No description available.

No description available.

Lake District which define the principal anomalies in considerably more detail than previous widely-spaced observations. The physical properties of the Shap and Skiddaw granites have been analysed from geophysical logs recorded in 300 m deep heat-flow boreholes. New density determinations have been made on outcrop samples from over 350 localities in the western and central Lake District. Samples have been classified in terms of their lithology and lithostratigraphy, and representative in-situ densities have been calculated for the principal formations. The gravity and aeromagnetic data have been interpreted, using a combination of modelling and image processing, in order to study the form and evolution of the Lake District granite batholith and structures within the Skiddaw and Borrowdale Volcanic groups. The modelling studies indicate that Lake District batholith may comprise up to nine separate deep-seated components, and there may be a further five high level intrusions. The Eskdale/Wasdale Granite forms a major component in the western Lake District, and the Shap and Skiddaw granites form separate, steep-sided intrusions on the south-eastern and north-eastern margins of the batholith respectively. Prominent residual gravity anomalies, which coincide approximately with the Scafell, Haweswater and Ulpha synclines of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group, are also tentatively interpreted in terms of separate batholith components, but alternative interpretations in terms of thickened BVG sequences are possible. Further separate components are postulated along the northern side of the batholith and beneath the Haweswater Complex. The Ennerdale Granophyre and Threlkeld Microgranite are modelled as high-level intrusions, in line with previous interpretations, and it is posssible that the Eskdale Granodiorite is also in this category. There is good evidence for a high-level granitic intrusion beneath the Crummock aureole and some evidence for a similar intrusion near Coniston. On a broader scale, the modelling indicates that long wavelength magnetic anomalies are best interpreted in terms of a 'magnetic basement' which represent either a thick layer of pre-Skiddaw Group (magnetic) sedimentary rocks, magnetic crystalline basement, or a combination of both. This 'basement' reaches nearest to the surface in the southern Lake District, deepens northwards beneath the batholith, and approaches nearer to the surface again along the northern margin. The image processing of the potential field data has revealed three important ENE-trending geophysical lineaments across the Lake District {the Crummock, Ullswater and Southern Borrowdales lineaments}. Several prominent, but less extensive, NE-trending lineaments are also visible across the central and western parts of the area. The ENE-trending set appear to divide distinctive tracts within the Skiddaw Group and it seems likely that at least some of the lineaments represent fundamental fractures within the underlying basement which were initiated prior to the Borrowdale volcanism and which influenced the subsequent structural development of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group and the intrusive form of the batholith. It is possible that vertical movement influenced by the pre-existing NE- and ENE-trending lineaments may have initiated the Scafell, Haweswater and Ulpha synclines, and associated anticlines, in the Ordovician, leading to a thicker accumulation of BVG in the synclines and/or the subsequent emplacement of late Ordovician (or early Silurian?) components of the batholith beneath them. Alternatively, it is possible that each was initiated as a volcano-tectonic sag over a separate component of an evolving Ordovician batholith, the position of the batholith components themselves being influenced by earlier structural trends. The geothermal characteristics of Caledonian-age granites in the Lake District and Eastern Highlands of Scotland have been studied (in collaboration with other workers). The study has led to a re-examination of the relationship between heat flow (qO) and heat production (AO) for granites and basement rocks in the UK. The data form four separate clusters on the qO-AO plot; three corresponding to granite batholiths in SW England, northern England and the Eastern Highlands of Scotland, and a fourth to the basement rocks of central England and Wales. A single linear correlation between qo and AO is no longer tenable, and an explanation of the data is proposed in terms of the crustal structure and thermo-tectonic setting of each area. In the case of the granite batholiths the data reflect the contrasting depth extent and radioelement - depth functions of the intrusions. These parameters in turn are related to the magmatic evolution and emplacement history of each batholith and the nature of the crust into which they were emplaced.

No description available.

No description available.

An understanding of the dominant processes controlling streamwater chemistry is critical for the development of a regional water quality model. The relative importance of a variety of catchment characteristics in determining streamwater chemistry in the English Lake District is investigated in this thesis. Fifty-five streams were sampled on a bimonthly basis over the period May 1996 through March 1997. Rock samples were analysed using X-ray fluorescence analysis. The major- and trace element geochemical data was used to classify the suite into six rock types. The geochemical data was also used to establish weathering patterns, which suggested that greywackes and lithic arenites weather the easiest, andesites and dacites exhibit heterogeneous weathering and the metamorphosed slate and granite are the most resistant to weathering. Forty-one (75%) of the streams can be considered sensitive to acidification on the basis of their alkalinity and thirty-eight (69%) can be considered sensitive to acidification on the basis of their calcium concentrations. Statistical analyses showed that flow-weighted concentrations of alkalinity and base cations were lowest in the catchments with resistant bedrock, thin or peaty soils, at high altitudes or receiving relatively high loads of sulphur and nitrogen deposition. A multiple regression model incorporating some of these factors provided a fairly good approximation of alkalinity concentrations on a spatial (R2 value of 56%) and temporal scale (R2 value of 49%). The predicted alkalinity was within 50 Ileq rl of the observed (simulated) values for 77% of the sites. Although the model has a fairly good predictive capability, its spatial and temporal applicability outside the study area is an unknown quantity. To satisfy the needs of policy makers and the hydrological community, the model needs to predict alkalinity with a high degree of accuracy in a variety of study areas. This has not been tested as yet, however, the variables used in the final model are not unique to the Lake District or the 1990's and therefore the model may prove to be an extremely useful tool indeed.

Nitrification became the dominant nitrogen transformation in a number of lakes which accumulated ammonium, in hypolimnetic water, under aerobic conditions. The timing and duration of this activity varied between lakes but was characterized by decreasing ammonium, and increasing nitrate, concentrations. In Grasmere lake this phase was found to be due to the activity of planktonic chemolithotrophic nitrifying bacteria. The observed nitrate concentration increased during this phase and accounted for up to 15% of the total oxygen deficit of the hypolimnion. At similar in situ temperatures nitrification rates and nitrifying bacterial populations were greater in oxidised sediments than in the water column. Littoral sediments were more important than profundal sediments as sites of nitrification due to higher temperatures and the persistance of oxidising conditions to greater depths into these deposits. Within the littoral zone the physical characteristics of the sediment were important with organic rich deposits sustaining greater rates of nitrification than sandy sediments. Nitrate reduction was the primary determining factor of nitrate concentrations in sediment interstitial waters. Some observations on the culture of chemolithotrophic nitrifying bacteria from lakewater were discussed. Reviews of the methodology for nitrification research and nitrification in the lacustrine environment are presented.

Jusqu’à la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle, les territoires montagneux de Grande-Bretagne sont inconnus pour la majorité de la population. Pourtant, les territoires du Lake District en Angleterre, du Snowdonia au pays du Galles et des Highlands d’Écosse font partie de l’essor de la peinture de paysage en Grande-Bretagne entre les XVIIIe et XIXe siècles. L’observation des artistes portée aux montagnes du nord profite à l’imagination à travers deux notions majeures : la beauté pittoresque et le sublime. En effet, la promenade dans le jardin anglais s’ouvre au Home Tour en terres montagneuses. D’une immensité suscitant la terreur en souvenir du Déluge, la montagne en tant que symbole de l’insularité fait appel au réenchantement grâce au travail des artistes, des poètes et des voyageurs. Les aquarellistes observent les montagnes britanniques et font de ces territoires des ateliers en plein air. Cependant les vues héritées de la topographie poussent à une reconstruction de la composition où les montagnes deviennent de plus en plus présentes dans les arts visuels jusqu’à engendrer un chaos synonyme de l’union romantique. Depuis la fin du XVIIIe siècle, les territoires montagneux de Grande-Bretagne nourrissent le mythe du caractère britannique (Britishness). Les montagnes deviennent ainsi le symbole de l’origine développé en parallèle de la modernité industrielle. La pacification des Highlands à partir de 1747 encourage l’étude des vestiges du passé où les montagnes sont les ruines naturelles. Cette recherche de l’origine incite aussi à partir des années 1820-1830 le développement des identités nationales en Écosse et au pays de Galles au sein de la Grande-Bretagne. Ces identités tentent de mettre fin à l’anglicisation en revendiquant leurs spécificités culturelles et se réapproprient la montagne en tant que symbole national. / Until the 18th century, mountainous scenery in Britain was unknown to most of the inhabitants, and it was regarded as wild and gloomy. However, places such as the English Lake District, the Welsh Snowdonia and the Scottish Highlands were instrumental in the development of the art of landscape painting in Britain between the 18th and 19th centuries. Artists’ observation of the northern mountains captured the imagination through two major notions : the picturesque beauty and the sublime. Indeed, walking in English gardens lead to the Home Tour in mountainous lands. From a gloomy natural form following the Flood, the mountain became a symbol of insularity. This called for a re-enchantment through paintings and poetry, and then the mountain was allowed its glory. Watercolourists drew the mountains from Britain and turned them into a studio en plein-air. Thus, topography views led to a new artistic composition, where mountains became more and more painted in visual arts until the creation of a chaos synonymous with Romanticism. In the second half of the 18th century, these mountainous territories took part in the myth of Britishness. They became a symbol of origin, developing along with industrial modernity. The pacification of the Highlands from 1747 encouraged studies on the primitive past, where the northern mountains were natural ruins. In 1820-1830, the quest for origin also implemented the rise of national identities in Scotland and Wales upon British soil. These identities attempted to put an end to Anglicisation by claiming their own cultural specificities and reclaiming the mountain as their national symbol.

Au XIXe siècle, les premiers espaces protégés d'Occident durent lier une mission de protection de l'environnement à celle d'accueil du public, et notamment des touristes. Ce double objectif se retrouve aujourd'hui dans des espaces protégés qui se veulent,depuis 1970, intégrateurs. Une première étude (2006-2008) au sein d'un Parc Naturel Régional avait révélé l'existence d'une tension entre l'objectif de protection et celui de développement touristique : les touristes y étaient perçus comme une menace, et les gestionnaires se consacraient plus volontiers à la protection. Dans cette thèse, nous avons voulu prolong er la réflexion à partir de trois espaces : le Parc National du Lake District (Royaume-Uni), l'Espace Naturel de Doñana(Espagne) et le Parc Naturel Régional du Verdon (France). Notre enjeu est de vérifier si la même tension entre protection environnementale et développement touristique y est sensible, dans quelle mesure, et pour quelles raisons cette tension se manifeste (ou non) .Après une analyse de contenu mettant en lumière la façon plutôt sévère dont le tourisme est traité dans les discours, l'étude de l'aménagement des espaces, du système d'acteurs en présence et des chiffres du tourisme montrent une rupture totale entre les espaces protégés, leurs gestionnaires et les touristes dont les pratiques ne sont pas comprises ni acceptées. L'étude de facteurs culturels et historiques permettant d'explique rune telle tension révèle la forte influence de l'ancienneté du tourisme dans le lieu, de l'ancrage artistique, de l'histoire politique, religieuse et économique sur la définition de la nature et l'acceptation du tourisme dans chaque espace. / During the 19 th century, the first protected areas in the Western world were created and had two missions to fulfil : environmental protection and promoting opportunities for enjoyment in order to welcome tourists. Since 1970 newly created protected areas have followed this double goal. The first 'Parc Naturel Régional' we studied from 2006 to 2008 had such goals but the relationship between the environmental protection goal and the tourism development goal was very tense. Tourists were seen as a threat, and managers had rather focusing on environmental protection. This thesis deals with three protected areas : the Lake District National Park (UK), the 'Espacio Natural de Doñana' (Spain) and the 'Parc Naturel Régional du Verdon' (France). What is at stake is the discovery of whether or not the tension is real between environmental protection and tourism in these areas. We aim at understanding in what way this tension can be felt and the reasons why these areas experience this tension (or not). After a content analysis showing that words used by managers were quite severe about tourists, we study the way the area is spatially ordered ,the relationships between actors, and statistics in tourism, revealing a total breaking off between the protected area, managers and tourists, whose practices are not understood nor accepted. The study of cultural and historical factors that can explain this tension shows a strong influence of the history of tourism,artistic heritage, political and economical history on the way nature is defined and the way tourism is accepted in each area.

Results of mineral magnetic, mobile clement, and granulometric analyses of Holocene sediments from Buttermere and Crummock Water (two closely-linked lakes in the north-west of the English Lake District) are presented. These are used to: (1) identify effects of internal (lacustrine) and external (catchment) controls on sedimentation; (2) establish catchment source-lake sediment linkages and assess the value of mineral magnetic techniques in palaeolimnological studies; (3) identify major catchment environmental changes. Analyses of lake sediment fabrics (using sediment thin sections, SEM clay flake analysis, standard granulometric analysis, and mineral magnetic indicators of grain size change) indicate that river plume sedimentation is the normal sediment dispersal mechanism in these lakes. Thin (< = 3.0 mm) chlorite-rich laminae, found at intervals in the otherwise homogeneous Holocene sediment sequence, are probably formed by trapping and concentration of fine, platy particles within lake waters. They are subsequently deposited during lake overturn. This represents an "internal" control on sedimentation. A model of sedimentation processes operating in these lakes is developed, incorporating river plume sedimentation, episodic density surges, and lake thermal structure. Mineral magnetic measurements allow the objective subdivision of the lacustrine lithostratigraphy, identifying broad changes in lake sediment characteristics. Samples from both lake catchments are clustered into six magnetically distinct groups - despite the lithological complexity of the catchment. Comparison of these with the lake sediments has enabled identification of major sources during the Holocene. Following deposition of relatively unaltered bedrock-derived material during the Late-glacial ("primary" sources), secondary sources (which may include glacial diamicts, soils and stream sediments) dominate the lake sediments. Direct input of topsoil-derived sediment from circa 1000 A.D. onwards (during and following the main period of Norse settlement of the Lake District) is identified by its distinctive mineral magnetic characteristics, (high Xfd% values, >-4%). Industrially-derived magnetic spherules contribute significantly to the mineral magnetic characteristics of the more recent sediments, (mainly those post-dating circa 1900 A.D.). These are used to construct a proxy chronology for recent sediments. Catchment environmental changes arc mainly related to stabilisation of vegetation following deglaciation and, from circa 2,000 B.P., anthropogenic effects of deforestation and land disturbance, thus increasing lake sediment accumulation rates. These findings are broadly consistent with the interpretation of the Lake District Post-glacial sediment sequence presented in studies by Mackereth, (1966a), and Pennington, (1981), demonstrating a uniformity of lake and catchment development within the Lake District. A prominent minerogenic layer present in the Buttermere and Crummock Water sediment sequence however broadly correlates with similar horizons deposited in other Lake District lakes from circa 7,400 - 5,000 B.P. These have been previously interpreted as composed of topsoil-derived material derived from human actions, (Pennington 1973, 1981). In the Buttermere and Crummock Water sediments, this layer is best interpreted as derived from glaciogenic sediment') reworked from within the lake basins, probably following lowered lake water levels during the period circa 7,300 - 5,300 B.P. Thus it is suggested that a reinterpretation of similar Lake District lacustrine sediments using the methods employed in this study would be appropriate.