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Magister Legum - LLM / The unemployment rate in South Africa is alarmingly high. In the year 2018, the unemployment rate was recorded at 27.2%. Many people are forced to do desperate, and even dangerous things in order to sustain themselves. This includes people going into landfills to collect recyclable materials to sell and look for a meal. Collecting and retailing recyclable waste has become an informal source of income for thousands of people in South Africa. Waste pickers are individuals whose survival largely depends on collecting, sorting and selling recyclable waste. Waste pickers are defined as people who “collect, sort and sell reusable and recyclable materials”. They embark on waste picking as a means of survival. Given the fact that informal waste management is not regulated by the government, waste pickers are left vulnerable to exploitation and hazardous working environments. Waste pickers are denied access to landfills by either private companies, where municipalities have outsourced this function, or by municipalities themselves. Depending on the management of the landfill, waste pickers could also potentially be faced with crime on landfills with gangsters robbing them of their recyclables and/or hard earned money.

O objetivo do presente estudo é a comparação do processo de incineração de resíduos sólidos de serviços de saúde em aterros sanitários com a alternativa de desinfecção térmica a vapor utilizada atualmente para o tratamento de resíduos infectantes na área do aterro. Os resíduos sólidos químicos, infectantes e anatômicos, que são gerados nos estabelecimentos de saúde, oferecem um grande risco à saúde pública e ao meio ambiente com necessidade de tratamento diferenciado dos demais resíduos para reduzirem-se os riscos e para o cumprimento das leis, normas e resoluções. A pesquisa apresenta alguns aspectos sobre o gerenciamento de resíduos, as legislações, as alternativas para o tratamento de RSS, grande abrangência sobre o aterro sanitário e o projeto MDL e o estudo comparativo entre as tecnologias de incineração e de desinfecção térmica a vapor. Foi verificado que o processo de incineração é vastamente utilizado nos países desenvolvidos, apresenta os custos para investimento e tratamento inferiores e confere a oportunidade para tratar resíduos sólidos infectantes, químicos e anatômicos. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a incineração é mais flexível e economicamente mais interessante, mas causa maior impacto ao meio ambiente devido às emissões de gases tóxicos. Além disso, foi apresentada a questão da responsabilidade do município e dos órgãos fiscalizadores para o cumprimento do aspecto legal, tendo em vista que no Rio de Janeiro há resíduos sólidos de serviços de saúde sendo encaminhados aos lixões por empresas de destinação contratadas pelos estabelecimentos de saúde. Os municípios, órgãos fiscalizadores e os estabelecimentos de saúde são apresentados como os principais responsáveis pela ausência de iniciativas de investimento, já que o preço final para o tratamento torna-se alto, comparando-se com o valor cobrado pelas empresas responsáveis pela destinação final dos resíduos. A expectativa é que o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas torne a solução aqui proposta mais atrativa para investimentos que contribuam para a melhoria da saúde pública. / The objective of this study is the comparison of the incineration process regarding solids waste in landfills provided by health services with the alternative of thermal disinfection with vapor currently used for the treatment of infectious wastes in a landfill. The chemical, infectious and anatomical solid wastes that are generated in health establishments offer a great risk to the public health and, also to the environment, providing a necessity of different treatment in order to reduce the risk and to be in compliance with the laws, norms and guidelines. The research presents some aspects on the management of wastes, the laws, the alternatives for the treatment of solid wastes of the health establishments, great boarding of the landfill and the MDL project and the comparative study between the technologies incineration and thermal disinfection with vapor. It was verified that the incineration process is widely used by developed countries; it presents the costs for inferior investment and treatment and provides the opportunity to treat infectious, chemical and anatomical wastes. Of this form, the conclusion is that the incineration is more flexible and economically more interesting, but cause bigger impact with the toxic emissions of gases. Moreover, it was shown the cities and fiscal agencies responsibilities to be in compliance with legal aspects, considering that in Rio de Janeiro, there are solid wastes of the health service being disposed in the lixões, that are sites to the solids wastes with disposal directly on the ground, by destination companies contracted by the health establishments. The cities, fiscal agencies and health establishments are the main responsible of lacking on investment initiatives, regarding that the final price for the treatment becomes great, compare with the charge price by the responsible companies for the final destination of the solid waste. The expectation is that the development of new researches besides the proposal solution becomes more attractive to investments that contribute to the improvement of public health.

O objetivo do presente estudo é a comparação do processo de incineração de resíduos sólidos de serviços de saúde em aterros sanitários com a alternativa de desinfecção térmica a vapor utilizada atualmente para o tratamento de resíduos infectantes na área do aterro. Os resíduos sólidos químicos, infectantes e anatômicos, que são gerados nos estabelecimentos de saúde, oferecem um grande risco à saúde pública e ao meio ambiente com necessidade de tratamento diferenciado dos demais resíduos para reduzirem-se os riscos e para o cumprimento das leis, normas e resoluções. A pesquisa apresenta alguns aspectos sobre o gerenciamento de resíduos, as legislações, as alternativas para o tratamento de RSS, grande abrangência sobre o aterro sanitário e o projeto MDL e o estudo comparativo entre as tecnologias de incineração e de desinfecção térmica a vapor. Foi verificado que o processo de incineração é vastamente utilizado nos países desenvolvidos, apresenta os custos para investimento e tratamento inferiores e confere a oportunidade para tratar resíduos sólidos infectantes, químicos e anatômicos. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a incineração é mais flexível e economicamente mais interessante, mas causa maior impacto ao meio ambiente devido às emissões de gases tóxicos. Além disso, foi apresentada a questão da responsabilidade do município e dos órgãos fiscalizadores para o cumprimento do aspecto legal, tendo em vista que no Rio de Janeiro há resíduos sólidos de serviços de saúde sendo encaminhados aos lixões por empresas de destinação contratadas pelos estabelecimentos de saúde. Os municípios, órgãos fiscalizadores e os estabelecimentos de saúde são apresentados como os principais responsáveis pela ausência de iniciativas de investimento, já que o preço final para o tratamento torna-se alto, comparando-se com o valor cobrado pelas empresas responsáveis pela destinação final dos resíduos. A expectativa é que o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas torne a solução aqui proposta mais atrativa para investimentos que contribuam para a melhoria da saúde pública. / The objective of this study is the comparison of the incineration process regarding solids waste in landfills provided by health services with the alternative of thermal disinfection with vapor currently used for the treatment of infectious wastes in a landfill. The chemical, infectious and anatomical solid wastes that are generated in health establishments offer a great risk to the public health and, also to the environment, providing a necessity of different treatment in order to reduce the risk and to be in compliance with the laws, norms and guidelines. The research presents some aspects on the management of wastes, the laws, the alternatives for the treatment of solid wastes of the health establishments, great boarding of the landfill and the MDL project and the comparative study between the technologies incineration and thermal disinfection with vapor. It was verified that the incineration process is widely used by developed countries; it presents the costs for inferior investment and treatment and provides the opportunity to treat infectious, chemical and anatomical wastes. Of this form, the conclusion is that the incineration is more flexible and economically more interesting, but cause bigger impact with the toxic emissions of gases. Moreover, it was shown the cities and fiscal agencies responsibilities to be in compliance with legal aspects, considering that in Rio de Janeiro, there are solid wastes of the health service being disposed in the lixões, that are sites to the solids wastes with disposal directly on the ground, by destination companies contracted by the health establishments. The cities, fiscal agencies and health establishments are the main responsible of lacking on investment initiatives, regarding that the final price for the treatment becomes great, compare with the charge price by the responsible companies for the final destination of the solid waste. The expectation is that the development of new researches besides the proposal solution becomes more attractive to investments that contribute to the improvement of public health.

Waste minimisation is implemented worldwide and has become an urgent priority in South Africa as evidenced in the promulgated National Environmental Management Waste Act (2008). The most common waste disposal method in South Africa is by landfill, which is unacceptable. Local municipalities have made little progress towards waste minimisation. The aim of this study was to present a solution to waste minimisation for the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (CTMM) by determining the feasibility of establishing composting facilities on landfill sites. One third of all municipal waste consists of green waste, which is compostable and can be converted on landfill sites. Nine municipal landfill sites were screened. The four most feasible sites were evaluated further by applying identified parameters that address physical, social and operational requirements. It is a possible to establish composting facilities on all four sites investigated, with Hatherley ranking as the most suited. The findings of this study clearly provided the basic parameters and requirements for constructing a composting facility and practical procedures applicable within a South African context. The evaluation method used can be applied as a model to evaluate similar studies in other municipalities to aid them in the decision-making process for waste minimisation. / Environmental Management / M.A. (Environmental Management)

Waste minimisation is implemented worldwide and has become an urgent priority in South Africa as evidenced in the promulgated National Environmental Management Waste Act (2008). The most common waste disposal method in South Africa is by landfill, which is unacceptable. Local municipalities have made little progress towards waste minimisation. The aim of this study was to present a solution to waste minimisation for the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (CTMM) by determining the feasibility of establishing composting facilities on landfill sites. One third of all municipal waste consists of green waste, which is compostable and can be converted on landfill sites. Nine municipal landfill sites were screened. The four most feasible sites were evaluated further by applying identified parameters that address physical, social and operational requirements. It is a possible to establish composting facilities on all four sites investigated, with Hatherley ranking as the most suited. The findings of this study clearly provided the basic parameters and requirements for constructing a composting facility and practical procedures applicable within a South African context. The evaluation method used can be applied as a model to evaluate similar studies in other municipalities to aid them in the decision-making process for waste minimisation. / Environmental Management / M.A. (Environmental Management)