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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Entwicklungen zur Führung von Landbedeckung und Landnutzung in den amtlichen Geobasisdaten

Lucas, Christian, Kurstedt, Ramona 24 October 2019 (has links)
Die Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Vermessungsverwaltungen der Länder (AdV) erarbeitete eine Strategie, die bestehenden Objektdatenbestände des Objektartenbereichs der tatsächlichen Nutzung (TN) der amtlichen Geobasisdaten in die Komponenten der Landbedeckung (LB) und Landnutzung (LN) zu überführen, um den erweiterten Ansprüchen der länder- und europaweiten Nutzer gerecht zu werden. Dafür wurde eine anwendungsneutrale Nomenklatur der LB und LN entwickelt, welche sowohl den inhaltlichen Umfang wie auch die semantische Neutralität besitzt, verschiedenste Nutzeranforderungen zu bedienen. Ferner wurde ein Migrationskonzept entwickelt, welches darauf gründet, den bestehenden Objektartenbereich der TN zu erweitern. Dies erfolgt mit dem Ziel, semantische Mehrdeutigkeiten innerhalb der bestehenden TN durch Erweiterung aufzulösen. Ausgehend von dieser Erweiterung wird es künftig möglich sein, das Fachschema der LN automatisch aus der TN zu befüllen. Die LB soll zukünftig ebenfalls weitgehend automatisch, auf Basis von Fernerkundungsdaten, erzeugt werden. Anzustreben ist dabei eine höhere Aktualität, wie auch der Aufbau einer Historie. Diese könnte künftig Zeitreihenanalysen ermöglichen, um beispielsweise politische Fragestellungen ad hoc zu beantworten, ohne selbst Zeitreihen aufbauen zu müssen.
2

Assessing, monitoring and mapping forest resources in the Blue Nile Region of Sudan using an object-based image analysis approach

Mahmoud El-Abbas Mustafa, Mustafa 11 March 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Following the hierarchical nature of forest resource management, the present work focuses on the natural forest cover at various abstraction levels of details, i.e. categorical land use/land cover (LU/LC) level and a continuous empirical estimation of local operational level. As no single sensor presently covers absolutely all the requirements of the entire levels of forest resource assessment, multisource imagery (i.e. RapidEye, TERRA ASTER and LANDSAT TM), in addition to other data and knowledge have been examined. To deal with this structure, an object-based image analysis (OBIA) approach has been assessed in the destabilized Blue Nile region of Sudan as a potential solution to gather the required information for future forest planning and decision making. Moreover, the spatial heterogeneity as well as the rapid changes observed in the region motivates the inspection for more efficient, flexible and accurate methods to update the desired information. An OBIA approach has been proposed as an alternative analysis framework that can mitigate the deficiency associated with the pixel-based approach. In this sense, the study examines the most popular pixel-based maximum likelihood classifier, as an example of the behavior of spectral classifier toward respective data and regional specifics. In contrast, the OBIA approach analyzes remotely sensed data by incorporating expert analyst knowledge and complimentary ancillary data in a way that somehow simulates human intelligence for image interpretation based on the real-world representation of the features. As the segment is the basic processing unit, various combinations of segmentation criteria were tested to separate similar spectral values into groups of relatively homogeneous pixels. At the categorical subtraction level, rules were developed and optimum features were extracted for each particular class. Two methods were allocated (i.e. Rule Based (RB) and Nearest Neighbour (NN) Classifier) to assign segmented objects to their corresponding classes. Moreover, the study attempts to answer the questions whether OBIA is inherently more precise at fine spatial resolution than at coarser resolution, and how both pixel-based and OBIA approaches can be compared regarding relative accuracy in function of spatial resolution. As anticipated, this work emphasizes that the OBIA approach is can be proposed as an advanced solution particulary for high resolution imagery, since the accuracies were improved at the different scales applied compare with those of pixel-based approach. Meanwhile, the results achieved by the two approaches are consistently high at a finer RapidEye spatial resolution, and much significantly enhanced with OBIA. Since the change in LU/LC is rapid and the region is heterogeneous as well as the data vary regarding the date of acquisition and data source, this motivated the implementation of post-classification change detection rather than radiometric transformation methods. Based on thematic LU/LC maps, series of optimized algorithms have been developed to depict the dynamics in LU/LC entities. Therefore, detailed change “from-to” information classes as well as changes statistics were produced. Furthermore, the produced change maps were assessed, which reveals that the accuracy of the change maps is consistently high. Aggregated to the community-level, social survey of household data provides a comprehensive perspective additionally to EO data. The predetermined hot spots of degraded and successfully recovered areas were investigated. Thus, the study utilized a well-designed questionnaire to address the factors affecting land-cover dynamics and the possible solutions based on local community's perception. At the operational structural forest stand level, the rationale for incorporating these analyses are to offer a semi-automatic OBIA metrics estimates from which forest attribute is acquired through automated segmentation algorithms at the level of delineated tree crowns or clusters of crowns. Correlation and regression analyses were applied to identify the relations between a wide range of spectral and textural metrics and the field derived forest attributes. The acquired results from the OBIA framework reveal strong relationships and precise estimates. Furthermore, the best fitted models were cross-validated with an independent set of field samples, which revealed a high degree of precision. An important question is how the spatial resolution and spectral range used affect the quality of the developed model this was also discussed based on the different sensors examined. To conclude, the study reveals that the OBIA has proven capability as an efficient and accurate approach for gaining knowledge about the land features, whether at the operational forest structural attributes or categorical LU/LC level. Moreover, the methodological framework exhibits a potential solution to attain precise facts and figures about the change dynamics and its driving forces. / Da das Waldressourcenmanagement hierarchisch strukturiert ist, beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit der natürlichen Waldbedeckung auf verschiedenen Abstraktionsebenen, das heißt insbesondere mit der Ebene der kategorischen Landnutzung / Landbedeckung (LU/LC) sowie mit der kontinuierlichen empirischen Abschätzung auf lokaler operativer Ebene. Da zurzeit kein Sensor die Anforderungen aller Ebenen der Bewertung von Waldressourcen und von Multisource-Bildmaterialien (d.h. RapidEye, TERRA ASTER und LANDSAT TM) erfüllen kann, wurden zusätzlich andere Formen von Daten und Wissen untersucht und in die Arbeit mit eingebracht. Es wurde eine objekt-basierte Bildanalyse (OBIA) in einer destabilisierten Region des Blauen Nils im Sudan eingesetzt, um nach möglichen Lösungen zu suchen, erforderliche Informationen für die zukünftigen Waldplanung und die Entscheidungsfindung zu sammeln. Außerdem wurden die räumliche Heterogenität, sowie die sehr schnellen Änderungen in der Region untersucht. Dies motiviert nach effizienteren, flexibleren und genaueren Methoden zu suchen, um die gewünschten aktuellen Informationen zu erhalten. Das Konzept von OBIA wurde als Substitution-Analyse-Rahmen vorgeschlagen, um die Mängel vom früheren pixel-basierten Konzept abzumildern. In diesem Sinne untersucht die Studie die beliebtesten Maximum-Likelihood-Klassifikatoren des pixel-basierten Konzeptes als Beispiel für das Verhalten der spektralen Klassifikatoren in dem jeweiligen Datenbereich und der Region. Im Gegensatz dazu analysiert OBIA Fernerkundungsdaten durch den Einbau von Wissen des Analytikers sowie kostenlose Zusatzdaten in einer Art und Weise, die menschliche Intelligenz für die Bildinterpretation als eine reale Darstellung der Funktion simuliert. Als ein Segment einer Basisverarbeitungseinheit wurden verschiedene Kombinationen von Segmentierungskriterien getestet um ähnliche spektrale Werte in Gruppen von relativ homogenen Pixeln zu trennen. An der kategorische Subtraktionsebene wurden Regeln entwickelt und optimale Eigenschaften für jede besondere Klasse extrahiert. Zwei Verfahren (Rule Based (RB) und Nearest Neighbour (NN) Classifier) wurden zugeteilt um die segmentierten Objekte der entsprechenden Klasse zuzuweisen. Außerdem versucht die Studie die Fragen zu beantworten, ob OBIA in feiner räumlicher Auflösung grundsätzlich genauer ist als eine gröbere Auflösung, und wie beide, das pixel-basierte und das OBIA Konzept sich in einer relativen Genauigkeit als eine Funktion der räumlichen Auflösung vergleichen lassen. Diese Arbeit zeigt insbesondere, dass das OBIA Konzept eine fortschrittliche Lösung für die Bildanalyse ist, da die Genauigkeiten - an den verschiedenen Skalen angewandt - im Vergleich mit denen der Pixel-basierten Konzept verbessert wurden. Unterdessen waren die berichteten Ergebnisse der feineren räumlichen Auflösung nicht nur für die beiden Ansätze konsequent hoch, sondern durch das OBIA Konzept deutlich verbessert. Die schnellen Veränderungen und die Heterogenität der Region sowie die unterschiedliche Datenherkunft haben dazu geführt, dass die Umsetzung von Post-Klassifizierungs- Änderungserkennung besser geeignet ist als radiometrische Transformationsmethoden. Basierend auf thematische LU/LC Karten wurden Serien von optimierten Algorithmen entwickelt, um die Dynamik in LU/LC Einheiten darzustellen. Deshalb wurden für Detailänderung "von-bis"-Informationsklassen sowie Veränderungsstatistiken erstellt. Ferner wurden die erzeugten Änderungskarten bewertet, was zeigte, dass die Genauigkeit der Änderungskarten konstant hoch ist. Aggregiert auf die Gemeinde-Ebene bieten Sozialerhebungen der Haushaltsdaten eine umfassende zusätzliche Sichtweise auf die Fernerkundungsdaten. Die vorher festgelegten degradierten und erfolgreich wiederhergestellten Hot Spots wurden untersucht. Die Studie verwendet einen gut gestalteten Fragebogen um Faktoren die die Dynamik der Änderung der Landbedeckung und mögliche Lösungen, die auf der Wahrnehmung der Gemeinden basieren, anzusprechen. Auf der Ebene des operativen strukturellen Waldbestandes wird die Begründung für die Einbeziehung dieser Analysen angegeben um semi-automatische OBIA Metriken zu schätzen, die aus dem Wald-Attribut durch automatisierte Segmentierungsalgorithmen in den Baumkronen abgegrenzt oder Cluster von Kronen Ebenen erworben wird. Korrelations- und Regressionsanalysen wurden angewandt, um die Beziehungen zwischen einer Vielzahl von spektralen und strukturellen Metriken und den aus den Untersuchungsgebieten abgeleiteten Waldattributen zu identifizieren. Die Ergebnisse des OBIA Rahmens zeigen starke Beziehungen und präzise Schätzungen. Die besten Modelle waren mit einem unabhängigen Satz von kreuz-validierten Feldproben ausgestattet, welche hohe Genauigkeiten ergaben. Eine wichtige Frage ist, wie die räumliche Auflösung und die verwendete Bandbreite die Qualität der entwickelten Modelle auch auf der Grundlage der verschiedenen untersuchten Sensoren beeinflussen. Schließlich zeigt die Studie, dass OBIA in der Lage ist, als ein effizienter und genauer Ansatz Kenntnisse über die Landfunktionen zu erlangen, sei es bei operativen Attributen der Waldstruktur oder auch auf der kategorischen LU/LC Ebene. Außerdem zeigt der methodischen Rahmen eine mögliche Lösung um präzise Fakten und Zahlen über die Veränderungsdynamik und ihre Antriebskräfte zu ermitteln.
3

Plot-Based Land-Cover and Soil-Moisture Mapping Using X-/L-Band SAR Data. Case Study Pirna-South, Saxony, Germany

Mahmoud, Ali 26 January 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Agricultural production is becoming increasingly important as the world demand increases. On the other hand, there are several factors threatening that production such as the climate change. Therefore, monitoring and management of different parameters affecting the production are important. The current study is dedicated to two key parameters, namely agricultural land cover and soil-moisture mapping using X- and L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. Land-cover mapping plays an essential role in various applications like irrigation management, yield estimation and subsidy control. A model of multi-direction/multi-distance texture analysis on SAR data and its use for agricultural land cover classification was developed. The model is built and implemented in ESRI ArcGIS software and integrated with “R Environment”. Sets of texture measures can be calculated on a plot basis and stored in an attribute table for further classification. The classification module provides various classification approaches such as support vector machine and artificial neural network, in addition to different feature-selection methods. The model has been tested for a typical Mid-European agricultural and horticultural land use pattern south to the town of Pirna (Saxony/Germany), where the high-resolution SAR data, TerraSAR-X and ALOS/PALSAR (HH/HV) imagery, were used for land-cover mapping. The results indicate that an integrated classification using textural information of SAR data has a high potential for land-cover mapping. Moreover, the multi-dimensional SAR data approach improved the overall accuracy. Soil moisture (SM) is important for various applications such as crop-water management and hydrological modelling. The above-mentioned TerraSAR-X data were utilised for soil-moisture mapping verified by synchronous field measurements. Different speckle-reduction techniques were applied and the most representative filtered image was determined. Then the soil moisture was calculated for the mapped area using the obtained linear regression equations for each corresponding land-cover type. The results proved the efficiency of SAR data in soil-moisture mapping for bare soils and at the early growing stage of fieldcrops. / Landwirtschaftliche Produktion erlangt mit weltweit steigender Nahrungsmittelnachfrage zunehmende Bedeutung. Zahlreiche Faktoren bedrohen die landwirtschaftliche Produktion wie beispielsweise die globale Klimaveränderung einschließlich ihrer indirekten Nebenwirkungen. Somit ist das Monitoring der Produktion selbst und der wesentlichen Produktionsparameter eine zweifelsfrei wichtige Aufgabe. Die vorliegende Studie widmet sich in diesem Kontext zwei Schlüsselinformationen, der Aufnahme landwirtschaftlicher Kulturen und den Bodenfeuchteverhältnissen, jeweils unter Nutzung von Satellitenbilddaten von Radarsensoren mit Synthetischer Apertur, die im X- und L-Band operieren. Landnutzungskartierung spielt eine essentielle Rolle für zahlreiche agrarische Anwendungen; genannt seien hier nur Bewässerungsmaßnahmen, Ernteschätzung und Fördermittelkontrolle. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein Modell entwickelt, welches auf Grundlage einer Texturanalyse der genannten SAR-Daten für variable Richtungen und Distanzen eine Klassifikation landwirtschaftlicher Nutzungsformen ermöglicht. Das Modell wurde als zusätzliche Funktionalität für die ArcGIS-Software implementiert. Es bindet dabei Klassifikationsverfahren ein, die aus dem Funktionsschatz der Sprache „R“ entnommen sind. Zum Konzept: Ein Bündel von Texturparametern wird durch das vorliegende Programm auf Schlagbasis berechnet und in einer Polygonattributtabelle der landwirtschaftlichen Schläge abgelegt. Auf diese Attributtabelle greift das nachfolgend einzusetzende Klassifikationsmodul zu. Die Software erlaubt nun die Suche nach „aussagekräftigen“ Teilmengen innerhalb des umfangreichen Texturmerkmalsraumes. Im Klassifikationsprozess kann aus verschiedenen Ansätzen gewählt werden. Genannt seien „Support Vector Machine“ und künstliche neuronale Netze. Das Modell wurde für einen typischen mitteleuropäischen Untersuchungsraum mit landwirtschaftlicher und gartenbaulicher Nutzung getestet. Er liegt südlich von Pirna im Freistaat Sachsen. Zum Test lagen für den Untersuchungsraum Daten von TerraSAR-X und ALOS/PALSAR (HH/HV) aus identischen Aufnahmetagen vor. Die Untersuchungen beweisen ein hohes Potenzial der Texturinformation aus hoch aufgelösten SAR-Daten für die landwirtschaftliche Nutzungserkennung. Auch die erhöhte Dimensionalität durch die Kombination von zwei Sensoren erbrachte eine Verbesserung der Klassifikationsgüte. Kenntnisse der Bodenfeuchteverteilung sind u.a. bedeutsam für Bewässerungsanwendungen und hydrologische Modellierung. Die oben genannten SAR-Datensätze wurden auch zur Bodenfeuchteermittlung genutzt. Eine Verifikation wurde durch synchrone Feldmessungen ermöglicht. Initial musste der Radar-typische „Speckle“ in den Bildern durch Filterung verringert werden. Verschiedene Filtertechniken wurden getestet und das beste Resultat genutzt. Die Bodenfeuchtebestimmung erfolgte in Abhängigkeit vom Nutzungstyp über Regressionsanalyse. Auch die Resultate für die Bodenfeuchtebestimmung bewiesen das Nutzpotenzial der genutzten SAR-Daten für offene Ackerböden und Stadien, in denen die Kulturpflanzen noch einen geringen Bedeckungsgrad aufweisen.
4

Mapping and Assessing Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover Change by Means of Advanced Remote Sensing Approach:

Rahamtallah Abualgasim, Majdaldin 11 December 2017 (has links) (PDF)
Risks and uncertainties are unavoidable in agriculture in Sudan, due to its dependence on climatic factors and to the imperfect nature of the agricultural decisions and policies attributed to land cover and land use changes that occur. The current study was conducted in the Gash Agricultural Scheme (GAS) - Kassala State, as a semi-arid land in eastern Sudan. The scheme has been established to contribute to the rural development, to help stability of the nomadic population in eastern Sudan, particularly the local population around the Gash river areas, and to facilitate utilizing the river flood in growing cotton and other cash crops. In the last decade, the scheme production has declined, because of drought periods, which hit the region, sand invasion and the spread of invasive mesquite trees, in addition to administrative negligence. These have resulted also in poor agricultural productivity and the displacement of farmers away from the scheme area. Recently, the scheme is heavily disturbed by human intervention in many aspects. Consequently, resources of cultivated land have shrunk and declined during the period of the study, which in turn have led to dissatisfaction and increasing failure of satisfying increasing farmer’s income and demand for local consumption. Remote sensing applications and geospatial techniques have played a key role in studying different types of hazards whether they are natural or manmade. Multi-temporal satellite data combined with ancillary data were used to monitor, analyze and to assess land use and land cover (LULC) changes and the impact of land degradation on the scheme production, which provides the managers and decision makers with current and improved data for the purposes of proper administration of natural resources in the GAS. Information about patterns of LULC changes through time in the GAS is not only important for the management and planning, but also for a better understanding of human dimensions of environmental changes at regional scale. This study attempts to map and assess the impacts of LULC change and land degradation in GAS during a period of 38 years from 1972-2010. Dry season multi-temporal satellite imagery collected by different sensor systems was selected such as three cloud-free Landsat (MSS 1972, TM 1987 and ETM+ 1999) and ASTER (2010) satellite imagery. This imagery was geo-referenced and radiometrically and atmospherically calibrated using dark object subtraction (DOS). Two approaches of classification (object-oriented and pixel-based) were applied for classification and comparison of LULC. In addition, the study compares between the two approaches to determine which one is more compatible for classification of LULC of the GAS. The pixel-based approach performed slightly better than the object-oriented approach in the classification of LULC in the study area. Application of multi-temporal remote sensing data proved to be successful for the identification and mapping of LULC into five main classes as follows: woodland dominated by dense mesquite trees, grass and shrubs dominated by less dense mesquite trees, bare and cultivated land, stabilized fine sand and mobile sand. After image enhancement successful classification of imagery was achieved using pixel and object based approaches as well as subsequent change detection (image differencing and change matrix), supported by classification accuracy assessments and post-classification. Comparison of LULC changes shows that the land cover of GAS has changed dramatically during the investigated period. It has been discovered that more significant of LULC change processes occurred during the second studied period (1987 to 1999) than during the first period (1972-1987). In the second period nearly half of bare and cultivated lands was changed from 41372.74 ha (20.22 %) in 1987 to 28020.80 ha (13.60 %) in 1999, which was mainly due to the drought that hit the region during the mentioned period. However, the results revealed a drastic loss of bare and cultivated land, equivalent to more than 40% during the entire period (1972-2010). Throughout the whole period of study, drought and invasion of both mesquite trees and sand were responsible for the loss of more than 40% of the total productive lands. Change vector analysis (CVA) as a useful approach was applied for estimating change detection in both magnitude and direction of change. The promising approach of multivariate alteration detection (MAD) and subsequent maximum autocorrelation factor (MAD/MAF) transformation was used to support change detection via assessment of maximum correlation between the transformed variates and the specific original image bands related to specific land cover classes. However, both CVA and MAD/MAD strongly prove the fact that bare and cultivated land have dramatically changed and decreased continuously during the studied period. Both CVA and MAD/MAD demonstrate adequate potentials for monitoring, detecting, identifying and mapping the changes. Moreover, this research demonstrated that CVA and MAD/MAF are superior in providing qualitative details about the nature of all kinds of change. Vegetation indices (VI) such as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), modified adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI) and grain soil index (GSI) were applied to measure the quantitative characterization of temporal and spatial vegetation cover patterns and change. All indices remain very sensitive to structure variation of LULC. The results reveal that the NDVI is more effective for detecting the amount and status of the vegetation cover in the study area than SAVI, MSAVI and GSI. Therefore, it can be stated that NDVI can be used as a response variable to identify drought disturbance and land degradation in semi-arid land such as the GAS area. Results of detecting vegetation cover observed by using SAVI were found to be more reasonable than using MSAVI, although MSAVI reduces the background of bare soil better than SAVI. GSI proves high efficiency in determining the different types of surface soils, and producing a change map of top soil grain size, which is useful in assessment of land degradation in the study area. The linkage between socio-economic data and remotely sensed data was applied to determine the relationships between the different factors derived and to analyze the reasons for change in LULC and land degradation and its effects in the study area. The results indicate a strong relationship between LULC derived from remotely sensed data and the influencing socioeconomic variables. The results obtained from analyzing socioeconomic data confirm the findings of remote sensing data analysis, which assure that the decline and degradation of agricultural land is a result of further spread of mesquite trees and of increased invasion of sand during the study period. High livestock density and overgrazing, drought, invasion of sand, spread of invasive mesquite trees, overexploitation of land, improper management, and population growth were considered as the main direct factors responsible for degradation in the study area.
5

Assessing, monitoring and mapping forest resources in the Blue Nile Region of Sudan using an object-based image analysis approach

Mahmoud El-Abbas Mustafa, Mustafa 28 January 2015 (has links)
Following the hierarchical nature of forest resource management, the present work focuses on the natural forest cover at various abstraction levels of details, i.e. categorical land use/land cover (LU/LC) level and a continuous empirical estimation of local operational level. As no single sensor presently covers absolutely all the requirements of the entire levels of forest resource assessment, multisource imagery (i.e. RapidEye, TERRA ASTER and LANDSAT TM), in addition to other data and knowledge have been examined. To deal with this structure, an object-based image analysis (OBIA) approach has been assessed in the destabilized Blue Nile region of Sudan as a potential solution to gather the required information for future forest planning and decision making. Moreover, the spatial heterogeneity as well as the rapid changes observed in the region motivates the inspection for more efficient, flexible and accurate methods to update the desired information. An OBIA approach has been proposed as an alternative analysis framework that can mitigate the deficiency associated with the pixel-based approach. In this sense, the study examines the most popular pixel-based maximum likelihood classifier, as an example of the behavior of spectral classifier toward respective data and regional specifics. In contrast, the OBIA approach analyzes remotely sensed data by incorporating expert analyst knowledge and complimentary ancillary data in a way that somehow simulates human intelligence for image interpretation based on the real-world representation of the features. As the segment is the basic processing unit, various combinations of segmentation criteria were tested to separate similar spectral values into groups of relatively homogeneous pixels. At the categorical subtraction level, rules were developed and optimum features were extracted for each particular class. Two methods were allocated (i.e. Rule Based (RB) and Nearest Neighbour (NN) Classifier) to assign segmented objects to their corresponding classes. Moreover, the study attempts to answer the questions whether OBIA is inherently more precise at fine spatial resolution than at coarser resolution, and how both pixel-based and OBIA approaches can be compared regarding relative accuracy in function of spatial resolution. As anticipated, this work emphasizes that the OBIA approach is can be proposed as an advanced solution particulary for high resolution imagery, since the accuracies were improved at the different scales applied compare with those of pixel-based approach. Meanwhile, the results achieved by the two approaches are consistently high at a finer RapidEye spatial resolution, and much significantly enhanced with OBIA. Since the change in LU/LC is rapid and the region is heterogeneous as well as the data vary regarding the date of acquisition and data source, this motivated the implementation of post-classification change detection rather than radiometric transformation methods. Based on thematic LU/LC maps, series of optimized algorithms have been developed to depict the dynamics in LU/LC entities. Therefore, detailed change “from-to” information classes as well as changes statistics were produced. Furthermore, the produced change maps were assessed, which reveals that the accuracy of the change maps is consistently high. Aggregated to the community-level, social survey of household data provides a comprehensive perspective additionally to EO data. The predetermined hot spots of degraded and successfully recovered areas were investigated. Thus, the study utilized a well-designed questionnaire to address the factors affecting land-cover dynamics and the possible solutions based on local community's perception. At the operational structural forest stand level, the rationale for incorporating these analyses are to offer a semi-automatic OBIA metrics estimates from which forest attribute is acquired through automated segmentation algorithms at the level of delineated tree crowns or clusters of crowns. Correlation and regression analyses were applied to identify the relations between a wide range of spectral and textural metrics and the field derived forest attributes. The acquired results from the OBIA framework reveal strong relationships and precise estimates. Furthermore, the best fitted models were cross-validated with an independent set of field samples, which revealed a high degree of precision. An important question is how the spatial resolution and spectral range used affect the quality of the developed model this was also discussed based on the different sensors examined. To conclude, the study reveals that the OBIA has proven capability as an efficient and accurate approach for gaining knowledge about the land features, whether at the operational forest structural attributes or categorical LU/LC level. Moreover, the methodological framework exhibits a potential solution to attain precise facts and figures about the change dynamics and its driving forces. / Da das Waldressourcenmanagement hierarchisch strukturiert ist, beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit der natürlichen Waldbedeckung auf verschiedenen Abstraktionsebenen, das heißt insbesondere mit der Ebene der kategorischen Landnutzung / Landbedeckung (LU/LC) sowie mit der kontinuierlichen empirischen Abschätzung auf lokaler operativer Ebene. Da zurzeit kein Sensor die Anforderungen aller Ebenen der Bewertung von Waldressourcen und von Multisource-Bildmaterialien (d.h. RapidEye, TERRA ASTER und LANDSAT TM) erfüllen kann, wurden zusätzlich andere Formen von Daten und Wissen untersucht und in die Arbeit mit eingebracht. Es wurde eine objekt-basierte Bildanalyse (OBIA) in einer destabilisierten Region des Blauen Nils im Sudan eingesetzt, um nach möglichen Lösungen zu suchen, erforderliche Informationen für die zukünftigen Waldplanung und die Entscheidungsfindung zu sammeln. Außerdem wurden die räumliche Heterogenität, sowie die sehr schnellen Änderungen in der Region untersucht. Dies motiviert nach effizienteren, flexibleren und genaueren Methoden zu suchen, um die gewünschten aktuellen Informationen zu erhalten. Das Konzept von OBIA wurde als Substitution-Analyse-Rahmen vorgeschlagen, um die Mängel vom früheren pixel-basierten Konzept abzumildern. In diesem Sinne untersucht die Studie die beliebtesten Maximum-Likelihood-Klassifikatoren des pixel-basierten Konzeptes als Beispiel für das Verhalten der spektralen Klassifikatoren in dem jeweiligen Datenbereich und der Region. Im Gegensatz dazu analysiert OBIA Fernerkundungsdaten durch den Einbau von Wissen des Analytikers sowie kostenlose Zusatzdaten in einer Art und Weise, die menschliche Intelligenz für die Bildinterpretation als eine reale Darstellung der Funktion simuliert. Als ein Segment einer Basisverarbeitungseinheit wurden verschiedene Kombinationen von Segmentierungskriterien getestet um ähnliche spektrale Werte in Gruppen von relativ homogenen Pixeln zu trennen. An der kategorische Subtraktionsebene wurden Regeln entwickelt und optimale Eigenschaften für jede besondere Klasse extrahiert. Zwei Verfahren (Rule Based (RB) und Nearest Neighbour (NN) Classifier) wurden zugeteilt um die segmentierten Objekte der entsprechenden Klasse zuzuweisen. Außerdem versucht die Studie die Fragen zu beantworten, ob OBIA in feiner räumlicher Auflösung grundsätzlich genauer ist als eine gröbere Auflösung, und wie beide, das pixel-basierte und das OBIA Konzept sich in einer relativen Genauigkeit als eine Funktion der räumlichen Auflösung vergleichen lassen. Diese Arbeit zeigt insbesondere, dass das OBIA Konzept eine fortschrittliche Lösung für die Bildanalyse ist, da die Genauigkeiten - an den verschiedenen Skalen angewandt - im Vergleich mit denen der Pixel-basierten Konzept verbessert wurden. Unterdessen waren die berichteten Ergebnisse der feineren räumlichen Auflösung nicht nur für die beiden Ansätze konsequent hoch, sondern durch das OBIA Konzept deutlich verbessert. Die schnellen Veränderungen und die Heterogenität der Region sowie die unterschiedliche Datenherkunft haben dazu geführt, dass die Umsetzung von Post-Klassifizierungs- Änderungserkennung besser geeignet ist als radiometrische Transformationsmethoden. Basierend auf thematische LU/LC Karten wurden Serien von optimierten Algorithmen entwickelt, um die Dynamik in LU/LC Einheiten darzustellen. Deshalb wurden für Detailänderung "von-bis"-Informationsklassen sowie Veränderungsstatistiken erstellt. Ferner wurden die erzeugten Änderungskarten bewertet, was zeigte, dass die Genauigkeit der Änderungskarten konstant hoch ist. Aggregiert auf die Gemeinde-Ebene bieten Sozialerhebungen der Haushaltsdaten eine umfassende zusätzliche Sichtweise auf die Fernerkundungsdaten. Die vorher festgelegten degradierten und erfolgreich wiederhergestellten Hot Spots wurden untersucht. Die Studie verwendet einen gut gestalteten Fragebogen um Faktoren die die Dynamik der Änderung der Landbedeckung und mögliche Lösungen, die auf der Wahrnehmung der Gemeinden basieren, anzusprechen. Auf der Ebene des operativen strukturellen Waldbestandes wird die Begründung für die Einbeziehung dieser Analysen angegeben um semi-automatische OBIA Metriken zu schätzen, die aus dem Wald-Attribut durch automatisierte Segmentierungsalgorithmen in den Baumkronen abgegrenzt oder Cluster von Kronen Ebenen erworben wird. Korrelations- und Regressionsanalysen wurden angewandt, um die Beziehungen zwischen einer Vielzahl von spektralen und strukturellen Metriken und den aus den Untersuchungsgebieten abgeleiteten Waldattributen zu identifizieren. Die Ergebnisse des OBIA Rahmens zeigen starke Beziehungen und präzise Schätzungen. Die besten Modelle waren mit einem unabhängigen Satz von kreuz-validierten Feldproben ausgestattet, welche hohe Genauigkeiten ergaben. Eine wichtige Frage ist, wie die räumliche Auflösung und die verwendete Bandbreite die Qualität der entwickelten Modelle auch auf der Grundlage der verschiedenen untersuchten Sensoren beeinflussen. Schließlich zeigt die Studie, dass OBIA in der Lage ist, als ein effizienter und genauer Ansatz Kenntnisse über die Landfunktionen zu erlangen, sei es bei operativen Attributen der Waldstruktur oder auch auf der kategorischen LU/LC Ebene. Außerdem zeigt der methodischen Rahmen eine mögliche Lösung um präzise Fakten und Zahlen über die Veränderungsdynamik und ihre Antriebskräfte zu ermitteln.
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Mapping and Assessing Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover Change by Means of Advanced Remote Sensing Approach:: Mapping and Assessing Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover Change by Means of Advanced Remote Sensing Approach:: A case Study of Gash Agricultural Scheme, Eastern Sudan

Rahamtallah Abualgasim, Majdaldin 26 April 2017 (has links)
Risks and uncertainties are unavoidable in agriculture in Sudan, due to its dependence on climatic factors and to the imperfect nature of the agricultural decisions and policies attributed to land cover and land use changes that occur. The current study was conducted in the Gash Agricultural Scheme (GAS) - Kassala State, as a semi-arid land in eastern Sudan. The scheme has been established to contribute to the rural development, to help stability of the nomadic population in eastern Sudan, particularly the local population around the Gash river areas, and to facilitate utilizing the river flood in growing cotton and other cash crops. In the last decade, the scheme production has declined, because of drought periods, which hit the region, sand invasion and the spread of invasive mesquite trees, in addition to administrative negligence. These have resulted also in poor agricultural productivity and the displacement of farmers away from the scheme area. Recently, the scheme is heavily disturbed by human intervention in many aspects. Consequently, resources of cultivated land have shrunk and declined during the period of the study, which in turn have led to dissatisfaction and increasing failure of satisfying increasing farmer’s income and demand for local consumption. Remote sensing applications and geospatial techniques have played a key role in studying different types of hazards whether they are natural or manmade. Multi-temporal satellite data combined with ancillary data were used to monitor, analyze and to assess land use and land cover (LULC) changes and the impact of land degradation on the scheme production, which provides the managers and decision makers with current and improved data for the purposes of proper administration of natural resources in the GAS. Information about patterns of LULC changes through time in the GAS is not only important for the management and planning, but also for a better understanding of human dimensions of environmental changes at regional scale. This study attempts to map and assess the impacts of LULC change and land degradation in GAS during a period of 38 years from 1972-2010. Dry season multi-temporal satellite imagery collected by different sensor systems was selected such as three cloud-free Landsat (MSS 1972, TM 1987 and ETM+ 1999) and ASTER (2010) satellite imagery. This imagery was geo-referenced and radiometrically and atmospherically calibrated using dark object subtraction (DOS). Two approaches of classification (object-oriented and pixel-based) were applied for classification and comparison of LULC. In addition, the study compares between the two approaches to determine which one is more compatible for classification of LULC of the GAS. The pixel-based approach performed slightly better than the object-oriented approach in the classification of LULC in the study area. Application of multi-temporal remote sensing data proved to be successful for the identification and mapping of LULC into five main classes as follows: woodland dominated by dense mesquite trees, grass and shrubs dominated by less dense mesquite trees, bare and cultivated land, stabilized fine sand and mobile sand. After image enhancement successful classification of imagery was achieved using pixel and object based approaches as well as subsequent change detection (image differencing and change matrix), supported by classification accuracy assessments and post-classification. Comparison of LULC changes shows that the land cover of GAS has changed dramatically during the investigated period. It has been discovered that more significant of LULC change processes occurred during the second studied period (1987 to 1999) than during the first period (1972-1987). In the second period nearly half of bare and cultivated lands was changed from 41372.74 ha (20.22 %) in 1987 to 28020.80 ha (13.60 %) in 1999, which was mainly due to the drought that hit the region during the mentioned period. However, the results revealed a drastic loss of bare and cultivated land, equivalent to more than 40% during the entire period (1972-2010). Throughout the whole period of study, drought and invasion of both mesquite trees and sand were responsible for the loss of more than 40% of the total productive lands. Change vector analysis (CVA) as a useful approach was applied for estimating change detection in both magnitude and direction of change. The promising approach of multivariate alteration detection (MAD) and subsequent maximum autocorrelation factor (MAD/MAF) transformation was used to support change detection via assessment of maximum correlation between the transformed variates and the specific original image bands related to specific land cover classes. However, both CVA and MAD/MAD strongly prove the fact that bare and cultivated land have dramatically changed and decreased continuously during the studied period. Both CVA and MAD/MAD demonstrate adequate potentials for monitoring, detecting, identifying and mapping the changes. Moreover, this research demonstrated that CVA and MAD/MAF are superior in providing qualitative details about the nature of all kinds of change. Vegetation indices (VI) such as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), modified adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI) and grain soil index (GSI) were applied to measure the quantitative characterization of temporal and spatial vegetation cover patterns and change. All indices remain very sensitive to structure variation of LULC. The results reveal that the NDVI is more effective for detecting the amount and status of the vegetation cover in the study area than SAVI, MSAVI and GSI. Therefore, it can be stated that NDVI can be used as a response variable to identify drought disturbance and land degradation in semi-arid land such as the GAS area. Results of detecting vegetation cover observed by using SAVI were found to be more reasonable than using MSAVI, although MSAVI reduces the background of bare soil better than SAVI. GSI proves high efficiency in determining the different types of surface soils, and producing a change map of top soil grain size, which is useful in assessment of land degradation in the study area. The linkage between socio-economic data and remotely sensed data was applied to determine the relationships between the different factors derived and to analyze the reasons for change in LULC and land degradation and its effects in the study area. The results indicate a strong relationship between LULC derived from remotely sensed data and the influencing socioeconomic variables. The results obtained from analyzing socioeconomic data confirm the findings of remote sensing data analysis, which assure that the decline and degradation of agricultural land is a result of further spread of mesquite trees and of increased invasion of sand during the study period. High livestock density and overgrazing, drought, invasion of sand, spread of invasive mesquite trees, overexploitation of land, improper management, and population growth were considered as the main direct factors responsible for degradation in the study area.
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Plot-Based Land-Cover and Soil-Moisture Mapping Using X-/L-Band SAR Data. Case Study Pirna-South, Saxony, Germany

Mahmoud, Ali 10 January 2012 (has links)
Agricultural production is becoming increasingly important as the world demand increases. On the other hand, there are several factors threatening that production such as the climate change. Therefore, monitoring and management of different parameters affecting the production are important. The current study is dedicated to two key parameters, namely agricultural land cover and soil-moisture mapping using X- and L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. Land-cover mapping plays an essential role in various applications like irrigation management, yield estimation and subsidy control. A model of multi-direction/multi-distance texture analysis on SAR data and its use for agricultural land cover classification was developed. The model is built and implemented in ESRI ArcGIS software and integrated with “R Environment”. Sets of texture measures can be calculated on a plot basis and stored in an attribute table for further classification. The classification module provides various classification approaches such as support vector machine and artificial neural network, in addition to different feature-selection methods. The model has been tested for a typical Mid-European agricultural and horticultural land use pattern south to the town of Pirna (Saxony/Germany), where the high-resolution SAR data, TerraSAR-X and ALOS/PALSAR (HH/HV) imagery, were used for land-cover mapping. The results indicate that an integrated classification using textural information of SAR data has a high potential for land-cover mapping. Moreover, the multi-dimensional SAR data approach improved the overall accuracy. Soil moisture (SM) is important for various applications such as crop-water management and hydrological modelling. The above-mentioned TerraSAR-X data were utilised for soil-moisture mapping verified by synchronous field measurements. Different speckle-reduction techniques were applied and the most representative filtered image was determined. Then the soil moisture was calculated for the mapped area using the obtained linear regression equations for each corresponding land-cover type. The results proved the efficiency of SAR data in soil-moisture mapping for bare soils and at the early growing stage of fieldcrops. / Landwirtschaftliche Produktion erlangt mit weltweit steigender Nahrungsmittelnachfrage zunehmende Bedeutung. Zahlreiche Faktoren bedrohen die landwirtschaftliche Produktion wie beispielsweise die globale Klimaveränderung einschließlich ihrer indirekten Nebenwirkungen. Somit ist das Monitoring der Produktion selbst und der wesentlichen Produktionsparameter eine zweifelsfrei wichtige Aufgabe. Die vorliegende Studie widmet sich in diesem Kontext zwei Schlüsselinformationen, der Aufnahme landwirtschaftlicher Kulturen und den Bodenfeuchteverhältnissen, jeweils unter Nutzung von Satellitenbilddaten von Radarsensoren mit Synthetischer Apertur, die im X- und L-Band operieren. Landnutzungskartierung spielt eine essentielle Rolle für zahlreiche agrarische Anwendungen; genannt seien hier nur Bewässerungsmaßnahmen, Ernteschätzung und Fördermittelkontrolle. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein Modell entwickelt, welches auf Grundlage einer Texturanalyse der genannten SAR-Daten für variable Richtungen und Distanzen eine Klassifikation landwirtschaftlicher Nutzungsformen ermöglicht. Das Modell wurde als zusätzliche Funktionalität für die ArcGIS-Software implementiert. Es bindet dabei Klassifikationsverfahren ein, die aus dem Funktionsschatz der Sprache „R“ entnommen sind. Zum Konzept: Ein Bündel von Texturparametern wird durch das vorliegende Programm auf Schlagbasis berechnet und in einer Polygonattributtabelle der landwirtschaftlichen Schläge abgelegt. Auf diese Attributtabelle greift das nachfolgend einzusetzende Klassifikationsmodul zu. Die Software erlaubt nun die Suche nach „aussagekräftigen“ Teilmengen innerhalb des umfangreichen Texturmerkmalsraumes. Im Klassifikationsprozess kann aus verschiedenen Ansätzen gewählt werden. Genannt seien „Support Vector Machine“ und künstliche neuronale Netze. Das Modell wurde für einen typischen mitteleuropäischen Untersuchungsraum mit landwirtschaftlicher und gartenbaulicher Nutzung getestet. Er liegt südlich von Pirna im Freistaat Sachsen. Zum Test lagen für den Untersuchungsraum Daten von TerraSAR-X und ALOS/PALSAR (HH/HV) aus identischen Aufnahmetagen vor. Die Untersuchungen beweisen ein hohes Potenzial der Texturinformation aus hoch aufgelösten SAR-Daten für die landwirtschaftliche Nutzungserkennung. Auch die erhöhte Dimensionalität durch die Kombination von zwei Sensoren erbrachte eine Verbesserung der Klassifikationsgüte. Kenntnisse der Bodenfeuchteverteilung sind u.a. bedeutsam für Bewässerungsanwendungen und hydrologische Modellierung. Die oben genannten SAR-Datensätze wurden auch zur Bodenfeuchteermittlung genutzt. Eine Verifikation wurde durch synchrone Feldmessungen ermöglicht. Initial musste der Radar-typische „Speckle“ in den Bildern durch Filterung verringert werden. Verschiedene Filtertechniken wurden getestet und das beste Resultat genutzt. Die Bodenfeuchtebestimmung erfolgte in Abhängigkeit vom Nutzungstyp über Regressionsanalyse. Auch die Resultate für die Bodenfeuchtebestimmung bewiesen das Nutzpotenzial der genutzten SAR-Daten für offene Ackerböden und Stadien, in denen die Kulturpflanzen noch einen geringen Bedeckungsgrad aufweisen.
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Regional assessment of trends in vegetation change dynamics using principal component analysis

Osunmadewa, Babatunde A., Csaplovics, E., R. A., Majdaldin, Aralova, D., Adeofun, C. O. 30 August 2019 (has links)
Vegetation forms the basis for the existence of animal and human. Due to changes in climate and human perturbation, most of the natural vegetation of the world has undergone some form of transformation both in composition and structure. Increased anthropogenic activities over the last decades had pose serious threat on the natural vegetation in Nigeria, many vegetated areas are either transformed to other land use such as deforestation for agricultural purpose or completely lost due to indiscriminate removal of trees for charcoal, fuelwood and timber production. This study therefore aims at examining the rate of change in vegetation cover, the degree of change and the application of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in the dry sub-humid region of Nigeria using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data spanning from 1983-2011. The method used for the analysis is the T-mode orientation approach also known as standardized PCA, while trends are examined using ordinary least square, median trend (Theil-Sen) and monotonic trend. The result of the trend analysis shows both positive and negative trend in vegetation change dynamics over the 29 years period examined. Five components were used for the Principal Component Analysis. The results of the first component explains about 98 % of the total variance of the vegetation (NDVI) while components 2-5 have lower variance percentage (< 1%). Two ancillary land use land cover data of 2000 and 2009 from European Space Agency (ESA) were used to further explain changes observed in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. The result of the land use data shows changes in land use pattern which can be attributed to anthropogenic activities such as cutting of trees for charcoal production, fuelwood and agricultural practices. The result of this study shows the ability of remote sensing data for monitoring vegetation change in the dry-sub humid region of Nigeria.
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Generating information for land evaluation in Tocuyo River basin (Venezuela) by means of GIS and Remote Sensing: environmental parameters, land cover, and erosion hazard / Erstellung einer Geodatenbasis zur Landnutzungsevaluierung im Tocuyo Flusseinzugsgebiet (Venezuela) auf Basis von Fernerkundungs- und GIS-Daten: Umweltindikatoren, Landbedeckung und Erosionsgefahr

Andrade Benítez, Onelia del Carmen 10 July 2007 (has links)
No description available.
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Determination of water body structures for small rivers using remote sensing data

Karrasch, Pierre, Henzen, Daniel, Hunger, Sebastian, Hörold, Max 29 August 2019 (has links)
The diversity of habitats in water bodies like rivers is characterised by the status of morphological and hydrological conditions. The good ecological status of water bodies is claimed in the EuropeanWater Framework Directive. For the assessment of this status the hydro-morphology is one of the most important supporting components for the classification of the ecological status of water bodies. Therefore the periodical monitoring is a mandatory measure in the scope of the European Water Framework Directive. Regarding the so called overview-method of the LAWA (German Working Group on water issues of the Federal States and the Federal Government represented by the Federal Environment Ministry) the use of remote sensing data and remote sensing methodologies becomes more important. Therefore remote sensing data on different scales (satellite, aerial photographs) as well as other topographic information (ATKIS) and a high resolution DTM are merged into an integrative process of analysis using remote sensing and GIS methodology. The analyses ared focused on two parameters. First, a detailed landuse classification based on LANDSAT satellite data is performed for whole catchment of a small river. The results show significant increase of urban areas close to the river. The second analyses deals with the determination of river curvature and introduces the use of a quasi-continously representation of the river. An additional challenge is the chosen study area of a low mountain range river. While large rivers are clear visible in remote sensing data, the usability and transformation of the well-established algorithms and work ows to small rivers need a further substantial research.

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