Diss. : philos. Fakultät : Freiburg, Schweiz : 1979. / Bibliogr. p. 325-333. -

This study discusses the life and works of Larra and many of his beliefs and ideas. The chapters have been divided into three, traeting of Larra's social, literary and political satire that deals mainly with the high cociety of Madrid (Spain).

A study of the literary techniques used by Mariano José de Larra and Ramón de Mesonero Romanos.

In this study of Mariano Jose de Larra's Articulos, it will be shown why Larra was not able to achieve his goal of improving the general lack of culture in Spain, which was, according to him, the biggest obstacle to progress. Larra, a liberal writer, wanted to help Spain become a liberal country, if necessary by revolution, which was to be brought about by his writings. He chose to write newspaper articles, a then still very new medium. Although celebrated for his biting satire, Larra's advice was not heeded. / The reasons for this are to be found in the special circumstances of the liberalization of Spain as well as personal circumstances of Larra, which will be addressed in the paper.

La obra periodística de Mariano José de Larra supone un constituyente básico en la historia de la literatura peninsular: el estudio de la época literaria decimonónica española sería impensable sin el análisis de los artículos que el mismo autor publica en los periódicos de la época. Ahora bien, Fígaro no solo se erige como un modelo fundamental en nuestro entorno, sino que su obra logró viajar por el espacio y el tiempo llegando, incluso, a Hispanoamérica, donde se establece asimismo como ejemplo en el proceso de escritura. Argentina durante el siglo XIX experimenta fuertes cambios, tales como la declaración de la autonomía del mismo país o las luchas internas relacionadas con la forma de poder a adoptar, o bien la asunción de Juan Manuel de Rosas como gobernador absoluto. En esta línea, un grupo de jóvenes, conocido luego como Generación del 37, analiza el contexto porteño y ofrece un programa de regeneración nacional mediante la redacción de textos literarios publicados en los periódicos del momento. De esta manera, la obra de Larra se erige como modelo a seguir: el espíritu inconformista del literato español, esa actitud reformista y confianza en la palabra como herramienta de modificación del ser nacional suponen para el grupo argentino un programa óptimo a abordar en el contexto argentino. En esta dirección, Juan Bautista Alberdi adopta ya en el primer periódico en que colabora, La Moda, un seudónimo que indiscutiblemente nos recuerda a Mariano José de Larra, a saber: Alberdi rubrica gran parte de sus textos periodísticos mediante el sobrenombre Figarillo, un claro derivado del célebre Fígaro usado por Larra. Así, el motor fundamental de la investigación que presentamos en nuestro estudio supone esclarecer en qué medida habría influido Mariano José de Larra en los artículos que publica el hispanoamericano en el mismo periódico. Paralelamente, se buscan rasgos diferenciales que nos permitan defender la originalidad de Juan Bautista Alberdi. Por último, y consecuencia de ello, nuestro trabajo aporta datos que completan los estudios literarios dados en torno al mismo periodista hispanoamericano. Frente a semejantes objetivos, el presente estudio inicia con un repaso del contexto histórico en que se desenvuelven ambos autores; a continuación, hemos recopilado los periódicos en que colabora el hispanoamericano y, luego, llegamos al análisis contrastado de los artículos elaborados por ambos literatos. Se han estudiado tanto rasgos temáticos como formales, de suerte que se compruebe la presunta influencia señalada, pero también la originalidad que estimamos caracteriza los textos publicados por Juan Bautista Alberdi. Así, en última instancia, el trabajo que presentamos atesta una laguna dada en relación con la obra de Juan Bautista Alberdi: la vertiente periodística del mismo ha sido parcialmente trabajada por parte de la crítica literaria, tal como comprobamos durante nuestra investigación. Se han elaborado artículos relacionados con el tema que ocupa nuestro trabajo, recopilaciones de escritos periodísticos publicados por Figarillo o alusiones a los mismos en estudios relativos con la Generación del 37; sin embargo, nuestro trabajo ofrece una relación detallada de datos que confirman la huella de Larra en las publicaciones realizadas por el hispanoamericano, pero también, según se ha adelantado, pruebas que apoyan la originalidad de los textos elaborados por el último. De este modo, la bibliografía trabajada, por un lado, versa en torno al contexto histórico que envuelve a ambos autores: se han empleado manuales relacionados con el siglo XIX tanto español como argentino para, al fin, configurar el apartado inicial de este trabajo. A continuación, hemos recopilado información en torno a la prensa periódica dada en el país español y argentino en el siglo XIX gracias a manuales y monografías halladas en bibliotecas y plataformas virtuales. Finalmente, hemos abordado el análisis de los artículos gracias, entre otros textos, a la edición facsimilar de La Moda creada por la Biblioteca Nacional de Buenos Aires y, por otra parte, la recopilación de textos periodísticos de Larra abordada por Carlos Seco Serrano.

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Mole Crickets (Scapteriscus spp.) are the most destructive pests in southern turf and pasture grasses. In response to extensive losses from mole crickets, Florida formed a task force to identify natural enemies in the native range of these pests. Two parasitic insects, Larra bicolor and Ormia depleta, and Steinernema scapterisci, an entomopathogenic nematode, were imported and released. Of the two insects, only Larra bicolor has spread to other states infested with mole crickets in the southeast. The present study documents the seasonal biology of Larra bicolor in the northern Gulf region, ornamental plants that can be used as nectar sources, and the impact of these nectar sources on longevity of the wasp and parasitism of mole crickets. Results of field and laboratory experiments showed that the ornamental Pentas lanceolata attracted wasps in the field and provided comparable or better longevity than Spermacoce verticillata which was the only known nectar source.

<p>Abstract</p><p>The album phenomenon developed in France and Spain and lasted throughout the entire nineteenth century. Albums were books with blank pages in which the owner collected contributions in the form of poetry, drawings, and music scores. These works were created for album owners by friends, acquaintances, and sometimes even suitors, and were meant to pay tribute to them. It is possible to imagine the album as a space of intense social and economic rivalry, in which owners of the books competed with one another to obtain the most luxurious books, and to fill them with the greatest number of entries from renowned artists. Similarly, contributors implicitly competed with one another to create the highest quality entries and contribute to albums that advanced their status as artists. However, established writers did not need further publicity, and many complained about the hassle of the constant request for contributions. To highlight the scope of the album phenomenon, and the frustration it caused writers and artists, José Zorrilla denounced album entry requests, stating that he had been solicited for album contributions a total of 188,000 times in his life. Honoré de Balzac condemned the album fashion even more fervently, declaring: "To hell with all albums." </p><p>I study the album as a practice that provides important information regarding gender, economic, and artistic exchanges in the milieus in which it flourished. My approach is based on the study of different types of texts. First, I analyze three essays on social customs that present the album from a perspective that mixes journalism and satire: Victor-Joseph Etienne de Jouy's 1811 essays "Des Album" and "Recherches sur l'Album et sur le chiffonier sentimental," and Mariano José de Larra's 1835 essay "El album." I use these essays to formulate a contextual theory on the album. I also examine nineteenth-century albums that I consulted in archives in France and Spain. Studying both the material construction of the albums and the contributions included in them, I try to understand the social and economic determinants of this social custom. Through the album entries, I explore the artistic networks established through, and exploited by, the album phenomenon, which were essential for successfully collecting contributions. Finally, I analyze fictional texts in which the album serves as a pivotal plot element used to shape the development of the stories and the roles of the protagonists. In my analysis of literary texts that portray the album, I focus on the establishment of gender and economic exchanges in this practice. I explore the imposition of traditional gender roles in the album phenomenon, according to which women were exclusively album owners and men were contributors. In my analysis of fictional texts, I also examine the economic aspect of this practice, reflecting upon the social class of the fictional characters involved in it. The literary texts that I study are: Honoré de Balzac's La Muse du département (1837), Manuel Bretón de los Herreros' El poeta y la beneficiada. Comedia en dos actos (1838) and El cuarto de hora. Comedia en cinco actos (1848), Juan de Ariza's "Historia de un album" (1847), Henri de Meilhac's L'autographe. Comédie en un acte (1858), Antonio Flores' "Cuadro cincuenta y uno. Placeres de sobremesa" (1863), José María de Pereda's Pedro Sánchez (1883), Juan López Valdemoro's "El álbum" (1886), and Leopoldo Alas `Clarín''s "Album-abanico" (1898). </p><p>The nineteenth century saw the rise of consumer culture and the proliferation of objects, such as cardholders, parasols, fans, pocket watches, and other trinkets. The album is at once part of this plethora of nineteenth-century objects and yet it is also distinct, in that it was a special piece of material culture that promoted a particular type of personal communication and required the creation of textual production. The album was established as a unique cultural manifestation, the study of which allows for a reconstruction of different types of social dynamics in its milieu. </p><p>Due to the complexity and richness of this object-centered practice, and the ways in which it developed, the album offers multiple analytical possibilities, as a social, historical, and literary phenomenon. One of the most significant contributions of this project lies in its transnational perspective and in its comparative analysis of different types of texts: essays on social customs, literary texts, and personal collections that survive in archival albums. The study of the exchanges that were fostered, and capitalized upon, through the album fashion is essential for understanding notions of private and public and collection as a practice. My analysis of the album yields invaluable insights into gender and class dynamics, ideas of art, and visual and material culture in nineteenth-century France and Spain.</p> / Dissertation

Literary criticism has attacked more than once the romantic historical novel condemning it because it was presenting both at a time historical events and historical fiction, what was, according to some critics, encroaching upon the verisimilitude of the historical facts introduced in this kind of novel as well as diminishing the quality of the fictional story while hindering the process of creativity of the writers. Of course, the historical Spanish novel has also suffered from these pessimistic judgements, but it has been accused too of being in no way original for it was taken mainly as an imitation of Scott's works. We do not share this opinion, however, and think on the contrary that Spain has produced great historical fictions which are original from the standpoint of their plots and their characters. / In the first part of this thesis we will show how the Spanish hero of the historical, romantic novel is far from the model of hero typically depicted by Scott. The main objective of this study will be to define the entity or the masculine Spanish protagonist of the genre in question. For this purpose, we will compare three protagonists, Usdrobal, Macias and Jimeno, from three chosen Spanish novels, between each other and with other secondary characters, especially with their antagonists. The physical and moral aspects will be particularly underlined as we examine, for example, Lavater's science and, at the same, time, the actions, reactions and attitudes of these protagonists. As a result, we will be able to establish their profile and personality. Parallels will also be made, whenever useful, with other significant Spanish and European characters. In this analysis it will be made clear that these romantic beings who suffer terribly throughout their lives are vulnerable and original in opposition to both the traditional and the Scottian heroes.

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