Cette thèse, intitulée "L’enseignement traditionnel en Mauritanie : rôle éducatif et perspectives d’évolution", porte sur l’histoire et la situation actuelle de ce type d’enseignement, notamment de sa principale institution : la mahadra. La première partie du travail comprend une présentation de la Mauritanie dans ses différentes dimensions (géographique, historique, socio-culturelle, linguistique…), puis l’étude du système éducatif traditionnel en Mauritanie à l’époque précoloniale et coloniale, et celle du rôle de la mahadra dans la préservation de l’identité culturelle du pays. Dans une seconde partie, il est question de l’enseignement traditionnel depuis l’indépendance du pays jusqu’à nos jours. Il s’agit de passer en revue l’état de ce type d’enseignement et d’examiner l’évolution des politiques menées par les pouvoirs publics dans ce domaine. Nous analysons la situation actuelle de l’enseignement traditionnel, s’agissant aussi bien des écoles ou instituts publics et privés que des mahadras. Enfin, dans la troisième et dernière partie, il est question de l’interprétation des résultats d’une enquête que nous avons réalisée en février - juillet 2011 dans certaines mahadras et autres institutions de l’enseignement traditionnel et de l’interaction entre enseignement moderne et système traditionnel. Sont également étudiées les expériences et études réalisées dans ce domaine depuis l’introduction des médersas, au début du XXe siècle, jusqu’à nos jours. / The present study, entitled "Traditional teaching in Mauritania: educational role and perspective of evolution", is about history and nowadays situation of the traditional Islamic teaching in this country. The first part of the work includes a presentation of Mauritania in its various geographical, historical, socio-cultural and linguistic dimensions. The traditional education system in pre-colonial period as well as colonial period is discussed in this part; the role of mahadra in the conservation of the cultural identity of the country is highlighted. In the second part, traditional teaching and other different kinds of teaching are described since the independence of the country until now. We examine the evolution of the policies carried out by the public authorities in this field. The present situation of the traditional education, as well as that of other public and private institutes, is then discussed. Finally, in the third and last part, we give an interpretation of the results of the survey we conducted in February - July 2011 in some mahadras and institutions of traditional education. We analyze also the interactions between public school and traditional system, in the light of some experiments and studies carried out in this field since the introduction of the medersas, in the beginning of the XXth century, until now.

L’aboutissement de ce travail est de démontrer la capacité scientifique de la langue malgache pouvant servir dans les disciplines non linguistiques comme langue d’enseignement. Ainsi, pour pouvoir assumer le rôle d’outil d’enseignement, les méthodes de néologisme adéquates à la culture malgache avaient été entreprises dans les travaux terminologiques. Le corpus de base de la recherche se situe dans le domaine de la géographie en tant que carrefour de savoirs et base de socialisation de tout individu, selon les spécialistes.Par ailleurs, la malgachisation de l’enseignement n’est possible sans l’instauration du malgache officiel enrichi de ses variantes dialectales qui serait, à son tour, le fruit des recherches terminologiques dans tous les domaines de l’enseignement.Par conséquent, cette thèse avance une piste d’urgence pour un aménagement linguistique serein dans l’enseignement. Un partenariat rigoureux et efficace entre un organe chargé de banque de données terminologiques et les décideurs politiques serait d’une nécessité en vue d’asseoir la langue malgache au sein d’une politique linguistique viable dans l’enseignement, pour un développement durable de Madagascar face aux nouveautés technologiques et scientifiques. / The culmination of this work is to show the scientific capacity of the Malagasy language, which can be used as a teaching medium in non-language subjects. Thus, the use of neologism methods as a teaching tool that is appropriate to the Malagasy culture has been undertaken in the terminology work. The basic corpus of research lies in the area of geography as a crossroads of knowledge and basic socialization to any individual, according to experts.Moreover, adapting the Malagasy education to the Malagasy context, “Malagasization” would not be possible without the establishment of the official Malagasy language enriched with its dialect variations that, in turn, would be the result of terminological research in all areas of education.Therefore, this thesis is advancing an emergency avenue towards a serene language development in education. Hence, a strong and effective partnership between a body in charge of a terminology database and policy makers would be a mandatory requirement in order to establish the Malagasy language within a viable language policy in education, with a view to a sustainable development of Madagascar faced with technological and scientific innovations.

Swedish learners of French often do not speak French in the FLE class (French as a foreign language). They experience large difficulties which are on the one hand specific to the French language e.g. chaining and deletion of Schwa, liaison, accentuation and on the other hand the excessive use of the mother tongue in FLE class. The aim of this essay is to understand why French learners communicate little in the target language. The essay consists of three parts. In the first part, through previous studies, we present the importance of the use of the target language in class. Theorists (Lundahl (2012), Tornberg (2015), Dysthe (1996,2003), Lindberg (1996) et Stoltz (2011), as well as the study plan, agree that it is very useful to expose students to the target language as often as possible in order to enrich their vocabulary and increase their knowledge in the taught foreign language. The second part consists in the responses and comments from the questionnaires submitted to the learners and the two teachers. In these questionnaires, most students admit not only that they like to speak French in class, but they would also like the teacher to use the target language. However, to overcome their difficulties to communicate they would like to have more oral production activities. The third part is based on our observations in class. We find out that the most spoken language in the classroom is the mother tongue, which is an obstacle. We also noticed that certain activities, such as watching a film followed by work in a small group and simple dialogues with themes very common in everyday life, prepared in advance and playing them in front of the class, encouraged students to express themselves in French without worrying too much about their faults.