A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo discutir as representações de professores e equipes de gestão a respeito das contribuições dos usos dos resultados do programa AvaliAção para a organização do trabalho pedagógico no cotidiano das escolas. O referencial teórico-metodológico envolveu as contribuições de Henri Lefebvre (1981, 1983, 2001) relacionadas ao conceito de representações, bem como as de autores que abordam a avaliação em larga escala no contexto educacional: Bauer et al. (2015, 2017), Silva, Gimenes e Moriconi et al. (2013), Sousa (2010, 2013), Vianna (2003), Werle (2010), dentre outros. A pesquisa configura-se como qualitativa e utilizou-se como procedimentos metodológicos a análise documental para caracterização das escolas pesquisadas e entrevistas semiestruturadas com professores, equipes de gestão escolar e equipe do comitê de avaliação do programa AvaliAção da Secretaria Municipal de Educação de Ponta Grossa - Paraná. A análise das representações dos sujeitos envolvidos, articulada a dados obtidos em documentos, possibilitou identificar que o programa é utilizado em diferentes dimensões e grandezas como suporte para melhoria das atividades desenvolvidas na escola (formação contínua de professores e de coordenadores pedagógicos; acompanhamento das atividades pedagógicas na escola pela Secretaria Municipal de Educação, pela equipe de gestão escolar e pelos professores; trabalho sobre as dificuldades dos alunos de forma individual; autoavaliação do sistema de ensino e da escola). Contudo, a análise também sugere diversos limites intra e extraescolares para o uso pedagógico desses resultados. Avançar nas possibilidades de utilização mais efetiva dos resultados da avaliação (de qualquer tipo) para a melhoria do ensino e da aprendizagem é tarefa possível de ser trabalhada nas escolas e estimulada pelos sistemas de ensino e, ainda, em cursos de formação inicial de professores. / This research aimed at discussing the representations teachers and management staff have of the contribution of use of school results in the program AvaliAção (EvaluAction) regarding the organization of the teaching work in the schools routine. The theoretical-methodological literature includes the contributions of Henri Lefebvre (1981, 1983, 2001) related to the concept of representations as well as other authors who address evaluation on a large scale in the education environment: Bauer et al. (2015, 2017), Silva, Gimenes and Moriconi et al. (2013), Sousa (2010, 2013), Vianna (2003), Werle (2010), among others. It is a qualitative study employing methodological procedures of document analysis to classify the schools researched and semi-structured interviews with teachers and school management staff and the evaluation committee of the program AvaliAção (EvaluAction) of the Municipal Education Secretariat in Ponta Grossa PR. The analysis of the representations of the subjects involved, articulated with data obtained from the documents, made it possible to identify that the program is used in different dimensions and quantities as a support to improve the activities developed at schools (teachers and coordinators continuous development; follow-up of the teaching activities in the schools by the Municipal Education Secretariat, the school management and teachers; individual remedial work to cater for students difficulties; self-evaluation of the school and the education system). However, the analysis also suggests several intra and extra-school limits for the pedagogical use of these results. Advancing the possibilities of using more effectively evaluation results (of any kind) for the improvement of teaching and learning is a possible task to be worked on in schools and motivated by the teaching systems and also in the teachers initial education courses.

Medidas para controle de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908 (Hemiptera: Liviidae) vem sendo buscadas intensamente nos últimos anos visto que este inseto é considerado a mais importante praga da citricultura devido a sua capacidade de transmitir as bactérias causadoras do Huanglongbing (HLB). Como não existem, ainda, medidas curativas para a doença, seu manejo se baseia, principalmente, no controle do vetor. O controle biológico com utilização do parasitoide Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1922) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) vem trazendo bons resultados em diversas partes do mundo. Para uma eficiente utilização deste inimigo natural, sua produção em larga escala é imprescindível, o que exige também a criação da praga. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar alguns pontos chaves da criação das duas espécies, visando aumentar seu rendimento, propor um sistema de produção em larga escala do parasitoide, estimando seu custo de implantação e manutenção e também avaliar o estabelecimento e eficiência do parasitoide liberado em diferentes regiões produtoras do estado de São Paulo. Visando a criação de D. citri, foram avaliados aspectos referentes ao tamanho das brotações do hospedeiro [Murraya paniculta (L.)] e viabilidade de uso de outro hospedeiro [Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel]. Para T. radiata foram investigados os efeitos da alimentação suplementar e um novo sistema de coleta de adultos. Foi ainda avaliada, em campo, a validade do modelo de exigências térmicas para as duas espécies. Utilizando-se os resultados obtidos, propôs-se um sistema de criação em larga escala do parasitoide, avaliando-se seu custo de implantação e manutenção. Foram realizadas liberações do parasitoide em diferentes regiões, do estado de São Paulo, ao longo de um ano, para avaliar seu estabelecimento e parasitismo. Verificou-se que brotações de M. paniculata com comprimento entre 1,0 a 2,6 cm favorecem a oviposição, e aquelas com tamanho médio de 4,3 são melhores para alimentação. A viabilidade de ovos, de ninfas e total, e a duração da fase de ovo de D. citri não foram afetadas pelos hospedeiros, M. paniculata e M. koenigii; por outro lado, as durações da fase ninfal e total foram maiores em M. paniculata, para qual D. citri apresenta preferência quando em teste com chance de escolha, não tendo sido verificada diferença em teste sem chance de escolha. A umidade afeta a emergência de T. radiata no sistema de coleta proposto e tal sistema permite uma economia de tempo na coleta de parasitoides de até cinco vezes. O fornecimento de alimento para adultos de T. radiata não afetou sua longevidade, nem sua capacidade de parasitismo. Os modelos de exigências térmicas estimados para D. citri e T. radiata, são válidos para temperaturas mais elevadas. Recomenda-se o uso de mudas de M. paniculata apenas duas vezes na criação de D. citri. O maior custo do sistema é devido à produção de ninfas de T. radiata e à mão de obra. T. radiata se estabeleceu em todas regiões testadas com boas taxa de redução de ninfas. O parasitismo médio foi inicialmente alto tornando-se variável e foi afetado pela estação do ano. / Control methods for Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908 (Hemiptera: Liviidae) have been intensively researched in recent years, since this insect is considered the most important citrus pest due to its ability to transmit the Huanglongbing (HLB) bacterium. Because no remedy for the disease is yet available, its management is based principally on control of the vector. Biological control using the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1922) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is providing excellent results in many parts of the world. For efficient utilization of this natural enemy, large-scale production is necessary, which also requires rearing the pest. This study examined some key aspects of rearing these two species, in order to increase their productivity; propose a large-scale production system for the parasitoid, estimating the costs of its implantation and management; and also to evaluate the establishment and efficiency of the parasitoid, released in different citrus-producing areas of São Paulo state. Aspects of rearing D. citri related to the branch size of the host [Murraya paniculata (L.)] and the feasibility of using an alternative host [Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel] were evaluated. For T. radiata, the effects of supplementary feeding and a new system for collecting adults were investigated. The validity of the thermal-requirements model was evaluated in field conditions for both species. Based on the results obtained, a large-scale rearing system for the parasitoid is proposed, together with an evaluation of its implantation and management costs. Parasitoid releases were conducted, and its performance in different climate zones during one year was evaluated in order to assess its establishment and parasitism efficiency. The results indicated that M. paniculata buds sized 1.0 to 2.6 cm are best for egg laying, and buds averaging 4.3 cm are better for feeding. The egg, nymph and total viabilities, and the egg-stage duration of D. citri were not affected by the different hosts M. paniculata and M. koenigii; however, the nymphal stage and the total development duration were longer on M. paniculata, for which D. citri showed a preference in the free-choice test. No difference was seen in the no-choice test. The humidity affects the emergence of T. radiata in the proposed collection system. This system reduces the time required to produce the parasitoid by up to five-fold. The food supply for adults of T. radiata did not affect the longevity or parasitism capacity. The estimated thermal-requirement models for D. citri and T. radiata are valid at higher temperatures. M. paniculata seedlings should be used only twice in rearing D. citri. The highest cost in the rearing system is due to the production of T. radiata nymphs and to labor. T. radiata established successfully in all zones tested, with good rates of nymph reduction. The mean parasitism incidence was initially high and then became variable, and was affected by the season of the year.

Sistemas web de larga escala são distribuídos em milhares de servidores em múltiplos centros de processamento de dados em diferentes localizações geográficas, operando sobre redes de longa distância (WANs). Várias técnicas são usadas para atingir os altos níveis de escalabilidade requeridos por esses sistemas. Replicação de dados está entre as principais delas, e tem por objetivo diminuir a latência, aumentar a vazão e/ou aumentar a disponibilidade do sistema. O principal problema do uso de replicação em sistemas georeplicados é a dificuldade de garantir consistência entre as réplicas sem prejudicar consideravelmente o desempenho e a disponibilidade do sistema. O desempenho do sistema é afetado pelas latências da ordem de centenas de milissegundos da WAN, enquanto a disponibilidade é afetada por falhas que impedem a comunicação entre as réplicas. Quanto mais rígido o modelo de consistência de um sistema de armazenamento, mais simples é o desenvolvimento do sistema que o usa, mas menores são seu desempenho e disponibilidade. Entre os modelos de consistência mais relaxados e mais difundidos em sistemas web georeplicados está a consistência em momento indeterminado (eventual consistency). Esse modelo de consistência garante que em algum momento as réplicas convergem após as escritas terem cessado. Um modelo mais rígido e menos difundido é a consistência na linha do tempo. Esse modelo de consistência usa uma réplica mestre para garantir que não ocorram conflitos na escrita. Nas leituras, os clientes podem ler os valores mais recentes a partir da cópia mestre, ou optar explicitamente por ler valores possivelmente desatualizados para obter maior desempenho ou disponibilidade. A consistência na linha do tempo apresenta disponibilidade menor que a consistência em momento indeterminado em determinadas situações, mas não há dados comparando o desempenho de ambas. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi a comparação do desempenho de sistemas de armazenamento georeplicados usando esses dois modelos de consistência. Para cada modelo de consistência, foram realizados experimentos que mediram o tempo de resposta do sistema sob diferentes cargas de trabalho e diferentes condições de rede entre centros de processamento de dados. O estudo mostra que um sistema usando consistência na linha do tempo apresenta desempenho semelhante ao mesmo sistema usando consistência em momento indeterminado em uma WAN quando a localidade dos acessos é alta. Esse comparativo pode auxiliar desenvolvedores e administradores de sistemas no planejamento de capacidade e de desenvolvimento de sistemas georeplicados. / Large scale web systems are distributed among thousands of servers spread over multiple data centers in geographically different locations operating over wide area networks (WANs). Several techniques are employed to achieve the high levels of scalability required by such systems. One of the main techniques is data replication, which aims to reduce latency, increase throughput and/or increase availability. The main drawback of replication in geo-replicated systems is that it is hard to guarantee consistency between replicas without considerably impacting system performance and availability. System performance is affected by WAN latencies, typically of hundreds of miliseconds, while system availability is affected by failures cutting off communication between replicas. The more rigid the consistency model provided by a storage system, the simpler the development of the system using it, but the lower its performance and availability. Eventual consistency is one of the more relaxed and most widespread consistency models among geo-replicated systems. This consistency model guarantees that all replicas converge at some unspecified time after writes have stopped. A model that is more rigid and less widespread is timeline consistency. This consistency model uses a master replica to guarantee that no write conflicts occur. Clients can read the most up-to-date values from the master replica, or they can explicitly choose to read stale values to obtain greater performance or availability. Timeline consistency has lower availability than eventual consistency in particular situations, but there are no data comparing their performance. The main goal of this work was to compare the performance of a geo-replicated storage system using these consistency models. For each consistency model, experiments were conducted to measure system response time under different workloads and network conditions between data centers. The study shows that a system using timeline consistency has similar performance than the same system using eventual consistency over a WAN when access locality is high. This comparative may help developers and system administrators on capacity and development planning of geo-replicated systems.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 277-284) Presents and discusses new design techniques for mixed analog-digital circuits with emphases on low power and small area for standard low-cost CMOS VLSI technology.

<p>During 2008 we experienced an expansion of large scale investments in foreign farmland. This increasing trend has become a political hot-spot, but there is not much research available within the field. Due to a lack of research it remains a vital task to outline the potential effects of this trend. Drawing on existing ideas from some of the main actors within the field, The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), The World Bank, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the latest G8 summit on agriculture, four main purposes are set out for this paper. First, to outline some of the underlying mechanisms behind the trend is considered crucial for the understanding of the nature of these investments. Second, this paper reviews how these actors’ deals with this trend in relation to one of the core objects in the field of Political Science, namely national sovereignty. Furthermore, this paper examines how existing ideas may affect the global vision of reaching a sustainable development and the global commitment to reduce poverty. Using key concepts of sovereignty, globalization theory, development theory and the green theory as a basis for comparison, this study reaches some interesting findings. Some of the key findings are;</p><p>- The actors, in the scope of this study, have a common understanding of the trend. Joint commitments and actions can therefore be expected from the international community.</p><p>- National sovereignty is not considerd when discussing the regulation of the trend. Furthermore, sovereignty is not equally distributed between rich and poor countries.</p><p>- Based on current ideas about development we will very unlikely be able to reduce poverty and at the same time reach the vision on a sustainable society. The two concepts are currently not compatible.</p>

<p>A global climate change may have large impacts on water resources on regional and global scales. General circulation models (GCMs) are the most used tools to evaluate climate-change scenarios on a global scale. They are, however, insufficiently describing the effects at the local scale. This thesis evaluates different approaches of statistical downscaling of precipitation from large-scale circulation variables, both concerning the method performance and the optimum choice of predictor variables. </p><p>The analogue downscaling method (AM) was found to work well as “benchmark” method in comparison to more complicated methods. AM was implemented using principal component analysis (PCA) and Teweles-Wobus Scores (TWS). Statistical properties of daily and monthly precipitation on a catchment in south-central Sweden, as well as daily precipitation in three catchments in China were acceptably downscaled.</p><p>A regression method conditioning a weather generator (SDSM) as well as a fuzzy-rule based circulation-pattern classification method conditioning a stochastical precipitation model (MOFRBC) gave good results when applied on Swedish and Chinese catchments. Statistical downscaling with MOFRBC from GMC (HADAM3P) output improved the statistical properties as well as the intra-annual variation of precipitation.</p><p>The studies show that temporal and areal settings of the predictor are important factors concerning the success of precipitation modelling. The MOFRCB and SDSM are generally performing better than the AM, and the best choice of method is depending on the purpose of the study. MOFRBC applied on output from a GCM future scenario indicates that the large-scale circulation will not be significantly affected. Adding humidity flux as predictor indicated an increased intensity both in extreme events and daily amounts in central and northern Sweden.</p>

<p>We investigate the clustering of HI-selected galaxies in the ALFALFA survey and compare results with those obtained for HIPASS. Measurements of the angular correlation function and the inferred 3D-clustering are compared with results from direct spatial-correlation measurements. We are able to measure clustering on smaller angular scales and for galaxies with lower HI masses than was previously possible. We calculate the expected clustering of dark matter using the redshift distributions of HIPASS and ALFALFA and show that the ALFALFA sample is somewhat more anti-biased with respect to dark matter than the HIPASS sample. We are able to conform the validity of the dark matter correlation predictions by performing simulations of the non-linear structure formation. Further we examine how the bias evolves with redshift for radio galaxies detected in the the first survey.</p>

A global climate change may have large impacts on water resources on regional and global scales. General circulation models (GCMs) are the most used tools to evaluate climate-change scenarios on a global scale. They are, however, insufficiently describing the effects at the local scale. This thesis evaluates different approaches of statistical downscaling of precipitation from large-scale circulation variables, both concerning the method performance and the optimum choice of predictor variables. The analogue downscaling method (AM) was found to work well as “benchmark” method in comparison to more complicated methods. AM was implemented using principal component analysis (PCA) and Teweles-Wobus Scores (TWS). Statistical properties of daily and monthly precipitation on a catchment in south-central Sweden, as well as daily precipitation in three catchments in China were acceptably downscaled. A regression method conditioning a weather generator (SDSM) as well as a fuzzy-rule based circulation-pattern classification method conditioning a stochastical precipitation model (MOFRBC) gave good results when applied on Swedish and Chinese catchments. Statistical downscaling with MOFRBC from GMC (HADAM3P) output improved the statistical properties as well as the intra-annual variation of precipitation. The studies show that temporal and areal settings of the predictor are important factors concerning the success of precipitation modelling. The MOFRCB and SDSM are generally performing better than the AM, and the best choice of method is depending on the purpose of the study. MOFRBC applied on output from a GCM future scenario indicates that the large-scale circulation will not be significantly affected. Adding humidity flux as predictor indicated an increased intensity both in extreme events and daily amounts in central and northern Sweden.

During 2008 we experienced an expansion of large scale investments in foreign farmland. This increasing trend has become a political hot-spot, but there is not much research available within the field. Due to a lack of research it remains a vital task to outline the potential effects of this trend. Drawing on existing ideas from some of the main actors within the field, The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), The World Bank, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the latest G8 summit on agriculture, four main purposes are set out for this paper. First, to outline some of the underlying mechanisms behind the trend is considered crucial for the understanding of the nature of these investments. Second, this paper reviews how these actors’ deals with this trend in relation to one of the core objects in the field of Political Science, namely national sovereignty. Furthermore, this paper examines how existing ideas may affect the global vision of reaching a sustainable development and the global commitment to reduce poverty. Using key concepts of sovereignty, globalization theory, development theory and the green theory as a basis for comparison, this study reaches some interesting findings. Some of the key findings are; - The actors, in the scope of this study, have a common understanding of the trend. Joint commitments and actions can therefore be expected from the international community. - National sovereignty is not considerd when discussing the regulation of the trend. Furthermore, sovereignty is not equally distributed between rich and poor countries. - Based on current ideas about development we will very unlikely be able to reduce poverty and at the same time reach the vision on a sustainable society. The two concepts are currently not compatible.

Optimization of time and cost in construction projects has been subject to extensive research since the development of the Critical Path Method (CPM). Many researchers have investigated various versions of the well-known Time-Cost Trade-off (TCT) problem including linear, convex, concave, and also the discrete (DTCT) version. Traditional methods in the literature for optimizing time and cost of construction projects range from mathematical methods to evolutionary-based ones, such as genetic algorithms, particle swarm, ant-colony, and leap frog optimization. However, none of the existing research studies has dealt with the optimization of large-scale projects in which any small saving would be significant. Traditional approaches have all been applied to projects of less than 100 activities which are far less than what exists in real-world construction projects. The objective of this study is to utilize recent developments in computation technology and novel optimization techniques such as Constraint Programming (CP) to improve the current limitations in solving large-scale DTCT problems. Throughout the first part of this research, an Excel-based TCT model has been developed to investigate the performance of traditional optimization methods, such as mathematical programming and genetic algorithms, for solving large TCT problems. The result of several experimentations confirms the inefficiency of traditional methods for optimizing large TCT problems. Subsequently, a TCT model has been developed using Optimization Programming Language (OPL) to implement the Constraint Programming (CP) technique. CP Optimizer of IBM ILOG Optimization Studio has been used to solve the model and to successfully optimize several projects ranging from a small project of 18 activities to very large projects consisting of more than 10,000 activities. Constraint programming proved to be very efficient in solving large-scale TCT problems, generating substantially better results in terms of solution quality and processing speed. While traditional optimization methods have been used to optimize projects consisting of less than one hundred activities, constraint programming demonstrated its capability of solving TCT problems comprising of thousands of activities. As such, the developed model represents a significant improvement in optimization of time and cost of large-scale construction projects and can greatly enhance the level of planning and control in such projects.