O estufamento de embalagens a vácuo de carnes refrigeradas, também conhecido como blown pack, é atribuído a bactérias psicrófilas e psicrotróficas, dentre as quais fazem parte algumas espécies de clostrídios, enterobactérias e bactérias lácticas. A capacidade desses microrganismos crescer em temperaturas de refrigeração adequadas torna um desafio o seu controle pela indústria. O Brasil é um dos grandes produtores de carne bovina no mundo e apesar da importância que a indústria de carne representa para o país, existem poucos estudos sobre as possíveis causas da deterioração do tipo blown pack. A importância deste trabalho fundamenta-se na escassez de pesquisas sobre esse problema que afeta a indústria de carne. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar a presença dos principais microrganismos envolvidos na deterioração tipo blown pack, com ênfase em clostrídios, enterobactérias e bactérias láticas. Assim, o método Terminal- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, disponível no laboratório de Biologia Molecular do CENA-USP, foi empregado por permitir um diagnóstico rápido e preciso para detecção de microrganismos. Foram analisadas 15 amostras de carne bovinas refrigeradas, embaladas a vácuo e estufadas, provenientes de frigoríficos dos estados de São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul e Goiás. Os cortes utilizados para as análises foram contrafilé, músculo, alcatra, cupim, picanha e filé de costela. As amostras apresentavam características de deterioração tipo blown pack dentro da data de validade, com períodos armazenamento variando de 30 a 120 dias. Foram identificadas as espécies Clostridium algidicarnis, Clostridium gasigenes, Clostridium putrefaciens, Clostridium frigidicarnis, Lactobacillus sakei, Hafnia alvei e Serratia liquefaciens pela técnica T-RFLP, que se mostrou uma excelente ferramenta de identificação microbiana nas amostras de carne. Devido à alta prevalência de enterobactérias nas amostras de carnes detectadas pela técnica de T-RFLP, foram realizadas análises convencionais com isolamento e identificação de enterobactérias, a fim de confirmar a presença destes microrganismos viáveis e cultiváveis nas amostras. As espécies de enterobactérias cultivadas e identificadas foram H. alvei, Ser. liquefaciens, Citrobacter braakii, Pantoea sp e Yersinia enterocolitica, sendo esta última potencialmente patogênica e de interesse em saúde pública. Observou-se que a H. alvei foi a espécie predominante nas amostras avaliadas, tanto pela técnica de T-RFLP como pelas análises microbiológicas convencionais. Com o objetivo de complementar os resultados, foram realizadas análises convencionais de cultivo visando o isolamento de Clostridium estertheticum e Clostridium gasigenes nas amostras de carne. A técnica de PCR foi empregada com a finalidade de identificação dos isolados obtidos. / The distension of the packaging of vacuum packed chilled meat, also know as blown pack, is assigned to psichrophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria, among which are part some clostridium, enterobacteria and lactic bacteria.The ability of these microorganisms to grow at refrigeration temperatures makes it an appropriate challenge its control by the industry. Brazil is a major producer of beef in the world and despite the importance of the beef industry represents for the country, there are few studies on the possible causes of deterioration of blown pack type. The importance of this work is based on the dearth of research on this problem that affects the meat industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of the main microorganisms involved in the deterioration blown pack type, with emphasis on clostridia, enterobacteria and lactic bacteria. Thus, the method-Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, available at Molecular biology laboratory of CENA-USP, was used to allow a rapid and accurate diagnosis for the detection of microorganisms. We analyzed 15 samples of beef chilled, vacuum packed wich abundant gas production, refrigerators from the states of São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul and Goiás cuts used for the analysis were striploin, shin, rump, hump, cop of rump and cube roll. The samples showing signs of deterioration such blown pack within the shelf life, with storage periods ranging from 30 to 120 days. Were identified Clostridium algidicarnis, Clostridium gasigenes, Clostridium putrefaciens, Clostridium frigidicarnis, Lactobacillus sakei, Hafnia alvei and Serratia liquefaciens by TRFLP technique, which proved an excellent tool for microbial identification in meat samples. The high prevalence of enterobacteria in samples of meat detected by the technique of TRFLP analysis was performed with conventional isolation and identification of enterobacteria, in order to confirm the presence of viable and culturable microorganisms in the samples. The species of enterobacteria were identified and cultivated H. alvei, Ser. liquefaciens, Citrobacter braakii, Pantoea sp. and Yersinia enterocolitica, the latter being potentially pathogenic and interest in public health. It was observed that H. alvei was the predominant species in the samples evaluated by both the T-RFLP technique and by conventional microbiological tests. In order to complement the results were analyzed conventional cultivation and isolation of Clostridium estertheticum and Clostridium gasigenes in meat samples. The PCR technique was employed for the purpose of identification of isolates.

Os alimentos probióticos são promotores de saúde que apresentam grande interesse comercial e quotas de mercado em crescimento. Devido às suas características, os lactobacilos e bifidobactérias são considerados os melhores microrganismos para uso como probióticos em produtos cárneos, sendo mais promissor nos produtos crus fermentados, haja vista serem consumidos sem prévio aquecimento. Várias técnicas de microencapsulação têm sido empregadas com o propósito de manter a viabilidade dos probióticos durante o tempo de armazenamento. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da incorporação dos microrganismos Lactobacillus acidophilus e Bifidobacterium lactis livre e microencapsulado sobre as características físico-químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais do salame tipo Italiano, assim como a sensibilidade destas culturas frente a diferentes tempos de armazenamento. Para isso, foi realizado um ensaio (ensaio 1) com microrganismos na forma livre incorporados aos salames e comparados com uma amostra padrão, isenta de probióticos. A utilização dos probióticos interferiu positivamente nas avaliações físico-químicas e sensoriais, uma vez que os salames apresentaram um desempenho similar ao controle e uma alta aceitação entre os consumidores. Após a constatação que a incorporação de probióticos era positiva, um segundo ensaio foi realizado (ensaio 2), onde os salames foram divididos em cinco tratamentos: T1 (sem adição de probióticos), T2 (Lactobacillus acidophilus livre), T3 (Lactobacillus acidophilus encapsulado), T4 (Bifidobacterium lactis livre) e T5 (Bifidobacterium lactis encapsulado). Nestes ensaios foram verificados o pH, acidez, atividade de água, cor instrumental, oxidação lipídica, contagem dos probióticos, além da realização de análises microbiológicas e sensoriais nos salames com até 90 dias de armazenamento. Durante o processamento, procedeu-se a análise de perda de peso dos salames para garantir a padronização do processo. Os resultados obtidos no ensaio 2 permitem concluir que os menores valores de pH, atividade de água e perda de peso observados foram dos Lactobacillus acidophilus e Bifidobacterium lactis ambos na forma livre, além de apresentarem os maiores valores para a determinação de acidez. No entanto, nas contagens dos probióticos, a microencapsulação para as culturas de Bifidobacterium lactis foi vantajosa e assegurou que 106 UFC/g fossem mantidos no produto final. Por sua vez, nos resultados da análise sensorial concluiu-se que os salames com probióticos foram considerados agradáveis pelos provadores, pois obtiveram pontuações acima de 6,0. A maior média na intenção de compra foi do Lactobacillus acidophilus encapsulado com 64,7%, seguido do Bifidobacterium lactis livre com 62,5%. Portanto, com estes resultados há evidências de que os salames desenvolvidos neste trabalho independente da cultura probiótica utilizada e da forma apresentada, teriam um grande potencial de venda no mercado consumidor. / The probiotic foods are health promoters with great commercial interest and growing market shares. Due to its characteristics, the lactobacillus and bifidobacterium are considered the best microorganisms for use as probiotics in meat products, being the most promising raw fermented products, due to be consumed without prior heating. Various microencapsulation techniques have been employed for the purpose of maintaining the viability of probiotics during storage time. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of incorporation of microorganisms Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis on free and microencapsulated physical-chemical, microbiological and sensory type of Italian salami, as well as the sensitivity of these cultures against different storage times. For this, we performed a test (test 1) in free form by microorganisms embedded in salami and compared with a standard sample, free of probiotics. The use of probiotics had a positive influence on physical-chemical evaluations and sensory, as salami showed a similar performance to the control and a high acceptance among consumers. After finding that the incorporation of probiotics was positive, a second test was performed (test 2), where the salamis were divided into five treatments: T1 (without added probiotics), T2 (Lactobacillus acidophilus free), T3 (Lactobacillus acidophilus encapsulated), T4 (Bifidobacterium lactis free) and T5 (Bifidobacterium lactis encapsulated). In these trials were checked the pH, acidity, water activity, instrumental color, lipid oxidation, count of probiotics, in addition to conducting the microbiological and sensory salami with up to 90 days of storage. During processing, we proceeded to the analysis of weight loss of salamis to ensure standardization of the process. The test results allow the conclusion that the two lower values of pH, water activity and weight loss were observed for Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis both on their own, in addition to presenting the highest values for the determination of acidity. However, the counts of probiotic cultures for the microencapsulation of Bifidobacterium lactis was advantageous and ensured that 106 UFC/g were kept in the final product. In turn, the results of sensory analysis concluded that the salami with probiotics were considered by the judges, as had scores above 6.0. The highest mean purchase intent was encapsulated with Lactobacillus acidophilus 64.7%, followed by Bifidobacterium lactis free with 62.5%. So, with these results there is evidence that salami developed in this work regardless of the probiotic culture used and as the presented form, have a great potential for sales in the consumer market.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o antagonismo entre leveduras e bactérias contaminantes do processo de produção de etanol com metabolismos distintos (homo e heterofermentativo) em diferentes condições, foi analisado o desempenho fermentativo de linhagens de Saccharomyces cerevisiae empregadas na fermentação industrial (BG- 1, CAT-1, PE-2 e Fleischmann) em co-cultivo com linhagens de Lactobacillus com diferentes metabolismos, sendo uma delas homofermentativa (L. plantarum - FT025B) e duas linhagens heterofermentativas (L. fermentum - FT230B e L. fructosus - FT432B). Foram avaliados o crescimento dos dois grupos de microrganismos com relação à densidade de células no meio e sua viabilidade e também através de suas atividades metabólicas, acessadas pela formação de metabólitos específicos (ácidos lático, succínico e acético, manitol e etanol). Os experimentos foram conduzidos em duas modalidades: I) em condições de laboratório, inoculando-se uma linhagem bacteriana com uma única linhagem de levedura na mesma proporção em meio sintético e sendo incubadas a 32 C por 24h e II) simulando as condições industriais de fermentação, com alimentação utilizando-se mosto misto durante 5 reciclos fermentativos. No Experimento I, a viabilidade da linhagem FT025B mostrou-se reduzida em relação à linhagem FT230. Observou-se também que no meio contendo a bactéria FT025B a viabilidade das 4 linhagens de levedura foi menor do que no meio controle e no meio inoculado com a bactéria FT230B. Os níveis de ácido lático foram mais elevados na presença da bactéria FT025B, enquanto os teores de ácido acético e de glicerol foram maiores nos meios com a linhagem FT230B. A produção de etanol foi reduzida na presença de ambas as bactérias. No Experimento II a presença das bactérias praticamente não afetou a viabilidade das leveduras industriais durante os reciclos. No entanto, ao contrário do que foi observado no Experimento I, as linhagens bacterianas heterofermentativas apresentaram melhor crescimento e maior viabilidade em co-cultivo com as leveduras do que a homofermentativa. Também na presença de ambas as linhagens heterofermentativas observou-se uma significativa redução no rendimento alcoólico. A produção de lactato por tais linhagens foi muito próxima e em alguns ciclos até maior que a produção pela linhagem homofermentativa. No entanto, como no Experimento I, nos tratamentos com a bactéria FT025B a produção de glicerol foi menor até mesmo que no tratamento controle, tratando-se do primeiro registro de menor produção de glicerol por leveduras que se encontram na presença de contaminação bacteriana. Sugere-se que o ácido lático e o acético, juntamente com o etanol, podem ter agido sinergisticamente no metabolismo e crescimento das leveduras, resultando principalmente em uma diminuição do rendimento alcoólico. É também provável que as linhagens bacterianas heterofermentativas foram capazes de resistir melhor aos elevados teores de etanol excretados pelas leveduras e encontrados no processo industrial, uma vez que também são capazes de produzir tal composto. / This study aimed to evaluate the antagonism between yeasts and contaminating bacteria of the ethanol production process with different metabolisms (homo- and heterofermentative) in different conditions. Thus, the fermentation performance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains used in industrial fermentation (BG-1, CAT-1, PE-2 and Fleischmann) was analyzed in co-cultivation with Lactobacillus strains with different metabolisms, one of them homofermentative (L . plantarum - FT025B) and two heterofermentatives strains (L. fermentum - FT230B and L. fructosus - FT432B). It was evaluated the growth of two microrganisms groups with respect to the cells density in the medium and their viability and also through their metabolic activities, accessed by specific metabolites production (lactic, acetic and succinic acid, mannitol and ethanol). The experiments were conducted in two ways: I) in laboratory conditions, inoculating a bacterial strain with a single yeast strain in the same synthetic medium incubated at 32°C for 24h and II) simulating the industrial fermentation conditions, with fed by using mixed must for 5 fermentative recycle. In Experiment I, the viability of FT025B strain proved to be small in relation to FT230 strain. It was also observed that in the medium containing the bacteria FT025B the viability of the 4 yeast strains was lower than the control and the treatment with FT230B strain. The levels of lactic acid were higher in the presence of bacteria FT025B, while the levels of acetic acid and glycerol were higher in treatments with FT230B strain. The production of ethanol was reduced in the presence of both bacteria. In Experiment II, the presence of bacteria did not affect the viability of industrial yeasts during recycling. However, contrary to what was observed in Experiment I, the heterofermentatives bacterial strains showed higher growth and higher viability in co-cultivation with the yeasts than homofermentative. Also in the presence of both strains heterofermentatives there was a significant reduction in the alcoholic yield. The lactate production by these strains was very close and, in some cycles, higher than the production by the homofermentative strain. However, as in Experiment I,in the treatments with FT025B strain the production of glycerol was lower even than in the control treatment, this is the first record of lower production of glycerol by yeasts that are in the presence of bacterial contamination. It is suggested that the lactic acid and acetic acid along with ethanol, may have acted synergistically in yeasts metabolism and growth, resulting in reduced alcoholic yields. It is also likely that the bacterial strains heterofermentatives were better able to resist the high ethanol levels excreted by yeasts and found in industrial process, since they are also able to produce this compound.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o antagonismo entre leveduras e bactérias contaminantes do processo de produção de etanol com metabolismos distintos (homo e heterofermentativo) em diferentes condições, foi analisado o desempenho fermentativo de linhagens de Saccharomyces cerevisiae empregadas na fermentação industrial (BG- 1, CAT-1, PE-2 e Fleischmann) em co-cultivo com linhagens de Lactobacillus com diferentes metabolismos, sendo uma delas homofermentativa (L. plantarum - FT025B) e duas linhagens heterofermentativas (L. fermentum - FT230B e L. fructosus - FT432B). Foram avaliados o crescimento dos dois grupos de microrganismos com relação à densidade de células no meio e sua viabilidade e também através de suas atividades metabólicas, acessadas pela formação de metabólitos específicos (ácidos lático, succínico e acético, manitol e etanol). Os experimentos foram conduzidos em duas modalidades: I) em condições de laboratório, inoculando-se uma linhagem bacteriana com uma única linhagem de levedura na mesma proporção em meio sintético e sendo incubadas a 32 C por 24h e II) simulando as condições industriais de fermentação, com alimentação utilizando-se mosto misto durante 5 reciclos fermentativos. No Experimento I, a viabilidade da linhagem FT025B mostrou-se reduzida em relação à linhagem FT230. Observou-se também que no meio contendo a bactéria FT025B a viabilidade das 4 linhagens de levedura foi menor do que no meio controle e no meio inoculado com a bactéria FT230B. Os níveis de ácido lático foram mais elevados na presença da bactéria FT025B, enquanto os teores de ácido acético e de glicerol foram maiores nos meios com a linhagem FT230B. A produção de etanol foi reduzida na presença de ambas as bactérias. No Experimento II a presença das bactérias praticamente não afetou a viabilidade das leveduras industriais durante os reciclos. No entanto, ao contrário do que foi observado no Experimento I, as linhagens bacterianas heterofermentativas apresentaram melhor crescimento e maior viabilidade em co-cultivo com as leveduras do que a homofermentativa. Também na presença de ambas as linhagens heterofermentativas observou-se uma significativa redução no rendimento alcoólico. A produção de lactato por tais linhagens foi muito próxima e em alguns ciclos até maior que a produção pela linhagem homofermentativa. No entanto, como no Experimento I, nos tratamentos com a bactéria FT025B a produção de glicerol foi menor até mesmo que no tratamento controle, tratando-se do primeiro registro de menor produção de glicerol por leveduras que se encontram na presença de contaminação bacteriana. Sugere-se que o ácido lático e o acético, juntamente com o etanol, podem ter agido sinergisticamente no metabolismo e crescimento das leveduras, resultando principalmente em uma diminuição do rendimento alcoólico. É também provável que as linhagens bacterianas heterofermentativas foram capazes de resistir melhor aos elevados teores de etanol excretados pelas leveduras e encontrados no processo industrial, uma vez que também são capazes de produzir tal composto. / This study aimed to evaluate the antagonism between yeasts and contaminating bacteria of the ethanol production process with different metabolisms (homo- and heterofermentative) in different conditions. Thus, the fermentation performance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains used in industrial fermentation (BG-1, CAT-1, PE-2 and Fleischmann) was analyzed in co-cultivation with Lactobacillus strains with different metabolisms, one of them homofermentative (L . plantarum - FT025B) and two heterofermentatives strains (L. fermentum - FT230B and L. fructosus - FT432B). It was evaluated the growth of two microrganisms groups with respect to the cells density in the medium and their viability and also through their metabolic activities, accessed by specific metabolites production (lactic, acetic and succinic acid, mannitol and ethanol). The experiments were conducted in two ways: I) in laboratory conditions, inoculating a bacterial strain with a single yeast strain in the same synthetic medium incubated at 32°C for 24h and II) simulating the industrial fermentation conditions, with fed by using mixed must for 5 fermentative recycle. In Experiment I, the viability of FT025B strain proved to be small in relation to FT230 strain. It was also observed that in the medium containing the bacteria FT025B the viability of the 4 yeast strains was lower than the control and the treatment with FT230B strain. The levels of lactic acid were higher in the presence of bacteria FT025B, while the levels of acetic acid and glycerol were higher in treatments with FT230B strain. The production of ethanol was reduced in the presence of both bacteria. In Experiment II, the presence of bacteria did not affect the viability of industrial yeasts during recycling. However, contrary to what was observed in Experiment I, the heterofermentatives bacterial strains showed higher growth and higher viability in co-cultivation with the yeasts than homofermentative. Also in the presence of both strains heterofermentatives there was a significant reduction in the alcoholic yield. The lactate production by these strains was very close and, in some cycles, higher than the production by the homofermentative strain. However, as in Experiment I,in the treatments with FT025B strain the production of glycerol was lower even than in the control treatment, this is the first record of lower production of glycerol by yeasts that are in the presence of bacterial contamination. It is suggested that the lactic acid and acetic acid along with ethanol, may have acted synergistically in yeasts metabolism and growth, resulting in reduced alcoholic yields. It is also likely that the bacterial strains heterofermentatives were better able to resist the high ethanol levels excreted by yeasts and found in industrial process, since they are also able to produce this compound.

For production of double moulded chesses are used lactic acid bacteria, which can be present in a form of non-starter lactic acid bacteria or as starter or adjunct culture. Genera Lactobacillus spp. and Enterococcus spp. are prevalent microorganisms present in these cultures. Of course, these microorganisms are for us interesting because of their possibility of coagulation, proteolytic possibility, probiotic function and antibiotic resistance, but especially because of their decarboxylation abilities. Bacteria contain decarboxylation enzymes, which are able to decarboxylized free amino acid, which rising at proteolysis during process of manufacturing and cheese ripening. Biogenic amines are the result of proteolytic activity. Biogenic amines occur practically in all foodstuffs as a common product of metabolic processes. BA are mainly presented in fermented food (cheeses), where rice just microbial action. Typical representatives of biogenic amines, which occurs in double moulded cheeses (Sedlčanský Vltavín, Bresse bleu) and in blue cheeses (Bleu des Causses, Bleu d'Auvergne) are cadaverine, putrescine, tyramine a 2 fenylethylamine and in much smaller amount histamine, spermidine and spermine too. On assessment concentration of BA is used high pressure liquid chromatography with reverse phase (RP HPLC) with utilizing simple direct derivatization with dansyl chloride and detection by UV VIS detector.

Probiotic lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria are natural part of microflora of gastrointestinal tract. In the present, day they are grossly exploited in food processing industry. The aim of the work was molecular identification of bacteria of genus Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in complex matrices of two food additives. Total DNA was isolated from crude cell lysates by magnetic particles P(HEMA-co-GMA). Isolated DNA was amplified in genus-specific and species-specific PCRs. Amplicons were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. Results were compared with declared specification given by producers in three different batches.

Lactic acid bacteria are natural part of the human gastrointestinal tract. They are often used in food supplements and for the production of fermented dairy products. This thesis focuses on the identification of selected species of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria in cheese and dairy products. Bacterial DNA was isolated by magnetic particles P(HEMA-co-GMA) from crude cell lysates from 9 products. Isolated DNA was amplified in genus-specific and species-specific polymerase chain reactions (PCR). The obtained amplicons were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. The results of PCR were compared with those provided by the manufacturers and there has been declared a match.

Nanotechnology is currently one of the fastest growing scientific disciplines. An interesting area of research is the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles using microorganisms including lactic acid bacteria. In the first part this diploma thesis focuses on verification of identity of bacterial species Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus paracasei by genus- and species-specific PCR. In the next part of experimental work the capability of six Lactobacillus strains to produce silver nanoparticles is tested. Synthesis of nanoparticles was confirmed for all the strains depending on the amount of added AgNO3 and on time of cultivation. Differences between the strains were detected.

Les bactériophages sont de puissants prédateurs bactériens. Leur développement est généralement redouté dans les industries agro-alimentaires mettant en oeuvre des fermentations, car les phages sont responsables d’accidents de fabrication affectant la qualité finale du produit. Leur impact lors de la vinification est moins bien défini. Le procédé comporte une étape de fermentation malolactique (FML), qui est assurée par la bactérie lactique Oenococcus oeni. La maîtrise de la FML est un moyen efficace pour protéger la qualité et la typicité des vins, vecteurs de commercialisation. Jusqu’à présent, cette étape fondamentale du processus de vinification n’est pas toujours maîtrisée. L’explication majeure réside dans l’insuffisance de la biomasse bactérienne endogène, liée aux conditions physico-chimiques difficiles du milieu. Des solutions visant à conduire rapidement la FML sont disponibles, comme l’inoculation de souches commerciales de O. oeni. Ces stratégies n’offrent toutefois pas une totale garantie de succès, et des retards ou non déclenchements de FML sont toujours observés. Ces situations inexpliquées amènent à s’interroger sur l’impact d’autres paramètres sur la fermentescibilité malolactique. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’évaluer la présence et la diversité des bactériophages antagonistes de la bactérie lactique O. oeni présents dans l’écosystème. La diversité des prophages présents dans le pangénome de O. oeni a été explorée. La lysogénie est fréquente dans l’espèce. Quatre groupes de prophages ont été identifiés sur la base de la séquence de l’intégrase, et du site de recombinaison site-spécifique utilisé. La pertinence de la classification établie a été vérifiée sur un panel de 40 phages isolés de moûts et de vins. Nos travaux suggèrent que la lysogénie est un moyen pour O. oeni de résister aux stress et aux phages, grâce à la présence de mécanismes de résistance sur les génomes prophagiques. La stabilité de la lysogénie lors de l’inoculation de souches lysogènes dans le vin et la possible libération de dérivés lytiques sont deux paramètres à prendre en compte lors des FML spontanées, et lors de l’inoculation de levains malolactiques. Ils sont susceptibles de moduler quantitativement et qualitativement la population. / Bacteriophages are responsible for the predation of bacteria. They pose an ever-present threat to the food industries because they invade and destroy the starter and affect production. Their destructive potential is currently difficult to establish during spontaneous production of wine. Malolactic fermentation (MLF) represents a main stage in the winemaking process, and is essentially driven by the lactic acid bacterium (LAB) Oenococcus oeni. A rapid and efficient FML is essential to optimize wine quality and typicity, as sales rely on top-quality products. Up to now, this essential step is not controlled, and this results from the limited growth of MLF bacteria in wine, due to stressing conditions. Inoculation of commercial bacterial starter cultures is a strategy to improve MLF control, and will allow a rapid and complete fermentation. However, despite these evolutions, sluggish or complete failures of MLF are still reported by wine farmers, either during spontaneous or directed fermentations. Such cases suggest that additional factors need to be identified. The outline of this thesis was to demonstrate the occurrence of phages infecting O. oeni in the ecosystem and provide essential information regarding phage diversity. We analyzed prophage diversity through comparative genomics and demonstrated that lysogeny is widespread. Four prophage groups were identified according to the integrase gene sequence and attachment site used for site specific recombination. The relevance of the classification scheme was verified through the analysis of a panel of 40 phages isolated from wine and must. We suggest that lysogeny helps O. oeni to cope with stress and phage attack, through the presence of specific anti-phage mechanisms harbored by the prophages. The stability of lysogens during inoculation in wine, and the possible release of lytic particules have to be considered during spontaneous or directed MLF. They are expected to shape the population.

Bakterielle Exopolysaccharide (EPS) tragen bei in situ-Bildung durch die Immobilisierung von Wasser maßgeblich zur Erhöhung der Viskosität fermentierter Milchprodukte bei. Die Wirkung ist grundsätzlich mit der kommerzieller Hydrokolloide auf pflanzlicher oder Algenbasis vergleichbar, wird jedoch auf Grund der komplexen Wechselwirkungen mit der Lebensmittelmatrix noch immer kontrovers diskutiert. Ziel der Arbeit war es, nach Kultivierung ausgewählter Milchsäurebakterien EPS in entsprechenden Mengen zu isolieren, um die makromolekularen Eigenschaften zu analysieren und in Beziehung zur chemischen Struktur und Funktionalität zu setzen. Zunächst konnte die in situ-EPS-Bildung durch Batch-Kultivierungen von Milchsäurebakterien im Bioreaktor derart gesteigert werden, dass eine anschließende Isolierung verschiedener EPS-Fraktionen mit einer Reinheit von bis zu 89% (Hetero-EPS) bzw. 99% (Dextrane) möglich wurde. Dies ermöglichte die erstmalige Beschreibung oder Bestätigung der chemischen Strukturen aller ausgewählten EPS. Der Verzweigungsgrad der Dextrane war über Temperatur und pH während der mikrobiellen Synthese steuerbar. Die Einzelschritte der Isolierung wurden außerdem so angepasst, dass makromolekulare Eigenschaften der EPS wie Molekülmasse oder intrinsische Viskosität durch die Isolierung nicht beeinflusst wurden. Die umfassende Untersuchung der makromolekularen Eigenschaften der EPS in wässriger Lösung bildete die Basis für die Erklärung ihrer phänomenologischen Eigenschaften und Funktionalität in fermentierten Produkten. Es zeigte sich, dass fadenziehende EPS höhere intrinsische Viskositäten als nichtfadenziehende EPS aufwiesen. Die intrinsische Viskosität war weiterhin vom Isolierungsverfahren und damit von der Isolatreinheit unabhängig. Durch die damit verbundenen Zeit- und Kosteneinsparungen während der Isolierung eröffnet dies die Möglichkeit, mikrobielle EPS ökonomisch sinnvoll einzusetzen. Durch Scherbehandlung wässriger EPS-Lösungen wurde, unabhängig vom Schersystem, ein linearer Zusammenhang zwischen Viskosität und Molekülmasse nachgewiesen und so das Potential zur gezielten Modifizierung von EPS aufgezeigt. Kinetische Untersuchungen mit ultraschallbehandelten EPS-Lösungen ermöglichten eine Bewertung der Scherempfindlichkeit, die im Einklang mit Untersuchungen zur thermischen und chemischen Belastung von EPS stand. Zur Beurteilung der Funktionalität wurden EPS-Isolate zu rekonstituierter Magermilch vor chemischer Säuerung mit Glucono-δ-lacton zugesetzt. Die resultierende Festigkeit der Modellmilchgele korrelierte mit der absoluten EPS-Konzentration und war somit unabhängig von der Isolatreinheit. Gescherte EPS besaßen eine geringere Molekülmasse und intrinsische Viskosität, was zu geringeren Gelfestigkeiten führte. Die in der Literatur bisher wenig untersuchten kapsulären, zellgebundenen EPS konnten mittels Rasterelektronenmikroskopie visualisiert und ihr Effekt auf die Eigenschaften der Zelloberfläche analysiert werden. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zeigten, dass kapsuläre EPS die Hydrophobizität der Zelloberfläche verringern sowie die Wasserbindung und Gelfestigkeit bei Zusatz zu Modellmilchgelen im Vergleich zu Zellen ohne kapsuläre EPS erhöhen.