Word retrieval difficulties are experienced by almost all aphasic adults. Consequently, these problems receive a substantial amount of attention in aphasia treatment. Because of the methodological difficulties, few studies have examined WRBs in conversational speech, focusing instead on confrontational naming tasks in which the client is asked to retrieve a specific word. These studies have left unanswered questions about the WRB processes. The purposes of this study were to: (1) develop profiles of WRB for moderately impaired aphasic adult clients and examine these profiles for evidence that reflects the level of breakdown in the word retrieval process, and (2) determine potential treatment applications derived from the study of WRBs of moderately aphasic speakers.

Word retrieval difficulties can affect individuals who have had strokes or head trauma (Goodglass & Wingfield, 1997) and to a lesser extent, typically aging adults. This can affect an individual's ability to name pictures accurately and quickly. Cues are used to help individuals with word retrieval difficulties in fmding specific words. Two commonly used cues are semantic and phonological cues. Semantic cues can be information about the word the person is trying to retrieve, such as its definition, and/or its functions. Phonological cues are usually the initial sound of a word that a person is attempting to retrieve. Previous research has suggested that both of these cues, in isolation, are effective in stimulating word retrieval during naming tasks (Li & Williams 1989; Stirnley & Noll 1991 ). However, research has not investigated the effects of combining these two cues during picture naming tasks. The current study observed participants under four different cueing conditions during a picture naming task with the Boston Naming Test. The four conditions include a control group (received no cues), a semantically cued group (received a semantic cue before being asked to name a picture), a phonologically cued group (received a phonological cue before being asked to name a picture), and a semanticallyphonologically cued group (received a semantic and phonological cue before being asked to name a picture). Each group was compared on number of items correctly named and response times. The results indicated that there was no statistically significant difference between the groups with regard to number of items named. There was a statistically significant difference found between the groups with regards to response times. These findings are discussed and compared to previous research and current word retrieval theories.

As histórias em quadrinhos japonesas, conhecidas como mangás, vêm se popularizando muito fora do Japão nas últimas décadas. Partindo de uma abordagem que, nos estudos da tradução, considera a relevância de também se estudar os contextos e fatores externos ao texto, analisamos em nossa pesquisa a tradução para expressões de tratamento japonesas presentes nos mangás Love Hina, Yu Yu Hakusho e Chobits, publicados no Brasil no início dos anos 2000, quando o mercado de histórias quadrinhos japonesas ainda estava se estabelecendo no país, e que, uma década depois, foram reeditados pela mesma editora, mas com a tradução revisada. Questionamos se a experiência acumulada com a prática regular envolvendo a publicação de mangás, a consolidação de uma cultura do mangá no Brasil e consequente formação de um público leitor mais acostumado com características e especificidades do gênero trazem reflexos que são perceptíveis na tradução, veríficáveis por meio das estratégias de tradução empregadas. / Japanese comics, known as manga, have become very popular outside Japan in the last few decades. Based on an approach that in the translation studies considers the relevance of also studying the contexts and factors external to the text, we analyzed in our research the translation for japanese treatment expressions present in Love Hina, Yu Yu Hakusho and Chobits, manga published in Brazil in the early 2000s, when the japanese comic book market was still settling in the country; a decade later these manga were reprinted by the same publisher, but with a revised translation. We question whether the regular practice involving the publication of manga, the consolidation of a manga culture in Brazil and the consequent formation of a readership more accustomed to characteristics and specificities of the genre brings reflexes that are perceptible in translations, verifiable by means of translation strategies employed.

As histórias em quadrinhos japonesas, conhecidas como mangás, vêm se popularizando muito fora do Japão nas últimas décadas. Partindo de uma abordagem que, nos estudos da tradução, considera a relevância de também se estudar os contextos e fatores externos ao texto, analisamos em nossa pesquisa a tradução para expressões de tratamento japonesas presentes nos mangás Love Hina, Yu Yu Hakusho e Chobits, publicados no Brasil no início dos anos 2000, quando o mercado de histórias quadrinhos japonesas ainda estava se estabelecendo no país, e que, uma década depois, foram reeditados pela mesma editora, mas com a tradução revisada. Questionamos se a experiência acumulada com a prática regular envolvendo a publicação de mangás, a consolidação de uma cultura do mangá no Brasil e consequente formação de um público leitor mais acostumado com características e especificidades do gênero trazem reflexos que são perceptíveis na tradução, veríficáveis por meio das estratégias de tradução empregadas. / Japanese comics, known as manga, have become very popular outside Japan in the last few decades. Based on an approach that in the translation studies considers the relevance of also studying the contexts and factors external to the text, we analyzed in our research the translation for japanese treatment expressions present in Love Hina, Yu Yu Hakusho and Chobits, manga published in Brazil in the early 2000s, when the japanese comic book market was still settling in the country; a decade later these manga were reprinted by the same publisher, but with a revised translation. We question whether the regular practice involving the publication of manga, the consolidation of a manga culture in Brazil and the consequent formation of a readership more accustomed to characteristics and specificities of the genre brings reflexes that are perceptible in translations, verifiable by means of translation strategies employed.