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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6038.pdf: 4316054 bytes, checksum: 5b704e5fa012d35eed642fbee6ba0e78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-16 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Nowadays, the disorderly way in what happens the human occupation on the physical environment, generates serious environmental, social and economic problems. In order to assuage these problems, many works in the geosciences area concerns with this subject, trying to mitigate these processes, mainly from the territorial planning. The most commonly tool used for territorial planning is the geo-environmental zoning, consisting of, from a prior knowledge of the local physical environment, defining areas of interest, where it may propose limitations and potential for its use and occupation. In this context, this work aimed to generate a chart of analytical geo-environmental zoning of the Rio Clarinho watershed (Brazil) on the scale of 1:50.000. The basin is located in the northeast of the state of São Paulo and presents area of 40.87 km ². The proposed zoning had as a major factor the relief forms of the area, from the technique known as the Land Evaluation. This technique analyzes the forms of relief (landforms), since they are reflections of the natural processes acting on the materials of the earth's surface and, therefore, should reflect the conditions thereof, providing conditions that are proposed and the potential restrictions on use and occupation of the área. As a result, the geoenvironmental zoning of Rio Clarinho chart was generated and pointed to five geoenvironmental units, where proposals for potential and limitations of land use according to the characteristics of the physical environment were presented. / Nos dias atuais, a forma desordenada com que se dá a ocupação humana sobre o meio físico, gera graves problemas ambientais, sociais e econômicos. Com o intuito de se amenizar tais problemas, muitos trabalhos na área de geociências preocupados com o assunto, tentam mitigar estes processos, principalmente a partir do planejamento territorial. A ferramenta mais comumente utilizada para o planejamento territorial é o zoneamento geoambiental, que consiste em a partir de um prévio conhecimento do meio físico local, propor zonas de interesse, aonde se pode propor limitações e potencialidades quanto ao seu uso e ocupação. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo a geração de uma carta de zoneamento geoambiental analítico da bacia do Rio Clarinho na escala de 1:50.000. A bacia está localizada na região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo e apresenta área de 40,87 km². O zoneamento proposto teve como fator preponderante as formas de relevo presentes no local, na técnica conhecida como Avaliação do Terreno. Esta técnica procura analisar as formas de relevo (landforms), visto que são reflexos dos processos naturais atuantes sobre os materiais da superfície terrestre e, sendo assim, devem refletir as condições dos mesmos, proporcionando condições para que sejam propostas as potencialidades e as restrições ao uso e ocupação do solo na área. Como resultado, foi gerada a carta de zoneamento geoambiental do Rio Clarinho que indicou cinco unidades geoambientais, onde foram apresentadas propostas de potencialidades e limitações de uso do solo de acordo com as respectivas características do meio físico.

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Spatial externalities in transport: Prague case study Summary: This diploma thesis deals with spatial externalities in transport, namely occupation of land in the centre of Prague. It is divided into eleven chapters, which are further divided into individual subchapters. Literature review, in which the theoretical part of this work is contained, deals with the issue of externalities in transport and real estate evaluation and is listed in chapter four to seven. Practical part of thesis, which is primarily focused on quantifying and evaluating of occupation of land is contained in chapter eight. In its introduction there is also mentioned the methodology of work, including the data and programs used. Following part is a brief description of the monitored area. Based on the results of quantification and evaluation of occupation of land by the transport infrastructure there is subsequently elaborated discussion of possible use of the acquired knowledge. Ninth chapter is the conclusion in which the objectives of this work are repeated and thanks to their fulfilment also answers to the research questions that the author put in the introduction. Key words: externalities, sustainable transport, occupation of land, land evaluation, paid parking zones

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Thesis (PhD (Geography and Environmental Studies))—Stellenbosch University, 2008. / GIS has revolutionized geographic analysis and spatial decision support and has greatly enhanced our understanding of the real world though it’s mapping and spatial modelling capabilities. Although GIS software is becoming more powerful, less expensive and more userfriendly, GIS still remains the domain of a selected few who can operate and afford these systems. Since the introduction of web mapping tools such as Google Earth, accessibility to geographic information has escalated. Such tools enable anyone with access to a computer and the Internet to explore geographic data online and produce maps on demand. Web mapping products have, however, a very narrow range of functionality. In contrast to GIS that focuses on spatial data capture, storage, manipulation, analysis and presentation, the function of web mapping tools is to visualize and communicate geographical data. The positive impact of web mapping tools suggests, however, that GIS has not yet developed to a level where anyone can use the technology to support spatial decisions and enhance productivity. A possible solution is to close the functional gap between web mapping tools and GIS to make spatial analysis more accessible, thereby promoting geographical awareness and supporting better spatial decisions.

Kathmandu ist ein stark landwirtschaftlich genutztes Tal in der Gebirgsregion Zentral-Nepals. Einst für seine ertragreiche Landwirtschaft berühmt, sind die Erträge in den letzten Jahren aufgrund ungezügelter Verstädterung und hohem Bevölkerungswachstum immer mehr gefährdet. Eine Evaluation des Kathmandu-Tals nach entscheidungstheoretischen Ansätzen im Hinblick auf den Gemüseanbau erscheint unter dem Aspekt einer nachhaltigen Landnutzung und einer erhöhten Gemüseproduktion notwendig. Es ist ein entscheidender Ansatz dieser Arbeit, die verfügbare Anbauflächen im Kathmandu-Tal in verschiedene Eignungsklassen für den Gemüseanbau zu klassifizieren. Informationen über Zustand und Wert der Anbauflächen wurden aus verschiedensten möglichen Quellen zusammengestellt. Grundsätzliche räumliche und nicht-räumliche Daten wurden einerseits mit Hilfe primärer als auch sekundärer Quellen erfasst. Für den Entscheidungsfindungsprozess wurde sowohl ein ”bottom-up”als auch ein “top-down” Ansatz v erfolgt. Die Methode folgte den Vorgaben der FAO (1976) und den nachfolgenden Fassungen mit einer spezifischen Anpassung an das Untersuchungsgebiet. Der analytische Teil beginnt mit der Entwicklung eines Landesinformationssystems (LIS). Die Evaluation der Beschaffenheit wurde in zwei Phasen durchgeführt, namentlich 1) einer Betrachtung der Bodenfruchtbarkeit 2) einer Evaluation der Sozio-ökonomischen Infrastruktur. Gegenwärtig ist keine Region im hohen Maße fruchtbar (S1) und 31 % bzw. 66 % von insgesamt 23.519 ha fallen in die Kategorien S2 respektive S3. 1.33 % sind nicht nutzbar. Eine potenzielle hohe Bodenfruchtbarkeit kann dann erreicht werden, wenn der derzeitige Bodenzustand durch geeignete Managementmaßnahmen verbessert werden kann. Unter diesem Gesichtspunkt konnten 17.3%, 38.6% bzw. 42.6% des Gebiets mit Hilfe geostatistischer Analysen potenziell den Bodenklassen S1, S2 und S3 zugeordnet werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Analyse wurden weiterhin mit den Ergebnissen ein er sozio-ökonomischen Evaulation kombiniert. Die Umweltbedingungen, sozialen Parameter und ökonomischen Indikatoren beschreiben die Hauptkriterien der Untersuchung und werden in 15 Unter-Kriterien zur Evaluation der 85 LMU im Untersuchungsgebiet unterteilt. Für eine Einschätzung der Gewichtung der Unter-Kriterien wurde ein paarweiser Vergleich mittels eines AHP-Prozesses ausgearbeitet. Als Endergebnis wurden dann thematische Karten des Kathmandu-Tals erstellt. Die endgültigen Ergebnisse dieser Analyse zeigt, dass 90% des Anbaugebietes im Kathmandu-Tal gut für den Gemüseanbau geeignet sein können und damit etwa mehr als 70% des Bedarfs im Kathmandu-Tal decken kann. Abschließend lässt sich sagen, dass die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit nicht nur den Bauern der Region vermittelt werden sollten, damit sie das Potenzial ihres Landes bestmöglich ausnutzen können, sie sollten außerdem ein Werkzeug für Landschaftsplaner für eine bessere Planung der Landnutzung darstellen. / Kathmandu is a valley situated in hilly area of central Nepal which is famous for agricultural business but in recent years vegetable production is jeopardized due to rampant urbanization and high population growth. For sustainable land use and better condition of vegetable production in Kathmandu, multi-criteria land suitability evaluation is felt necessary. The research objective is set as to classify available agricultural land area of Kathmandu valley into the order of different suitable classes for vegetable crop cultivation. Field level information has been gathered. Spatial and non spatial data were obtained through primary as well as secondary sources. Both bottom-up and Top-down approach for decision making process were applied. Methodology follows the guidelines prepared by FAO (1976) and later version with site specific modification. Analytical part begins with development of Land information System (LIS). Suitability evaluation was carried out in two different pha ses, namely 1) Physical land suitability evaluation and 2) Socio-economic-infrastructural land evaluation. Currently no land units are highly suitable (S1) and 31 and 66 percent area of 23519ha are falls under S2 and S3 category respectively. 1.33 percent land is unsuitable. If land condition is improved and updated from current physical suitability with appropriate management input, potential land suitability will be achieved. So after appropriate management, 17.3, 38.6 and 42.6 percent area computed under potentiality suitability class of S1, S2 and S3 respectively. This result of physical land suitability is combined for the socioeconomic land suitability evaluation. Environmental condition, social parameters and economic indicators were main criteria of study which were fragmented further into 15 sub criteria for evaluation within 85 LMU of study area. Pair-wise comparison using AHP process was carried out for importance judgment of the sub-criteria. The total out put is portrayed in the thematic maps. Final result of the multi-criteria land suitability evaluation show that more than 90 percent land area in Kathmandu can hold good vegetable cultivation. Together they can meet little above 70 percent demand of the Kathmandu valley. So, the result of this study hast to communicate to farmers to make full use of land potential also to land planners for better land use planning.

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Thesis (MSc (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Sustainable use of the earth’s resources is seen by many authorities as critical to ensure the planet’s survival. In this regard agriculture is seen as a major role player and fundamental link in the chain of sustainability. South Africa, a country with relatively little favourable agricultural land, should therefore preserve high potential areas for agricultural purposes. The Western Cape, with 75% of all medium-potential arable land in South Africa, is a valuable asset. One region targeted for development and where uncertainty prevails regarding its agricultural potential, is the G21B catchment in the Atlantis Growth Corridor (AGC). The AGC is envisaged as long-term growth axis for the Cape Metropole, but conflicting opinions exist on its agricultural possibilities and suitability to absorb urban growth. Consequently, the aim of this project was to evaluate the suitability of this catchment for a number of agricultural landuses. Fuzzy logic, a modification of the land evaluation approach originally developed by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), was used to address this problem. Input data consisted of a soil map and digital elevation model (DEM) of the area. Parameters identified from these sources and applicable to the study were soil texture of the first, second and third horizons, as well as coarse fragments in the top soil, wetness, weathered rock, average pH, effective root depth, and slope. These parameters were compared to the requirements of six landuses, i.e. wheat, wine grapes, potatoes, tomatoes, onions, and citrus, and a fuzzy representation for every landuse was constructed. Expert opinion aided in a weighting process whereby the relative weights of parameters were computed and incorporated into the evaluation. Results showed extensive areas with a relatively high agricultural potential for potatoes and wine grapes. In addition, areas with potential were also identified for wheat, citrus, and tomatoes, albeit on more limited scale. Large areas, however, were deemed unsuitable for the aforementioned agricultural crops and would therefore be suitable to absorb metropolitan growth or to be maintained as conservation areas. The fuzzy logic approach provided insightful results. Problematic parameters were easily identified and no information was lost in the evaluation process. It also allowed for an objective quantitative comparison between crops. This provided freedom in deciding which landuse should be practiced, especially if the focus is on a sustainable rather than the most productive crop.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Soil Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / In South Africa, land use planning has received limited attention in areas perceived as suitable for agricultural production. In the lack of reliable soil type and fertility status information, crop yields remain lower than the land’s potential, with subsequent land degradation. Despite this, studies that focused on land capability and soil suitability to date have not considered the spatial variability of the soil nutrients and factors influencing their variability. However, this information is key for site-specific soil management. Therefore, it is vital to link land capability and soi suitability with the spatial variability of soil nutrients as it opens opportunities for more rational management of the soil resources since soil nutrients directly affect crop growth and consequently yield. To address this issue, a study was conducted on a 12 ha banana plantation portion of the Makuleke farm. The main objectives of this study were to (1) survey, classify and characterise soils in order to derive and map land capability classes of Makuleke farm, (2) quantify the physical and chemical properties of the soils in order to derive and map the soil suitability of Makuleke farm for banana production, (3) assess the spatial variability and structure of soil nutrients across the Makuleke farm and (4) Identify the factors of control of the spatial variability of the soil nutrients across the Makuleke farm. To begin with, a field soil survey was conducted using transect walks complemented by auger observations to sub-divide the 12 ha banana plantation portion of the farm into varied soil mapping units. Thereafter, soil classification was done to group soils based on their morphological properties and pedological processes. During soil classification, a total of 12 representative profile pits (1.5 m × 1.5 m long × 2 m deep/limiting layer) were excavated, studied, described, and sampled. At each profile pit, three replicates samples were collected at 0 – 30 cm depth intervals giving rise to 36 bulk soil samples. From the gathered soil profile information, four soil units were thus delineated and identified across the 12 ha banana plantation. For soil fertility assessment, a grid sampling strategy at 50 × 50 m was adopted to collect the samples across the 12 ha banana plantation. A total of 27 composite samples were collected at the nodes of the grid, and thereafter bagged, labelled, and transported to the laboratory. In the laboratory, all collected samples were air-dried and sieved using a 2 mm sieve in preparation for soil physical and chemical properties analysis. The land capability assessment of Makuleke farm was done using the concepts and principles of the FAO framework for Land Evaluation (FAO, 1976), but adapted to South African conditions by Smith (2006). Soil suitability assessment was done using the FAO framework for Land Evaluation (FAO, 1976) coupled with the guidelines for rainfed agriculture (FAO, 1983) and the criteria proposed by Sys et al. (1993) and Naidu et al. (2006). To assess the spatial variability and structure of the soil nutrients across the farm, classical and geostatistical techniques were employed respectively. A correlation matrix was employed to identify key factors influencing the spatial variability of soil nutrients across the farm. For interpolation, ordinary kriging was used to generate soil nutrient spatial distribution maps. In this study, four soil forms were identified and classified as Hutton, Westleigh, Glenrosa, and Valsrivier, which are broadly distinguished as Lixisols, Plinthosols, Leptosols, and Cambisols. Land capability results revealed that 17% of the 12 ha portion of the farm has very high arable potential (I), 60% of the farm has medium arable potential (III), 6% has low arable potential (IV) and 17 % is non-arable (VI), which might explain the varied banana yields in the farm. Soil suitability analysis revealed that 12% of the 12 ha farm is highly suitable (S1), 34% is moderately suitable (S2), 38% is marginally suitable (S3) and 16% is permanently not suitable (N2) for banana production. The low arable and marginally suitable portion of the farm was under Valsrivier soils which were limited by its shallow depth, shallow rooting depth, acidic soil pH, low organic carbon (OC), and the fact that it was located on a steeper slope gradient. The non-arable and not suitable portion of the farm for banana production was under Glenrosa and it was limited by its location on a steep slope gradient and was characterised by shallow effective rooting depth, low OC, low clay content, and acidic soil pH. Classical statistical techniques revealed that phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) content varied highly across the banana plantation, while magnesium (Mg) and total nitrogen (TN) varied moderately. In addition, the geostatistical analysis revealed that spatial dependency was weak (Ca, Cu, and TN), moderate (Mg and Zn), and strong (P, K, and Mn) for the different soil nutrients across the 12 ha banana plantation. Soil nutrients with strong spatial dependency have a good spatial structure and are easily manageable (in terms of fertilisation, liming, and irrigation) across the farm compared to the ones with weak spatial dependency which have a poor structure. This study also found that land attributes, which are soil type and topographic position were the main factors driving the spatial variability of the soil nutrients across the farm. In terms of soil type, soils such as Valsrivier and Glenrosa with 2:1 clay-type smectite were the ones that had nutrient content compared to soils with 1:1 clay-type kaolinite (e.g., Westleigh and Hutton). Higher nutrient contents were also observed in the footslope position compared to the middleslope of the farmland. Correlation analysis revealed that Mn was the key polyvalent cation influencing the spatial variability of P, K, and Zn. Soil pH and effective cation exchanges capacity (ECEC) were the key soil factors driving the spatial variability of Ca, while ECEC was the key factor affecting the spatial variability of Mg. Moreover, the spatial variability of soil Mn and Cu was driven by soil Cu and clay content, respectively. The kriged maps showed that P, Mg, Zn, and Mn were high in the northeast part and low in the northwest part of the farm. Similarly, K and Ca were low in the northwest part, but they were high in the south to the southwest part of the study area. Total nitrogen was high in the west part and low in the east-northeast part, while Cu was evenly distributed across the plantation. This study highlights the importance of prior land use planning (i.e., land capability and soil suitability) and fertility assessment for agricultural production. The research results obtained provide the actual reference state of the capability of the land for arable farming and soil suitability for banana production at Makuleke farm. Moreover, the research results provide the spatial variability and structure of the soil nutrients which have a greater impact on the growth and yield of bananas. The results obtained in this study will be useful for site-specific management of soil nutrients and other soil management practices (e.g., irrigation, fertilisation, liming, etc.), developing appropriate land use plans, and quantifying anthropogenic impacts on the soil system and thus improving land productivity. / National Research Foundation (NRF)