Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, 2009. / Submitted by Allan Wanick Motta (allan_wanick@hotmail.com) on 2010-06-02T18:21:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_CimaraFranciscaMonteiro_reduzida.pdf: 8601393 bytes, checksum: 2771cb88817aa4541287d0bb747d8c91 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Lucila Saraiva(lucilasaraiva1@gmail.com) on 2010-06-04T12:37:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_CimaraFranciscaMonteiro_reduzida.pdf: 8601393 bytes, checksum: 2771cb88817aa4541287d0bb747d8c91 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-06-04T12:37:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_CimaraFranciscaMonteiro_reduzida.pdf: 8601393 bytes, checksum: 2771cb88817aa4541287d0bb747d8c91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Os depósitos de fosfato sedimentar da região de Campos Belos (GO) e Arraias (TO) compreendem ate o momento três depósitos de volume reduzido, mas com teores elevados, superiores a 24% P2O5, denominados: São Bento, Coite 1 e Coite 2. Os fosforitos e siltitos fosfatados encontrados na regiao estao inseridos na porcao basal da Formação Sete Lagoas, pertencente ao Grupo Bambui, de idade Neoproterozoica. O Grupo Bambui integra a porção oriental da Faixa de Dobramentos Brasília e tambem compõe ampla cobertura do Cráton São Francisco. A Formação Sete Lagoas se encontra sobreposta a diamictitos da Formação Jequitai, ou diretamente sobre o embasamento granitico atribuído a Suite Aurumina, de idade Paleopreoterozoica. Na area de estudo a Formação Sete Lagoas e composta por espessos pacotes (~120 metros) de siltitos estratificados, intercalados com bancos de margas calciferas na base, seguidos por calcários e dolomitos em direção ao topo. As rochas mineralizadas em fosfato ocorrem interdigitadas com siltitos, próximo ao embasamento granitico. Com base em estudos petrograficos, mineralogicos e químicos foram definidos nos depósitos Sao Bento, Coite 1 e Coite 2, quatro grupos de rochas fosfatadas: grupo siltito fosfatado; grupo fosforito primário estratificado; grupo fosforito brechado; e grupo fosforito pedogenico. O grupo siltito fosfatado, com maior distribuição geográfica dentre os demais grupos, e composto por siltitos laminados com teor médio de 11,49% P2O5. Quanto ao grupo fosforito primário estratificado houve a necessidade de compartimenta- lo em dois subgrupos: subgrupo fosforito laminado, constituído por fosforitos estruturados em finas laminas, com teor correspondente a 24,28% P2O5; e subgrupo fosforito acamadado, composto por fosforitos dispostos em camadas finas a medias, com teor médio equivalente a 32% P2O5. O grupo fosforito brechado e composto por fosforitos retrabalhados no ambiente de sedimentação, e possui teor médio elevado de 34,13% P2O5. Em relação ao grupo fosforito pedogenico, dois subgrupos foram distinguidos: subgrupo fosforito lateritico, composto por fosforitos em estagio avançado de intemperismo, com teor medio de 27,64% P2O5; e subgrupo fosforito concrecionario, caracterizado por concreções fosfaticas no entremeio ao solo, que apresentam teor medio equivalente a 24,82% P2O5. Com relacao a mineralogia, pressupõe que a francolita foi a apatita primaria, que constituiu as rochas fosfatadas. Processos intempericos foram os principais responsáveis pelas transformações na estrutura da francolita, permitindo que a mesma assumisse composições cada vez mais próximas a da fluorapatita. Difratogramas de raios-x indicam a presença de picos correspondentes a fluorapatita, o que e corroborado pelas razoes CaO/P2O5 e F/P2O5 inferiores a 1,621 e 0,148, respectivamente (valores normativos para a francolita). Os padrões de elementos terras raras mostram que não houve variação da fonte dos sedimentos. A sedimentação fosfática ocorreu sob condições climáticas frias, evidenciadas pela presença da Formação Jequitai na região, de origem comprovadamente glacial, e também por valores negativos de δ13CPDB e δ18OPDB em dolomitos do topo da Formação Sete Lagoas. O ambiente de deposição dos fosforitos nessa região e caracterizado por paleo-canais irregulares e descontínuos encaixados no embasamento granítico, em um contexto de bacia sedimentar restrita, com influencia de regime transgressivo. Deslizamentos em flancos dos canais permitiram o retrabalhamento de sedimentos depositados, formando brechas sedimentares. A evolução de processos intempericos incorreu na lateritização dos fosforitos e na lixiviação de fosfato dessas rochas. Ocorrências de fosfato sedimentar próximas a região estudada no nordeste de Goiás, também atribuídas a Formação Sete Lagoas, são registradas nos municípios de Monte Alegre de Goiás e Nova Roma. Outras ocorrências pouco expressivas de rochas fosfatadas, margeando o Cráton São Francisco, no contexto da Formação Serra da Saudade (Gr. Bambui), foram registradas próximo as cidades de Formosa e Cabeceiras, ambas em Goiás, e Coromandel, em Minas Gerais. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Sao Bento, Coite 1 and Coite 2 are the three sedimentary phosphate deposits known to date in the Campos Belos (GO) and Arraias (TO) region. They are 3 low volume but high grade deposits, with more than 24% P2O5. The phosphorites and siltites found in that region occur at the bottom of the Sete Lagoas Formation, as part of the Neoproterozoic Bambui Group. The Bambui Group makes part of the eastern portion of the Brasilia Fold Belt (Faixa de Dobramentos Brasilia), and it represents also a large coverage of the Sao Francisco Craton. The Sete Lagoas Formation overlays diamictites of the Jequitai Formation or it rests directly on the granitic basement considered of the Aurumina Suite, of Paleoproterozoic age. In the study area, Sete Lagoas formation is made up of thick packages (~120 metres) of stratified siltites, interlayered with banks of calcitic marl at the bottom, followed by limestones and dolomites towards the top. Phosphate-rich rocks occur inter-fingered with siltites close to the granitic basement. Based on petrographic, mineralogical and chemical studies, four groups of phosphate-rich rocks were defined in Sao Bento, Coite 1 e Coite 2 deposits: phosphate-rich siltite group; stratified primary phosphorite group; phosphorite breccia group; and pedogenic phosphorite group. The phosphate-rich siltite group, which is the most widespread geographically when compared with the other groups, is composed of laminar siltites, with an average grade of 11,49% P2O5. The stratified primary phosphorite group was sub-divided in two sub-groups: the laminated phosphorite sub-group, which is composed of finely laminated phosphorites, with grades of 24,28% P2O5; and the sub-group of layered phosphorite, constituted by fine to medium layers of phosphorite, grading 32% P2O5, in average. The phosphorite breccia group is composed of phosphorite that was re-worked during the sedimentary process and has a higher average grade: 34,13% P2O5. Two sub-groups were defined for the pedogenic phosphorite group: lateritic phosphorite sub-group, which is composed of phosphorites in an advanced stage of weathering, with an average grade of 27,64% P2O5; and the concretionary phosphorite sub-group, which is vii characterized by phosphate concretions within the soil, showing an average grade of 24,82% P2O5. Mineralogically it is supposed that francolite used to be primary apatite, what constituted the phosphate-rich rocks. Weathering was the principal responsible for structural transformation of francolite, allowing that francolite could gradually assume a composition similar to fluorapatite, which constitutes the phosphate-rich rocks. X-ray diffractograms indicate peaks that correspond to fluorapatite, what is corroborated by CaO/P2O5 and F/P2O5 lower than 1,621 e 0,148, respectively (francolite normative values). Rare Earth Elements pattern shows that there were no changes in the sediments source. The phosphatic sedimentation happened under cold climate conditions. Evidences are given by the occurrence of the Jequitai Formation in the region, which is glacial in origin, as well as due to negative values of δ13CPDB and δ18OPDB in dolomites at the top of Sete Lagoas Formation. The depositional environment of the phosphorites in this region is characterized by irregular and discontinuous paleo-channels inserted in granitic basement, in a restricted sedimentary basin context, and under a transgressive regime influence. Landslides on the flanks channels have promoted reworking of sediments, generating sedimentary breccias. The evolution of weathering processes has provoked the lateritization of phosphorites as well as phosphate leaching from these rocks. Occurrences of sedimentary phosphate close to the study area of the northeast of Goias, also considered as part of the Sete Lagoas Formation, were found in Monte Alegre de Goias and Nova Roma municipalities. Other less important occurrences of phosphate-rich rocks, within Serra da Saudade Formation (Bambui Group), were found close to the cities of Formosa and Cabeceiras, both in Goias, and Coromandel in Minas Gerais.

Dissertação (mestrado)-Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, 2011 / Submitted by claudia teixeira (claudiadtx@gmail.com) on 2011-06-22T00:58:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_ElisangeladeJ.Lima.pdf: 1245850 bytes, checksum: 93d858174ab74384adcbc770dc2df5d4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Eveline Gonçalves(eveline@bce.unb.br) on 2011-06-22T12:19:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_ElisangeladeJ.Lima.pdf: 1245850 bytes, checksum: 93d858174ab74384adcbc770dc2df5d4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-22T12:19:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_ElisangeladeJ.Lima.pdf: 1245850 bytes, checksum: 93d858174ab74384adcbc770dc2df5d4 (MD5) / As áreas úmidas do Vão do Paranã são ecossistemas que abrigam uma grande diversidade de espécies animais e vegetais, entretanto, existe uma escassez de informações sobre a vegetação aquática. Conhecer a composição e estrutura da vegetação desses ecossistemas e muito relevante e imprescindível para possibilitar a sua preservação e o manejo adequado. Este estudo foi conduzido em duas lagoas marginais ao rio Paranã, no município de Flores de Goiás. Partindo da premissa que a distribuição das espécies, bem como a riqueza segue padrões similares em ambas lagoas, e também que as variáveis físico-químicas da água influenciam na distribuição e ocorrência das espécies foi utilizado o método de inventário de interseção na linha para avaliar a cobertura das espécies. As variáveis físicas químicas da água de cada lagoa também foram analisadas e posteriormente correlacionadas com a cobertura das espécies através da analise de correspondência canônica (CCA). A vegetação aquática das lagoas do Vão do Paranã (34 espécies) foi representada principalmente pelas famílias Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Fabaceae e Onagraceae. O índice de diversidade de Shannon foi baixo para ambas as lagoas, provavelmente devido à dominância da espécie Eichornia azurea. Houve correlação entre as variáveis físico-químicas da água das lagoas com a cobertura da vegetação, entretanto, estas correlações foram fracas. Essa observação revela que as espécies presentes nas lagoas apresentam menor capacidade de responder a alguns nutrientes específicos, devido à grande amplitude ecológica das mesmas. Uma avaliação da vegetação em períodos sazonais distintos pode revelar maior riqueza para a área de estudo e até mesmo outros padrões na vegetação. A fragilidade ambiental das áreas úmidas do Vão do Paranã, em decorrência das atividades antrópicas desenvolvidas nesse local, torna imprescindível o estabelecimento de Unidades de Conservação que abranja as áreas de ocorrência das lagoas, com o objetivo de proteger as espécies animais e vegetais presentes nesse ecossistema. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The wetlands of the Vão do Paranã are ecosystems that harbor a great diversity of plant and animal species, however, there is a scarcity of information on the aquatic vegetation. Knowledge on the composition and vegetation structure of these ecosystems is relevant and essential to further their preservation and proper management. This study was conducted in two marginal lakes of the Paranã river, in the municipality of Flores de Goiás. Assuming that the species distribution as well as species richness had similar patterns in both lakes, and the variables of physical-chemical water influence distribution and occurrence of species, the line intercept method was used to evaluate the coverage of each species present. The physical chemical characteristics of the water of each lake were also analyzed and correlated with the coverage of species using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The aquatic vegetation of the lakes (34 species) was represented mainly by Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Fabaceae and Onagraceae. The Shannon diversity index was low in both lakes, probably due to the dominance of the species Eichornia azurea. There was a correlation between the physico-chemical characteristics of the water with the vegetation cover, however, these correlations were weak. This observation indicates that the species present in the lakes have lower ability to respond to some specific nutrients because of their wide ecological range. An assessment of vegetation in different seasons may reveal greater richness for the study area or even other patterns in the vegetation. The environmental fragility of the wetlands of the Vão do Paranã, due to human activities, indicates the need for the establishment of protected areas, including the marginal lakes, in order to protect the animal and plant species present in this ecosystem.

O afloramento Paleolago Cemitério, localizado na mina de fosfato a céu aberto da “Ultrafértil”, município de Catalão, Estado de Goiás, possui depósitos originados pelo preenchimento de uma depressão na parte central do Complexo Carbonatítico de Catalão I, onde sedimentos lacustres compostos por diatomitos, argilitos e esponjilitos, assentam-se discordantemente sobre um domo de rochas magmáticas carbonatíticas do Cretáceo Superior. O acúmulo de frústulas de diatomáceas e espículas de esponjas formou diatomitos espessos, nos quais abundam restos fósseis, os quais caracterizam uma paleoflora local, existente durante o Pleistoceno, em uma região hoje ocupada pelo Cerrado, no Centro-oeste do Brasil. O conteúdo micropaleontológico revelou a presença de esponjas e diatomáceas dulciaquícolas, indicando ambientes lênticos. Restos de vegetais como folhas, frutos e sementes, preservados na forma de impressões, compressões e adpressões indicam associações fossilíferas compostas por dicotiledôneas, fungos, algas e pteridófitas. O presente estudo tem como objetivo a análise da paleoflora do Paleolago Cemitério, visando a reconstrução das paleocomunidades, a determinação das condições paleoambientais e paleoclimáticas vigentes na região durante o Pleistoceno e o entendimento da origem e/ou evolução do Bioma Cerrado. As análises do material ocorreram através de microscopia de fluorescência, polínica e geoquímica, identificação taxonômica e uso da metodologia de Análise de Margem Foliar (LMA) e do Método de Coexistência (CA), os quais auxiliaram na caracterização do paleoclima sob o qual a flora fóssil teria vivido. Os resultados indicaram a existência de fogo pretérito pela presença de fusenita impregnada ao material orgânico das amostras, a presença de mata de galeria no em torno do paleolago, bem como demonstraram que as temperaturas eram diferentes das que ocorrem hoje para a região. Essa flora fóssil representa uma composição vegetacional única, uma vez que não há, atualmente, total congruência na distribuição dos táxons analisados para a região, como acontecia no passado. Por fim, o fogo parece ter tido um papel importante nos ecossistemas pretéritos da região como ainda o tem hoje no “Bioma Cerrado”. / The outcrop Cemetery Paleolake is situated at the phosphate mina of Ultrafértil Mining Company, in the Catalão city, Goiás State, in the Central region of the Brazil. The deposit was arisen from a filled depression in central part of the Carbonatitic Complex of Catalão I, where lacustrine sediments are settled on carbonatitic magmatics rocks of the Late Cretaceous age. The accumulation of freshwater diatom frustules and sponges spicules generated thick diatomite, in which are founded fossil plant remains, composed of leaves mainly. This lacustrine deposit has been considered as begin during the Late Pleistocene interval in which the fossil vegetal remains caracterize a local paleoflora in a region today ocupied by Cerrado. The micropaleontological contends in the spongilit brought freswater spongs and diatomace, showed lentic enviromental. Plants remains as leaves, fruits and seeds were preserveds as impressions, compressions and adpressions in fossiliferous assemblages compunds by dicotiledoneous, fungis, algae and pteridophytes. The goal of this approach is the analyses of the Cemetery Paleolake paleoflora looking for the paleocomunities reconstruction, the paleoenviromental and the determination of paleoclimatics conditions in the Central part of Brazil, during Pleistocene, and know of the origin /evolution of the Cerrado Biome. Material analyses were made throught fluorescence microscopy, pollinic and geochmistry, taxomomic identification, Leaf Margen Analysis (LMA) and Coexistence Approach (CA), which helped to characterize the paleoclima to that time. Results indicated the existence of preterite fire, throught fusenite impregnance on the organical material in the samples, the existence of a galery forest around the paleolake, as well showed that temperatures were diferent from nowadays. This fossil flora represent an only vegetacional composition, once today is not possible found the same plants distribution in that region like use to be happen in the past. Finaly, the fire seems like had been an important factor in the preterite ecossistems on the region, as yet happen today in the Cerrado Biome.

A partir des séries lacustres de Chalain/Clairvaux (Jura), Charavines « Les Baigneurs » (Isère) et Sutz-Lattrigen « Riedstation » (Suisse), la gestion de l'outillage lithique pondéreux est abordée, depuis l'approvisionnement en matière première jusqu'au rejet des outils. Le premier axe de recherche est chronologique et c'est dans la Combe d'Ain, en milieu calcaire, qu'il trouve son meilleur terrain d'application. Pour le matériel de mouture et de broyage, la gestion des matières premières est différente entre le Néolithique moyen et le Néolithique final, avec le choix de matériaux locaux d'une part, majoritairement exogènes d'autre part. Au Néolithique final, la gestion des matières premières diffère selon leur origine, une valeur plus importante est accordée aux matériaux siliceux, importés sur des distances de 50 km et plus ; l'évolution la plus nette est celle de la réorientation des réseaux d'approvisionnement, synchrone des changements culturels. Pour les polissoirs, les matières premières, majoritairement des grès fins, ne changent pas durant le Néolithique final, et certains gîtes sont déjà connus au Néolithique moyen ; la gestion des supports, à savoir une utilisation maximale des outils, est une constante entre 3200 et 2600 av. J.-C. à Chalain/Clairvaux. Le second axe de recherche est celui de la répartition spatiale des artefacts. Il semble que les moulins de type « va-et-vient » soient utilisés devant les habitations ou dans l'aire du pas-de-porte, avec une possible évolution de la localisation de l'activité de mouture, de l'extérieur vers l'intérieur de la maison, évolution symptomatique de la modification des fonctionnements sociaux au Néolithique final.

D'après de nombreux auteurs, les interactions argilo-organiques, en environnement aquatique influenceraient le devenir des matières organiques (MO) lors de leur transfert vers le sédiment. Cependant, l'implication des argiles dans les mécanismes de piégeage et de préservation des composés organiques labiles n'a jamais été démontrée. Cette étude a consisté d'une part à tester la fixation de molécules organiques sur des saponites de synthèse, de charge variable, et une montmorillonite naturelle, par des approches in vitro et in vivo en milieu marin et lacustre. Et d'autre part à éprouver la stabilité des assemblages en milieu agressif. Elle montre que le mode de piégeage est restreint à l'adsorption en surface et bordure des argiles. Aucune intercalation n'a été mise en évidence. In vitro, l'adsorption est en grande partie influencée par la nature des molécules organiques et plus spécifiquement celle de leurs groupements fonctionnels. In vivo, en présence de MO naturelles complexes, les argiles privilégient les fractions organiques peu transformées diagénétiquement. La nature et les concentrations des molécules adsorbées dépendent également des propriétés de surface des minéraux. La densité des charges cationiques induit des conflits stériques qui conduisent, dans l'environnement lacustre étudié, au piégeage sélectif des molécules aromatiques sur les argiles de basse charge. La grande stabilité des assemblages argilo-organiques, éprouvée par des attaques alcalines, indique l'existence de liaisons fortes, probablement multiples, et pérennes entre argiles et MO. En adsorbant durablement les molécules organiques, les argiles réduisent leur disponibilité aux agents agressifs dans les colonnes d'eau. A l'issu de cette étude, il ressort que les interactions argilo-organiques sont un mode de préservation à part entière, au même titre que les processus de dégradation-recondensation, de sulfuration naturelle ou de préservation sélective intrinsèque, permettant le transfert de MO métabolisables vers les sédiments.

Les lacs urbains, souvent artificiels, sont complètement intégrés dans le tissu urbain et exercent des fonctions variées, très importantes pour le fonctionnement durable des villes. Ces écosystèmes sont fortement affectés par les activités anthropiques, par l'urbanisation accompagnée du changement de l'occupation du sol et de l'imperméabilisation du bassin versant, à l'origine d'un ruissellement plus important et plus chargé en polluants. En raison de ces pressions anthropiques, de nombreux plans d'eau dans le monde souffrent d'eutrophisation et sont fréquemment touchés par des proliférations de cyanobactéries, dont certaines espèces sont potentiellement toxiques. L'objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des facteurs impliqués dans la dynamique des cyanobactéries dans les lacs urbains. Notre recherche a été menée sur deux sites d'études : le lac d'Enghien en France et le lac de Pampulha au Brésil. Dans le site d'étude français, nous avons bénéficié de nouvelles technologies de suivi du phytoplancton pour modéliser la dynamique des cyanobactéries à courte échelle de temps. Dans le lac brésilien, notre site d'étude principal, la modélisation de la dynamique des cyanobactéries a été réalisée, en prenant en considération l'insertion du lac dans son bassin versant grâce à une modélisation intégrée : le modèle du lac destiné à la simulation des cyanobactéries est couplé à un modèle hydrologique qui simule les débits et la qualité de l'eau des affluents entrant dans le lac. La modélisation s'est basée sur des mesures de terrain recueillies durant un suivi de 21 mois. La performance d'une sonde spectrofluorométrique dans l'estimation de la biomasse phytoplanctonique dans ce lac hypereutrophe a été évaluée. Sur ce site d'étude, nos résultats ont montré que :• La sonde spectrofluorométrique sous-estime la biomasse cyanobactérienne quand (i) des cyanobactéries de l'ordre Oscillatoriales sont présentes car elles ont une fluorescence moindre par unité de chl-a, (ii) des cyanobactéries coloniales représentent plus de 20% de la biomasse cyanobactérienne et (iii) la chlorophylle total spectrofluorométrique est au-dessus de 100 μg chl-a.L-1.• Le modèle hydrologique a montré une bonne performance pour la simulation du débit (coefficient de Nash entre 0.70 et 0.88 en calage et 0.72 et 0.78 en validation) et des résultats moyennement satisfaisants pour la simulation des polluants. Le modèle du lac, développé par étapes, a présenté une bonne capacité prédictive de la dynamique des cyanobactéries, dans sa version plus complète, NMAE = 0.26 en calage et 0.55 en validation.• Les apports par temps de pluie sont une source importante de matières en suspension, phosphate et nitrates pour le lac de Pampulha. L'ammonium provient surtout des eaux usées rejetées dans les cours d'eau. Les épisodes pluvieux sont responsables des brassages de la colonne d'eau qui perturbent la croissance algale durant la saison humide.• Les cyanobactéries dans le lac de Pampulha étaient limitées par le phosphore pendant la majeure partie de notre suivi. Les épisodes de mélange du lac ont un effet important sur la disponibilité des nutriments dans les couches superficielles. Le travail mené dans le lac de Pampulha a permis d'avancer sur le couplage entre les aspects quantitatifs et qualitatifs du cycle de l'eau en milieu urbain et a fourni un outil qui peut être utilisé dans la simulation des scénarios de changement du bassin versant et leur impact sur le lac. La méthodologie développée dans cette thèse peut être appliquée ailleurs, en profitant des connaissances déjà acquises sur le lac de Pampulha / Urban lakes, often artificial, are fully integrated into the urban environment and perform several roles that are important for the sustainable functioning of cities. These ecosystems are strongly affected by human activities such as urbanization, land use changes and surface imperviousness which raise runoff in volume and speed, causing greater carrying capacity and greater pollutant load to aquatic receptors. Because of these anthropogenic activities, many lakes in the world are eutrophic and frequently affected by cyanobacterial blooms, some species of which are potentially toxic. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of the factors involved in the dynamics of cyanobacteria in urban lakes. Our research was conducted on two study sites: Lake Enghien in France and Lake Pampulha in Brazil. In the French study site, we benefited from new technologies for monitoring phytoplankton to model the dynamics of cyanobacteria in short-term scale. In the Brazilian lake, our main study site, the modelling of the cyanobacteria dynamics was carried out taking into account the inclusion of the lake in its catchment through and integrated modelling: the model used to simule lake cyanobacteria is coupled to a hydrological model for simulating the runoff quantity and the quality, which is inputted into the lake. Both models were calibrated and validated using measurements collected during a 21-month monitoring program. The performance of a spectrofluorometric probe in estimating phytoplankton biomass in this hypertrophic lake was evaluated. On this study site, our results showed that:• The spectrofluorometric probe underestimates the cyanobacterial biomass when (i) Oscillatoria cyanobacteria are present because they have a lower fluorescence per unit of chl-a, (ii) colonial cyanobacteria represent more than 20% of the cyanobacterial biomass and (iii) spectrofluorometric total chlorophyll is above 100 μg chl-a.L-1.• The hydrological model showed a good performance for runoff simulation (Nash coefficient is between 0.70 and 0.88 in calibration and 0.72 and 0.78 in validation) and moderately satisfactory results for pollutants simulation. The lake model, developed in steps, showed good predictive ability of the cyanobacteria dynamics in its most complete version, NMAE = 0.26 (calibration) and 0.55(validation).• Runoff is a major source for suspended solids, phosphate and nitrate influxes into Lake Pampulha. Ammonium comes mainly from wastewater discharged into tributaries. Rainfall events are responsible for the mixing of the water column and disrupting algal growth during the wet season.• Cyanobacteria in Lake Pampulha were limited by phosphorus during most of our monitoring. Mixing episodes of the lake water column have different effects on the availability of nutrients in the surface layers. The research carried out in Lake Pampulha allows us to progress on the coupling between the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the water cycle in urban areas and provides a tool that can be used in the simulation of scenarios of the catchment changements and their impact on the lake. The methodology developed in this thesis can be applied elsewhere, taking advantage of existing knowledge on Lake Pampulha

Les microbialites, dépôts lithifiés d’origine microbienne, sont des structures organosédimentaires documentées depuis plus de 3,5 milliards d’années. La compréhension de ces structures, des conditions et des modalités de leur mise en place, nous apporte des informations précieuses sur l’origine de la vie sur Terre. Cette thématique de recherche est également en plein essor du fait de ses implications économiques majeures concernant les hydrocarbures. La reconstitution des environnements associés aux structures microbiennes fossiles reste incertaine, notamment entre milieux de dépôts marins ou continentaux. Ces deux environnements contrastés ont été étudiés à travers deux exemples modernes, Cayo Coco (Cuba) en domaine marin lagunaire et le Grand Lac Salé (Utah, USA) en domaine lacustre continental dans le but d’identifier des critères diagnostiques pour discriminer ces environnements dans le registre fossile.La formation des microbialites résulte de la minéralisation et de la lithification d’un tapis microbien sous l’influence d’une composante métabolique (intrinsèque) liée à l’activité du tapis microbien, et d’une composante environnementale (extrinsèque). L’objectif de ce travail était de replacer à différentes échelles les dépôts microbiens dans leur contexte environnemental et de comprendre les influences directes des paramètres extrinsèques sur : (1) les processus de minéralisation des tapis microbiens et la formation de microbialites, (2) la morphologie des structures microbiennes, (3) la distribution spatio-temporelle des microbialites et des sédiments associés, et enfin (4) les relations entre les tapis microbiens et microbialites et leur environnement. / Lithified microbial deposits, considered as microbialites, are organosedimentary structures observed since 3.5 billion years. Understanding the mechanisms and environmental conditions leading to their formation may provide valuable information about the origin of life on Earth. Our interest on this research topic has increased owing to the economic implications of these deposits, especially concerning the hydrocarbons. The reconstruction of the environments associated with microbial structures remains uncertain in the fossil record, especially between marine and continental domains. These two contrasting environments were studied through two modern examples: (1) a marine-fed lagoon area in Cayo Coco (Cuba), and the continental lake of the Great Salt Lake (Utah, USA) in order to identify diagnostic criteria allowing to distinguish both environments in the fossil record.Microbialite result from mineralization and lithification of microbial mats under the influence of metabolic chemical reactions (intrinsic) related to the activity of the microbial biomass and environmental (extrinsic) conditions. The objective of this PhD is to replace microbial deposits, at different scales, in their context of formation to highlight the significance of extrinsic parameters on: (1) the mineralization processes and the formation of microbialites, (2) the morphologies of observed microbial structures, (3) their spatial distribution, and (4) the relationship between microbial mats and microbialite and their environment.

L’érosion mécanique des surfaces continentales, ou "détritisme", résulte du forçage climatique mais peut être amplifiée par le forçage anthropique. Cette érosion des sols, et sa compréhension, représentent aujourd’hui un questionnement sociétal majeur. Le présent travail s’est donc intéresse aux relations étroites liant climat, Homme et détritisme, dans les environnements continentaux holocènes. Associée à une démarche analytique multiparamètres, couplant quantification et modélisation de l’érosion des sols, l’étude intégrée et la comparaison de différents systèmes lacustres d’Europe occidentale, d’altitude et de piedmont, alpins et pyrénéens, a permis d’obtenir les informations suivantes. A long terme, la bipartition climatique Holocène (Optimum Climatique/Néoglaciaire) s’illustre par une augmentation de l’humidité, généralisée en Europe occidentale, et de l’ordre de 800 mm/an dans les Alpes françaises. Cette transition résulterait d’un relais entre le forçage solaire et le couplage océan/atmosphère. A court terme, l’Holocène est ponctué de périodes plus humides ou plus sèches, synchrones a l’échelle de l’Europe occidentale, et culminant avec le Petit Age Glaciaire. La présence humaine est d’abord mise en évidence dans les systèmes de piedmont et est synchrone a l’échelle des Alpes (Néolithique). Elle parait plus tardive dans les sites de haute altitude (Age du Bronze). L’implantation humaine en altitude et en piedmont est régulée par l’accessibilité aux sites, mais également par des rétroactions climatiques négatives. En piedmont, ces rétroactions négatives ne sont effectives que jusqu’à l’Age du Fer. Si le détritisme est dans un premier temps principalement controlé par le climat, il subit les conséquences de l’anthropisation des le Néolithique dans les Préalpes. Cette anthropisation est limitée aux systèmes de piedmont, ou elle explique jusqu’à 50% de l’érosion des sols, notamment pendant l’Age du Bronze, l’Age du Fer et le dernier siècle. / The mechanical erosion of continental surfaces, or “detritism”, results from climatic forcing, but can be amplified by the anthropogenic one. Today, soil erosion represents therefore one of the major issue. The present work is thus focused on the interactions linking climate, human impacts and detrism, on Holocene continental environments. Associated with a multiparameter analytical approach, combining the quantification and the modelisation of soil erosion, the integrative study and the comparison of different lacustrines archives from Western Europe provide the following informations. At long time scale, the transition out of the Holocene Thermal Maximum towards the Neoglacial period is defined by the progressive establishment of a wetter climate within Western Europe. In Western French Alps, this is more particularly characterized by an increase of 800 mm per year of the mean annual precipitation. Human presence is first detected throughout the piedmont plain, and is synchronous across the Alps (Neolithic period). Human settlements are regulated by the accessibility, but also by negative climate feedbacks, at least up to the Iron Age. Over the Holocene, soil erosion is thereby mainly controlled by the climate but is also influenced by the human activities wihtin the piedmont plain, since the Neolithic period. This anthropogenic pressure explains up to 50% of the soil erosion quantified into the lacustrine archives from the French Prealps. It is more particularly important during the Bronze Age, the Iron Age and the modern period.

Les systèmes carbonatés lacustres salins présentent un fort potentiel d’enregistrement des changements paléogéographiques et paléoclimatiques. Ce manuscrit présente une méthode d’analyse pluridisciplinaire (sédimentologie, écologie, stratigraphie, paléontologie, géochimie et paléomagnétisme) et multi-échelle (µm au km) appliquée au bassin lacustre d’Alès et des régions limitrophes au cours du Priabonien (–38 à –33,5Ma). Cette approche a permis d’apporter de nouveaux éléments dans les reconstitutions paléoenvironnementales, paléogéographiques et paléoclimatiques du sud–est de la France au Priabonien. De nouveaux concepts sédimentologiques et stratigraphiques transposables à d’autres systèmes lacustres sont mis en avant. Enfin, les observations permettent de reconstituer, dans un cadre temporel bien contraint, l’histoire de la détérioration climatique précédant la limite Eocène–Oligocène qui correspond à la plus grande crise climatique de ces 50 derniers millions d’années. / Lacustrine carbonate systems are of great interest to record the paleogeographic and paleoclimatic changes. This manuscript provides a multi-disciplinary (sedimentology, ecology, stratigraphy, paleontology, geochemistry and paleomagnetism) and a multi-scale (from µm to km) analysis dedicated to the Alès Basin and the neighboring areas during the Priabonian (–38 to –33.5Ma). Such joint approach has already allowed us to bring new elements regarding the paleoecological, paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic interpretations. New sedimentological ideas and stratigraphic concepts emerge and could be transposed to such saline lacustrine systems as analogues. Finally, the well-defined chronostratigraphic framework can be used to decipher the climatic deterioration recording prior to the Terminal Eocene Event at the Eocene–Oligocene boundary (the most profound climatic change of the past 50 million years.

LE LAC DE CHAILLEXON (DOUBS - FRANCE) EST UN LAC DE BARRAGE NATUREL CREE PAR UN ECROULEMEMENT ROCHEUX DURANT LA SECONDE MOITIE DU BLLING (12300 B.P.). LE COMBLEMENT SEDIMENTAIRE DU PIEGE LACUSTRE PRESENTE UN ENREGISTREMENT CONTINU DU TARDIGLACIAIRE ET DE L'HOLOCENE. CE TRAVAIL PROPOSE UNE APPROCHE DU FONCTIONNEMENT GLOBAL DU SYSTEME LIMNOLOGIQUE (BASSIN VERSANT PRODUCTEUR ET PIEGE LACUSTRE RECEPTEUR). A PARTIR DE L'ANALYSE DU SYSTEME ACTUEL (PRODUCTION, FLUX, STOCKS) ET DES ENSEIGNEMENTS QUI S'EN DEGAGENT, IL EST PROPOSE UNE INTERPRETATION QUANTITATIVE ET QUALITATIVE DES STOCKAGES ANCIENS ET DE LA PRODUCTION SEDIMENTAIRE DU BASSIN VERSANT, SOUS L'INFLUENCE DES CONTRAINTES ENVIRONNEMENTALES.