social speech. The possibility of the word circulation brought from listening is essential, since it contains the transformation possibility of the social laces established by the adolescent / Justiça Restaurativa e o adolescente autor de ato infracional combinamse, nesta dissertação, de forma levantar elementos para compreender qual é a concepção do adolescente autor de ato infracional acerca do círculo restaurativo (enquanto prática da justiça restaurativa), o que esta experiência provocou no adolescente, bem como de que forma se deu a implicação pessoal do adolescente neste processo. Procurou-se compreender quais são as possibilidades de transformação no laço social do adolescente autor de ato infracional que experiencia a prática da Justiça Restaurativa. A investigação deste tema é importante para capacitar e subsidiar o trabalho com adolescentes, e para questionar/problematizar o binômio adolescênciaviolência. Este é um trabalho prático em que a psicanálise foi utilizada como subsídio para concepção de adolescência e para análise das entrevistas. A partir da escuta psicanalítica de depoimentos e entrevistas, a análise foi feita através dos discursos, que produzem e revelam formas de laços sociais. Dentro da proposta da justiça restaurativa, percebeu-se como imprescindível que o adolescente não seja o depositário único tanto das causas quanto das soluções dos conflitos e que a estrutura na qual ele está inserido forme um todo coerente que contribua para a resolução e prevenção de conflitos e atos infracionais. O laço social que o adolescente estabelece é mutável e as formas como este laço se dá estão referenciadas ao discurso discurso do sujeito e discurso social. A possibilidade de circulação da palavra trazida pela escuta é fundamental, visto que ela contém a possibilidade de transformação dos laços sociais estabelecidos pelo adolescente

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-10-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:42:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_rs_dr_jabo.pdf: 1593965 bytes, checksum: fdd7c0ec03d968f08907273deefc9096 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Plantacoes E. Michelin Ltda. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento de parasitóides associados à Leptopharsa heveae (Hemiptera: Tingidae) em talhões de seringueiras de cultivo na fazenda da empresa “Plantações E. Michelin Ltda.”, município de Itiquira – MT (17º22’23’’S, 54º44’23’’W). Foram realizados três ensaios para determinar a ocorrência, porcentagem de parasitismo e flutuação populacional da praga e parasitóides em talhões com e sem aplicação de produtos fitossanitários. Também foi verificada a influência a idade da folha de seringueira na oviposição de L. heveae e na ocorrência de parasitóides e a distribuição espacial de parasitóides nos lados dos talhões, em cinco clones de seringueira (RRIM 600, PR 255, PB 217, PB 235 e GT 1). Nos ensaios realizados eram coletadas folhas maduras (completamente expandidas), sendo demarcadas as áreas contendo os ovos de L. heveae, do terço inferior da copa de árvores dos cinco clones estudados. No ensaio correspondente à influência da idade das folhas, além de folhas maduras, eram coletadas folhas intermediárias (semiexpandidas e verde-claras) e novas (não expandidas e arroxeadas). Em todos os ensaios realizados a espécie Erythmelus tingitiphagus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) foi a mais abundante e freqüente. A porcentagem de parasitismo de E. tingitiphagus sobre ovos de L. heveae variou entre 13,8% no clone PB 235 a 30,8% no RRIM 600 em condições naturais. Os picos populacionais de L. heveae e de E. tingitiphagus deram-se nos meses de outubro e novembro nas áreas estudadas. Verificou-se que a distribuição de E. tingitiphagus ocorreu de maneira eqüitativa nos lados dos talhões, com tendência a concentrar-se no centro dos mesmos. A oviposição de L. heveae é maior em folhas maduras em relação às intermediárias e novas. / The objective of this work was to make a survey of parasitoids associated with Leptopharsa heveae (Hemiptera: Tingidae) in lots of rubber trees cultivation on the farm of the company “Plantações E. Michelin Ltda.”, municipality of Itiquira – MT (17º22’23’’, 54º44’23’’W). Three experiments were made to determine the occurrence, percentage of parasitism and population flotation of the pest and parasitoids in lots with and without application of pesticides. Also the influence of the age of the rubber tree leaf was verified in the oviposition of L. heveae and in the parasitoids occurrence and the space distribution of parasitoids beside the lots, in five rubber tree clones (RRIM 600, PR 255, PB 217, PB 235 and GT 1). Through the experiments made, ripe leaves were collected (completely expanded), being demarcated the areas containing L. heveae’s eggs, of the inferior third of the canopies of the five studied clones. In the experiment corresponding to the influence of the age of the leaves, besides ripe leaves, intermediate leaves were collected (semi-expanded and light green) and new (unexpanded and purple). In all experiments made, the species Erythmelus tingitiphagus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) was the most abundant and frequent. The percentage of parasitism of E. tingitiphagus on eggs of L. heveae varied between 13.8% in the PB 235 clone, to 30.8% in RRIM 600 in natural conditions. L. heveae’s and E. tingitiphagus’s population picks happened in the months of October and November in the studied areas. It was verified that that the distribution of E. tingitiphagus happened in an equal way in the sides of the lots, with tendency to concentrate in the center of themselves. The oviposition of L. heveae is larger in ripe leaves related to the intermediate and new ones.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:10:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DanielGBN.pdf: 2303698 bytes, checksum: 81b037aa18618e8a3fda1cb11f81e378 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-14 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This work exposed desired to investigate the function of evolution of closed allotment, of market of the earth and of forms of extraction of the lace of earth, in the processes capitalist production of urban space in Nova Parnamirim, community of Parnamirim/RN. This tendentious urbanization were marked for an expressive increase of number of horizontal and vertical closed residences joint ownership concerning at social groups more privileged financial position. Go after, set off, a temporal investigation, based in the forms of appropriation of space in the middle intermediate by action of the several producers agent of capitalist capital. This way, make necessary understand the past of local structure earth, in order that to make possible analyze the beginning of the process. Not enough, appealed the publics institutions as immobile notary s office and secretary municipal for to collect the more important information, and in the field through of application of formulary together the population of ward, in order that of examine the motivation of residential establishment inside. Make this, confirmed that the actual spatial organization of ward of Nova Parnamirim started of two allotments: the Vale do Pitimb? Park and Eucaliptos Park, both divided in several little allotments. Before of begin the ward, allotments reproduced set off from that native has been consigned during the 80, 90 decade s and begin the actual century, resigning a complicated urban structure earth, dynamized by exploration of a promising residential area. Leashed of this, confirmed the installation of logic of segregation and auto-segregation conducted by an immobile market which exclude the poor class and absorb rich class, motivate by perspective of obtaining of urban lace of earth by immobile promoter. However, perceived that the growth this market was promoted by migration of groups of capital, interior of state and others regions of country. Not distant, horizontal and vertical closed residences represent production forms of a new form of residence, corresponding the pattern architectonic as socioeconomics, strengthened by ideal of security, quality of life, necessity of reclusion and of proximity of Natal. Is in the capital which this individual found possibilities of attend satisfactory minimum of yours necessity in relation a consumption of bens and specialized and specifics services. Before this qualitative perceive that the social and spacial differential of Nova Parnamirim was the responsible by soil and habitation valorization of ward, that reinforce the promotion of segregation and of auto-segregation, and consequently, of capitalist reproduction of urban space / O trabalho aqui exposto desejou investigar o papel da evolu??o dos loteamentos fechados, do mercado de terras e das formas de extra??o da renda fundi?ria, no processo de produ??o capitalista do espa?o urbano em Nova Parnamirim, munic?pio de Parnamirim/RN. Essa tendenciosa urbaniza??o foi marcada por um expressivo aumento do n?mero de condom?nios residenciais fechados horizontais e verticais referentes a grupos sociais mais privilegiados financeiramente. Procurou-se, a partir da?, uma investiga??o temporal, baseada nas formas de apropria??o do espa?o mediadas pela a??o dos diversos agentes produtores da cidade capitalista. Nesse sentido, fez-se necess?rio entender a historicidade da estrutura fundi?ria local, para que se pudesse analisar o princ?pio do processo. N?o obstante, recorreu-se a institui??es p?blicas como cart?rios imobili?rios e secretarias municipais para coletar as informa??es mais importantes e, ao campo atrav?s da aplica??o de formul?rios junto ? popula??o do bairro, com intuito de averiguar as motiva??es de estabelecimento residencial no mesmo. Feito isso, confirmou-se que a atual organiza??o espacial do bairro de Nova Parnamirim partiu de dois loteamentos: o Parque Vale do Pitimb? e o Parque dos Eucaliptos, ambos fracionados em v?rios loteamentos menores, nas d?cadas de 80, 90 e 2000, conformando uma intricada estrutura fundi?ria urbana. Atrelado a isso, constatou-se a instala??o de uma l?gica de segrega??o e auto-segrega??o conduzida por um mercado imobili?rio que exclui os insolv?veis e absorve os solv?veis, motivado pela perspectiva de obten??o de rendas fundi?rias urbanas pelos promotores imobili?rios e pela migra??o de grupos da capital, do interior do Estado e de outras regi?es do pa?s. Os condom?nios fechados horizontais e verticais representam formas de produ??o de uma nova forma de moradia, no que diz respeito tanto aos padr?es arquitet?nicos como socioecon?micos, fortalecida pelo ideal de seguran?a, qualidade de vida, pela necessidade da reclus?o e da proximidade de Natal, com ?nfase para o consumo de bens e servi?os especializados e espec?ficos. Concluiu-se que h? uma valoriza??o do solo e da habita??o no bairro, o que refor?a a promo??o da segrega??o e da auto-segrega??o e, consequentemente, a reprodu??o capitalista do espa?o urbano

Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) remains a highly invasive and ecologically damaging weed in South Africa, despite some 50 years of biological control efforts. Lack of success has been ascribed to varietal differences, climate and predation of agents but these have not been tested. In this study, the effects of ant predation were tested on populations of three biological control agents for L. camara. Colonies of two species, Crematogaster sp. 1 and 2 were investigated. Crematogaster sp. 1 colonies were offered no choice between immature stages of the agents Hypena laceratalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Falconia intermedia Distant (Hemiptera: Miridae) or Teleonemia scrupulosa Stål (Hemiptera: Tingidae) on lantana shoots. Density-dependent predation on F. intermedia and T. scrupulosa nymphs on lantana shoots was tested using Crematogaster sp. 2 colonies. In choice experiments Crematogaster sp. 2 colonies were offered F. intermedia or T. scrupulosa nymphs on potted lantana plants. Preliminary food trials confirmed that colonies foraged for protein, thereby validating results of no-choice experiments. Crematogaster sp.1 foragers removed 50% of F. intermedia nymphs, followed by 45% of H. laceratalis larvae and only 9% of T. scrupulosa nymphs. Foragers recruited most actively to H. laceratalis larvae and significantly more H. laceratalis biomass was removed than either F. intermedia or T. scrupulosa. A trade-off existed in prey size selection because larger larvae provided considerably more biomass but required forager cooperation and a longer time to subdue than did smaller prey. This increases both forager energy expense and mortality risk by other predators. This study showed that all Crematogaster sp. 1 colonies removed small (≤10mm) H. laceratalis larvae more frequently than larvae larger than 10mm. Thus, of these biological control agents, predators probably prefer small H. laceratalis larvae. Significantly more F. intermedia than T. scrupulosa nymphs were removed by Crematogaster sp. 1, while Crematogaster sp. 2 colonies removed comparable numbers of both agent species. Falconia intermedia nymphs' fast movement triggered a predatory response by these ant species. In contrast, the relatively immobile behaviour of T. scrupulosa nymphs was identified as a highly effective predator avoidance strategy. Since T. scrupulosa nymphs are unable to escape predators by moving, they appear to depend on the presence of alternative prey attracting predator attention. At high agent and/or forager density, T. scrupulosa nymphs attempted escape, but foragers identified them as prey once they moved and caught them. Predation on F. intermedia was also density dependent in that at high nymph and/or forager densities, escape routes were congested and nymphs were more easily caught. Survival of F. intermedia and T. scrupulosa nymphs in particular was low on ant-accessed shrubs in choice experiments and high on ant-excluded shrubs. It is likely that ants significantly depress F. intermedia populations in the field since besides predation, ant foragers probably interrupt F. intermedia feeding and ovipositioning. The combination of parasitism and predation on early instar larvae may explain why H. laceratalis occurs across lantana's range in South Africa but populations remain low. It is unlikely that T. scrupulosa nymphs are habitually preyed on by ant species unless they attract attention by being mobile. Although biological control of L. camara is influenced by climate and physiological defence mechanisms, this study has shown that predation by two ant species severely impacts leaf-feeding agents for L. camara. Thus, it is recommended that future selection of additional agents to control lantana should exclude leaf-feeding .

This thesis has two focuses. The first problem facing the olive industry in the Eastern Cape is the growers’ perceptions of both what the industry will provide them and what a pest management program might entail. The second focus is the biology of olive pests in the Eastern Cape in terms of understanding their populations and their natural enemies on private farms, with future hopes of understanding how Integrated Pest Management strategies can be developed for this crop. Eastern Cape private farmers, small-scale farmers and workers from agricultural training institutions were interviewed regarding the history and cultivation of the local olive crop. Only one commercially viable olive grove was identified; other groves were small, experimental pilot ventures. The introduction of olives to small-scale farmers and agricultural training schools was generally a top-down initiative that led to a lack of sense of ownership and the trees being neglected. Other problems included poor human capital; poor financial capital; lack of adequate support; lack of knowledge transfer and stability; lack of communication and evaluation procedures of the project; miscommunication; and finally, olive pests. Apart from hesitancy to plant at a commercial scale, the main problem facing private farmers (Varnam Farm, Hewlands Farm and Springvale Farm) was pests. Therefore an investigation of pests from private farms was conducted ranging from collection of cultivated and wild olive fruit and flea beetle larvae for parasitism, trapping systems both for fruit flies and olive flea beetle adults. A survey of olive fruits yielded larval fruit flies of the families Tephritidae (Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), B. biguttula (Bezzi) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)) and Drosophilidae (Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen)) from wild olives (O. europaea cuspidata (Wall. ex G. Don) Cif.) but none from cultivated olives (O. e. europaea L.). Braconid wasps (Opiinae and Braconinae) were reared only from fruits containing B. oleae and B. biguttula. This suggests that B. oleae is not of economic significance in the Eastern Cape, perhaps because it is controlled to a significant level by natural enemies, but B. biguttula may be a potential economic pest. A survey of adult fruit flies using ChamP traps baited with ammonium bicarbonate and spiroketal capsules and Sensus trap baited with methyl eugenol and Questlure confirmed the relative importance of B. biguttula over B. oleae. ChamP traps were over 50 times better than Sensus traps for mass trapping of B. biguttula but both were ineffective for trapping B. oleae and C. capitata. Six indigenous flea beetles of the genus Argopistes Motschulsky (Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) were found, three described by Bryant in 1922 and 1944 and three new species. Their morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and mutivariate morphometric analysis. The leaf-mining larvae are pests of wild and cultivated olives in South Africa and threaten the local olive industry. At Springvale Farm, A. oleae Bryant and A. sexvittatus Bryant preferred the upper parts of trees, near new leaves. Pseudophanomeris inopinatus (Blkb.) (Braconidae) was reared from 23 Argopistes larvae. The beetle larvae might not be controlled to a significant level by natural enemies because the rate of parasitism was low. The olive flea beetles showed no attraction to traps containing various volatile compounds as baits. The lace bug, Plerochila australis Distant (Tingidae), was sometimes a pest. It showed a preference for the underside of leaves on the lower parts of the trees. A moth, Palpita unionalis Hübner (Crambidae), was reared in very low numbers and without parasitoids. A twig-boring beetle larva, chalcidoid parasitoids and seed wasps of the families Eurytomidae, Ormyridae and Eupelmidae were also recorded.