Embora relativamente recente, a noção de Infraestrutura Verde, isto é, a ideia de que paisagem é algo fundamental para o bom funcionamento da Cidade, vem sendo amplamente aceita nos campos da arquitetura da paisagem e urbanismo. No entanto, a sua aplicação em áreas densamente urbanizadas carece de métodos adequados, uma vez que o conceito surgiu como crítica a um contexto muito diferente e específico, o espraiamento norte-americano pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial. Este trabalho investiga a aplicação da Infraestrutura Verde na microbacia do Água Preta, área drenada por um dos muitos córregos ocultos da cidade de São Paulo e que apresenta muitos dos problemas típicos de áreas muito adensadas: alta taxa de impermeabilização, ilhas de calor, erradicação da cobertura vegetal original, radical alteração hidrológica, enchentes, carência de áreas verdes e precariedade dos sistemas de mobilidade e serviços públicos. Como método para aplicação, foi proposta uma adaptação no zoneamento ambiental desenvolvido por Schutzer a partir da clássica análise geomorfológica de Ab\'Saber. É apresentado um plano com diretrizes para que os processos naturais convivam com a ocupação dessa bacia hidrográfica. O córrego da Água Preta, hoje sinônimo de enchentes, transforma-se assim em eixo estruturador do desenvolvimento da região. / Although relatively new , the concept of Green Infrastructure, the idea that landscape is key to the proper functioning of the City, has been widely accepted in the fields of landscape architecture and urbanism . However, its application in densely urbanized areas lacks adequate methods, since the concept emerged as critical to a very different and specific context, the US spreading after the Second World War. This research investigates the application of Green Infrastructure in the Água Preta´s watershed, area drained by one of the many hidden streams of São Paulo and which features many of the typical problems of very compactly areas: high rate of waterproofing, heat islands, loss of original vegetation, hydrological radical change, floods, shortage of green areas and precarious mobility and utility systems. As a method of application, proposed an adaptation of environmental zoning developed by Schutzer from the classical geomorphological analysis of Ab\'Saber. A plan with guidelines for harmonization of natural processes with the occupation of this watershed is displayed. The Água Preta stream, now synonymous of floods, thus becomes a structural axis to the development of the region.

<p>Climate change caused by green house gas emissions, mainly carbon dioxide, is today’s most debated environmental issue. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, with the legally binding Kyoto protocol, is the emission regulatory framework. Tanzania has ratified both the conventions supporting carbon reductions.</p><p>Tanzania has a very varied climate with two rainfall regimes dominating the country, bimodal and unimodal. Scientific literature predicts a 2,2-4°C average increase in temperature for Tanzania, all studies also predict a higher increase in the cooler period and lower in the warm period. Rainfall predictions are less certain but in general a 10 % average increase is expected but the distribution uneven, both between rain periods and geographically. Tanzanian reports estimate a 5-45 % increase in rainfall in bimodal regions and a 5-15 % decrease in unimodal regions. The distribution of increase in bimodal regions will be uneven, with an increase in the long rain period and a decrease in the short rain period.</p><p>Agriculture is indisputably the most important source of income in Tanzania standing for 80% of employment and 50% of GNP. Climate change will therefore inevitably affect the economy and livelihood of people. Developing countries are also more vulnerable due to lower adaptation capacity. Effects on Tanzania are predicted to be both positive and negative. Maize production, the major staple, is predicted an average 33% decline while cash crops like coffee and cotton are predicted to increase. To be able to adapt there first has to be a perception of need to adapt, adaption strategies then have to be developed and barriers worked through. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the level of awareness, strategies and barriers existing for adaption to climate change on national, regional and local level, Tanzania nationally and Babati regionally and locally. The research questions are; How do people perceive climate change? What are the strategies for adapting to climate change? What are the barriers for adaption to climate change? At national level policy framework and strategies were used to answer the research questions. At regional and local level a field study was conducted in Babati to answer the research questions at these levels.</p><p>The study showed that Tanzania nationally has declared their conviction in climate change and state that the issue has to be addressed. Agriculture is identified as one of the most vulnerable areas however climate change is not mainstreamed into agricultural and environmental policy framework. In Babati district no policy was found on climate change and official perception varied. Concerns were related to timing and amount of rainfall, the results were the same for farmers. Global climate change was also known for both studied groups and existed as a parallel truth with the local reason for changes. A number of adaption strategies are also identified nationally, both used and potential, where small scale irrigation is the primary adaptive step. Switching to draught resistant crops is also prioritized in the North eastern region. In Babati adaption strategies were promoted, even though there was not a general policy or perception, by officials to switch to short-term crops and planting of trees. Switching cops was also the most commonly used strategy by farmers along with traditional diversification. Nationally a large number of barriers are also identified including, lack of funding, poverty, HIV, lack of infrastructure and analytic capacity. Officials in Babati also mentioned the lack of money, deforestation, lack of clouds, education, irrigation and seeds. The farmers in Babati were not so clear about what they needed to adapt, irrigation, livestock backup, diversification and switching crops were mentioned, not differing much from used strategies.</p>

<p>Karlstad kommun vill att Karlstad ska uppnå 100 000 invånare, mot idag dryga 80 000. För att nå dit måste tätortsnära skogar exploateras. För att få reda på hur välbesökta de tätortsnära skogarna är i Karlstad, genomfördes i november 2005, februari, maj och augusti-september 2006 en kvantitativ besöksstudie av I2-skogen i nordvästra Karlstad. I2-skogen är ett tätortsnära område omgärdat av bostäder åt tre håll. I området finns bland annat flera motionsspår, golfbana och skjutbanor. Studien visar att området är välbesökt, ca 180 000 besökare per år. 77 % av besökarna bor i närområdet runt skogen, inom ett avstånd av 500 meter. Boendeformerna i området speglar besökarna och deras aktiviteter och I2-skogen kan kallas för en ”vardagsskog” med besökare som återkommer flera dagar i veckan. Om de tätortsnära skogarna runt Karlstad exploateras enligt kommunens översiktsplan kommer det att påverka invånare som idag bor nära skogsområden till att de får längre avstånd mellan bostaden och skogen. Ett längre avstånd kan göra att det tar för lång tid att ta sig till skogsområden, vilket leder till att antal besök minskar. När människor inte har tid att vistas i skogen ökar stress och ohälsa, även barn påverkas negativt av att inte få leka fritt i en tätortsnära skog. Det är nu läge att inrätta någon form av områdesskydd för vissa av de tätortsnära skogarna runt Karlstad, då de har ett oerhört viktigt socialt värde för befolkningen i Karlstad och därför behöver bevaras för framtiden.</p> / <p>The local authority in the city of Karlstad, Sweden, want the city to increase to 100 000 inhabitants, today it has about 80 000 inhabitants. To reach the goal several urban forests needs to be exploited. To get an understanding of how well visited the urban forest is in Karlstad, a visitor study were made in November 1995, February, May and August-September in 2006 in the I2-forest. The I2-forest is an urban forest surrounded by residences in three directions. In the area there are several trails, a golf court and shooting ranges. The quantitative visitor study shows that the I2-forest is well visited by about 180 000 visitors per year. 77 % of the visitors are living in residence maximum 500 meter from the forest. The different kind of residences in the neighbourhood shows who the visitors are and what activities they are doing. Many of the visitors come several days a week to the forest. If the forests around Karlstad city will get exploited as the local authority want, it will affect a lot of people to get longer distance to a forest from their homes. A longer distance could make it take too long time to get to the forest area and the number of visitors will decrease. When people don’t have time to be in the forest the stress and ill-health will increase, even the children will be affected negatively. Therefore it would be a good idea to establish some kind of reserve in some of Karlstad’s urban forests, to protect them from future exploitations. Because the urban forest have a great social value for the inhabitants in Karlstad and therefore the urban forest need to be saved in the future.</p>

Twentieth century urbanization has left a tremendous footprint on the globe. It is generally speaking a spread out fragmented suburban and exurban landscape continuously growing according to what has been called sprawl-like development, increasing energy and automobile dependency, challenging urban sustainability. Recently urban growth has also turned inwards because of economic and political change. Thus one of the main challenges for future urban design will be to ‘compact sprawl’. This thesis, set in the field of urban morphology, explores the spatial conditions for suburban densification by looking at administrative and user-related measures of density, public open space, and pedestrian accessibility. If we consider useful open space, it would not decrease density, but rather increase spatial compactness. So would also a well-connected street network, if we consider accessibility as part of density. The thesis’ first four papers explore new measures that contradict ordinary notions of density and the last three papers examine densification scenarios on different urban scales in collaboration with urban planners in practice. The paper Place syntax explores a possibility to combine the space syntax description of cognitive accessibility, axial line distance, with place attraction into a combined attraction-accessibility analysis model. Empirical investigation shows that place syntax analysis captures pedestrian movement and can be used for new types of location density analyses. Sociotope mapping describes the theoretical body of a new urban planning tool called the “sociotope map” (sociotopkarta) developed in Stockholm planning practice. The map emphasizes that the same public open space can have different direct use values for different people and thereby assesses qualitative open space area. Exploring Ambiterritory investigates the notion of (sub)urban no-man’s-land. Densification most often means increased open space use, which naturally leads to an increase of potential conflicting territorial interests. However, the reduction of vague user space and unclear legal territories by densification can increase the size of useful open space. More green space in a denser city investigates whether little public green space means low accessibility. User questionnaires and GIS-analyses in ten city districts in Stockholm correlate and show that it is possible to have more accessible green space in a denser city. Strategic exurban landscape densification investigates different municipal location strategies and development rates in the municipality of Kungälv. Results show that location strategies create the biggest landscape impact and not development rates. Greening metropolitan growth analyzes the density landscape in Stockholm county region and finds some correlations with health and socioeconomic variables. Growth scenarios in the regional plan for 2030 show decreasing compactness and spaciousness in inner suburbia. Compact sprawl experiments use the measures developed in the former papers on four densification scenarios in two suburbs in Stockholm. The results show how it is possible to efficiently compact modernist sprawl, particularly the inner suburbs. It is likely that we will be more dependent on walking, bicycling, and public transportation in the future. Street networks and public open spaces are then key issues today just as they were at the end of the nineteenthcentury, creating compact, sustainable, liveable, equitable, and more competitive cities. In fact, many compact urban cores such as in Stockholm, London, and Manhattan have through the 20th century persistently stood up to the competition against more sprawling cities. The thesis shows that compacting inner suburbia seems to be the new frontier many cities and planners are facing. In fact, this is a vast unexplored field that needs further attention in urban studies and urban morphology in particular. / QC 20100913 / Stadsform och hållbar utveckling

Karlstad kommun vill att Karlstad ska uppnå 100 000 invånare, mot idag dryga 80 000. För att nå dit måste tätortsnära skogar exploateras. För att få reda på hur välbesökta de tätortsnära skogarna är i Karlstad, genomfördes i november 2005, februari, maj och augusti-september 2006 en kvantitativ besöksstudie av I2-skogen i nordvästra Karlstad. I2-skogen är ett tätortsnära område omgärdat av bostäder åt tre håll. I området finns bland annat flera motionsspår, golfbana och skjutbanor. Studien visar att området är välbesökt, ca 180 000 besökare per år. 77 % av besökarna bor i närområdet runt skogen, inom ett avstånd av 500 meter. Boendeformerna i området speglar besökarna och deras aktiviteter och I2-skogen kan kallas för en ”vardagsskog” med besökare som återkommer flera dagar i veckan. Om de tätortsnära skogarna runt Karlstad exploateras enligt kommunens översiktsplan kommer det att påverka invånare som idag bor nära skogsområden till att de får längre avstånd mellan bostaden och skogen. Ett längre avstånd kan göra att det tar för lång tid att ta sig till skogsområden, vilket leder till att antal besök minskar. När människor inte har tid att vistas i skogen ökar stress och ohälsa, även barn påverkas negativt av att inte få leka fritt i en tätortsnära skog. Det är nu läge att inrätta någon form av områdesskydd för vissa av de tätortsnära skogarna runt Karlstad, då de har ett oerhört viktigt socialt värde för befolkningen i Karlstad och därför behöver bevaras för framtiden. / The local authority in the city of Karlstad, Sweden, want the city to increase to 100 000 inhabitants, today it has about 80 000 inhabitants. To reach the goal several urban forests needs to be exploited. To get an understanding of how well visited the urban forest is in Karlstad, a visitor study were made in November 1995, February, May and August-September in 2006 in the I2-forest. The I2-forest is an urban forest surrounded by residences in three directions. In the area there are several trails, a golf court and shooting ranges. The quantitative visitor study shows that the I2-forest is well visited by about 180 000 visitors per year. 77 % of the visitors are living in residence maximum 500 meter from the forest. The different kind of residences in the neighbourhood shows who the visitors are and what activities they are doing. Many of the visitors come several days a week to the forest. If the forests around Karlstad city will get exploited as the local authority want, it will affect a lot of people to get longer distance to a forest from their homes. A longer distance could make it take too long time to get to the forest area and the number of visitors will decrease. When people don’t have time to be in the forest the stress and ill-health will increase, even the children will be affected negatively. Therefore it would be a good idea to establish some kind of reserve in some of Karlstad’s urban forests, to protect them from future exploitations. Because the urban forest have a great social value for the inhabitants in Karlstad and therefore the urban forest need to be saved in the future.

Climate change caused by green house gas emissions, mainly carbon dioxide, is today’s most debated environmental issue. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, with the legally binding Kyoto protocol, is the emission regulatory framework. Tanzania has ratified both the conventions supporting carbon reductions. Tanzania has a very varied climate with two rainfall regimes dominating the country, bimodal and unimodal. Scientific literature predicts a 2,2-4°C average increase in temperature for Tanzania, all studies also predict a higher increase in the cooler period and lower in the warm period. Rainfall predictions are less certain but in general a 10 % average increase is expected but the distribution uneven, both between rain periods and geographically. Tanzanian reports estimate a 5-45 % increase in rainfall in bimodal regions and a 5-15 % decrease in unimodal regions. The distribution of increase in bimodal regions will be uneven, with an increase in the long rain period and a decrease in the short rain period. Agriculture is indisputably the most important source of income in Tanzania standing for 80% of employment and 50% of GNP. Climate change will therefore inevitably affect the economy and livelihood of people. Developing countries are also more vulnerable due to lower adaptation capacity. Effects on Tanzania are predicted to be both positive and negative. Maize production, the major staple, is predicted an average 33% decline while cash crops like coffee and cotton are predicted to increase. To be able to adapt there first has to be a perception of need to adapt, adaption strategies then have to be developed and barriers worked through. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the level of awareness, strategies and barriers existing for adaption to climate change on national, regional and local level, Tanzania nationally and Babati regionally and locally. The research questions are; How do people perceive climate change? What are the strategies for adapting to climate change? What are the barriers for adaption to climate change? At national level policy framework and strategies were used to answer the research questions. At regional and local level a field study was conducted in Babati to answer the research questions at these levels. The study showed that Tanzania nationally has declared their conviction in climate change and state that the issue has to be addressed. Agriculture is identified as one of the most vulnerable areas however climate change is not mainstreamed into agricultural and environmental policy framework. In Babati district no policy was found on climate change and official perception varied. Concerns were related to timing and amount of rainfall, the results were the same for farmers. Global climate change was also known for both studied groups and existed as a parallel truth with the local reason for changes. A number of adaption strategies are also identified nationally, both used and potential, where small scale irrigation is the primary adaptive step. Switching to draught resistant crops is also prioritized in the North eastern region. In Babati adaption strategies were promoted, even though there was not a general policy or perception, by officials to switch to short-term crops and planting of trees. Switching cops was also the most commonly used strategy by farmers along with traditional diversification. Nationally a large number of barriers are also identified including, lack of funding, poverty, HIV, lack of infrastructure and analytic capacity. Officials in Babati also mentioned the lack of money, deforestation, lack of clouds, education, irrigation and seeds. The farmers in Babati were not so clear about what they needed to adapt, irrigation, livestock backup, diversification and switching crops were mentioned, not differing much from used strategies.

Die Landesfläche Sachsens lässt sich anhand 40 landschaftsprägender kulturhistorischer Relikte in 17 Kulturlandschaftsgebiete einteilen. Beispiele sind die Dübener-Dahlener Heide, Weinbaugebiete im Elbtal, Altbergbaugebiete des Erzgebirges oder die Oberlausitzer Umgebindelandschaft. Zu den Relikten gehören u.a. Weinberge, Streuobstwiesen, Waldhufenfluren, Ackerterrassen, Hecken, Heiden, extensive genutztes Grünland, unterschiedliche Siedlungsformen, Umgebindehäuser, Teiche, Zeugen des Altbergbaus, ehemalige Torfstichgebiete, Steinbrüche, Mühlen, Verkehrswege, Burgen und Schlösser. Zur Abgrenzung der Kulturlandschaftsgebiete wurde eine schematische Methode entwickelt, um die Ergebnisse besser vergleichen und reproduzieren zu können. Sie verbindet Verfahren der räumlichen Verschneidung von Geodaten, der deskriptiven Statistik und der räumlichen und hierarchischen Clusterung. Die Aufteilung in die Kulturlandschaftsgebiete wird bestimmt von Schwerpunktvorkommen und Kombination der einzelnen Landschaftselementtypen. Die Karten im Anlagenband zeigen die Kulturlandschaftsgebiete und die schwerpunktmäßige Verbreitung der Kulturlandschaftselemente. Anhand einer Expertenbefragung werden Gründe für die Gefährdung ausgewählter Kulturlandschaftselemente erfasst.

With the increasing development of relations of consumption between discipline knowledge and students, educators face many pressures. One of these pressures is the emotional response of students to their learning experiences and the weight given to their evaluation of teaching by universities. This study emerged from the polarised nature of student responses to one particular area of study in landscape architecture, the integrative discourse of Landscape Planning. While some students found this subject highly rewarding, others found it highly confronting. Thus the main aims of this study are to describe how the students, teacher and institution construct this discourse and to propose a way to rethink these differences in student responses from a teacher's perspective. Firstly, the context of the study is outlined. The changing nature of higher education in Australian society frames the research problem of student-teacher struggles in Landscape Planning, a domain of knowledge in landscape architecture that is situated in a an enterprise university in Queensland. It describes some of the educational issues associated with Boyer's scholarship of integration, contemporary trans-disciplinary workplaces and legitimate knowledge chosen by the institution [Design], discipline [Landscape Architecture], teacher [Landscape Planning] and students [useful and relevant knowledge] as appropriate in a fourth year classroom setting. Secondly, the conceptual framework is described to establish the point of departure for the study. This study uses the work of Basil Bernstein, Harvey Sacks and Kenneth Burke to explore the changing nature of knowledge relations in Landscape Planning. Unconventionally perhaps, it begins by proposing a new concept called the 'decision space' formed from the conceptual spaces of multiple participants in an activity and developed from notions of creativity, conceptual boundaries and knowledge translation. It argues that it is in the 'decision space' that this inquiry is most likely to discover new knowledge about student-teacher struggles in Landscape Planning. It outlines an educational sociological view of the 'decision space' using Bernstein's concepts of the underlying pedagogic device, pedagogic discourse, pedagogic context, recontextualising field and most importantly the pedagogic code comprising two relative scales of classification and framing. It introduces an ethnomethodological view of knowledge boundaries that construct the 'decision space' using Sacks' concepts of context-boundedness and indexicality in people's talk. It also makes a link to a rhetorical view of knowledge choices in the 'decision space' using Burke's concepts of symbolic human action, motive and persuasion in people's speeches, art and texts. Thirdly, the study is divided methodologically into three parts: knowledge relations in official and curriculum texts, knowledge choices in student drawings and knowledge troubles in student talk. Knowledge relations in official texts are investigated using two relative scales of classification and framing for Landscape Planning and its adjacent pedagogic contexts including Advanced Construction and Practice 1 and 2 and Advanced Landscape Design 1 and 2. The official texts that described unit objectives and content in each context reveal that Landscape Planning is positioned in the landscape architecture course in Queensland as an intermediary discourse between the strongly classified and strongly framed discourse of Advanced Construction and Practice and the weakly classified and weakly framed discourse of Advanced Landscape Design. This seems to intensify the need for students in their professional year to access and adapt to new pedagogic rules, apparently not experienced previously. A further subjective reflection of my own week 1 unit information as curriculum text using classification and framing relations is included to explain what characterised the rationale, aim, objectives, teaching programme, assessment practice and assessment criteria in Landscape Planning. It suggests that the knowledge relations in my teaching practice mirror the weakly classified and strongly framed discourse of the official text for this unit, that is that students were expected to transcend knowledge boundaries but also be able to produce specific forms of communication in the unit. Knowledge choices in student drawings in Landscape Planning are described using a new sociological method of visual interpretation. It is comprised of four steps: (a) setting up a framing scale using the social semiotic approach of Kress and van Leeuwen (2005) (contact gaze, social distance, angle of viewpoint, modality, analytical structure and symbolic processes) combined with the pentadic approach of Burke (1969) (act, scene, agency, purpose); (b) setting up a classification scale using the concept of agent from the pentad of Burke (1969) combined with how the relationship between 'I' the producer and 'you' the viewer is constructed in each drawing, like a sequence in a conversation according to Sacks (1992a); (c) coding student drawings according to these two relative scales and (d) assessing any shifts along the scales from the start to the end of the semester. This approach shows that there is some potential in assessing student drawings as rhetorical 'texts' and identifying a range of student orientations to knowledge. The drawings are initially spread across the four philosophical orientations when students begin Landscape Planning and while some shift, others do not shift their orientation during the semester. By the end of the semester in 2003, eight out of ten student drawings were characterised by weak classification of knowledge boundaries and weak framing of the space for knowledge choices. In 2004, nine out of twenty-one drawings exhibited the same orientation by the end of the semester. Thus there is a changing pattern, complex though it may be, of student orientations to knowledge acquired through studying Landscape Planning prior to graduating as landscape architects. Knowledge troubles in student talk are identified using conversation markers in student utterances such as 'I don't know', 'I think', 'before' and 'now' and the categorisation of sequences of talk according to what is knowable and who knows about Landscape Planning. Student talk suggests that students have a diverse set of affective responses to Landscape Planning, with some students able to recognise the new rules of the pedagogic code but not able to produce appropriate texts as learning outcomes. This suggests a sense of discontinuity where students dispute what is expected of them in terms of transcending knowledge boundaries and what is to be produced in terms of specific forms of communication. The study went further to describe a language of legitimation of knowledge in Landscape Planning based on how students viewed its scope, scale, new concepts and other related contexts and who students viewed as influential in their selection of legitimate knowledge in Landscape Planning. It is the language of legitimation that constructs the 'decision space'. Thus in relation to the main aims of the study, I now know from unit texts that the knowledge relations in my curriculum design align closely with those of the official objectives and required content for Landscape Planning. I can see that this unit is uniquely positioned in terms of its hidden rules between landscape construction and landscape design. From student drawings, I acknowledge that students make a range of knowledge choices based on different philosophical orientations from a pragmatic to a mystical view of reality and that my curriculum design allows space for student choice and a shift in student orientations to knowledge. From student talk, I understand what students believe to be the points of contention in what to learn and who to learn from in Landscape Planning. These findings have led me to construct a new set of pedagogic code modalities to balance the diverse expectations of students and the contemporary requirements of institutions, disciplines and professions in the changing context of higher education. Further work is needed to test these ideas with other teachers as researchers in other pedagogic contexts.

No description available.

Local governments in Melbourne are rethinking the design of parks with the aim of increasing water efficiency. In changing park design to achieve this objective, community landscape aesthetic expectations need also to be considered if these changes are to be socially acceptable. Using a psychophysical approach of landscape assessment, this thesis examines the relationship between public perceptions of park environments in Melbourne and water consumption. The thesis first develops a perceptual classification of a sample of landscapes found in Melbourne’s urban park system. Secondly, it investigates the meanings, perceptions and aesthetic and general preferences the public associate with these park landscapes. Thirdly, it estimates the relative water-use of landscape plantings associated with these park landscapes. Finally, it develops a systematic approach to balancing the public aesthetic expectations and water-use in urban parks. (For complete abstract open document)