Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-02-03T11:49:25Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-03T11:49:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O câncer é um problema de saúde pública mundial. O Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA) estimou que no Brasil, no ano de 2015, 576 mil novos casos surgiram, representando a segunda maior causa de mortes por esta doença. Entre os tratamentos oferecidos para o câncer, podemos destacar a radioterapia, que utiliza fontes ionizantes para erradicar ou impedir a proliferação das células tumorais. Entretanto, o uso da radiação ionizante (R.I), pode acarretar danos às células não tumorais circunvizinhas ao tumor. Assim, tratamentos coadjuvantes que possam diminuir os efeitos deletérios da radiação são extremamente importantes. Neste contexto, o laser de baixa potência (LBP) surge como alternativa para modular a resposta das células frente à radiação ionizante. Sendo esse nosso objetivo, células de fibroblastos de gengiva humana (FMM1) e câncer de mama (MDA-MB-231) foram expostas as doses de 2,5 e 10 Gy e após 24 h receberam LBP (λ= 660 nm, 40 mW e 0,04 cm²) com as densidades de energia de 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 J/cm². A viabilidade celular foi quantificada através do teste de exclusão com azul de tripan durante quatro dias. A influência do LBP nas fases do ciclo celular e a expressão do Antígeno Nuclear de Proliferação celular (PCNA) foram realizadas por citometria de fluxo. A expressão de β-Galactosidase foi considerada para quantificar a senescência celular. Considerando os parâmetros utilizados, observou-se aumento na viabilidade celular, da expressão de PCNA, maior população nas fases S e G2/m do ciclo celular, e a diminuição de células senescentes para as células não tumorais, enquanto que para as tumorais, nenhuma resposta foi observada na viabilidade celular, maior população nas fases S e G2/m do ciclo celular e na quantidade de células senescentes enquanto que a expressão de PCNA diminuiu. Diante disso, concluímos que o LBP exerceu efeitos em ambas as linhagens celulares. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

The objective of this thesis has been to investigate novel host material configurations for high-power end-pumped Er-Yb co-doped, or Yb doped microchip lasers and try to increase their performance. In Er-Yb co-doped systems, the main limitation is the thermal shortcomings of the phosphate glass host material. The thesis presents some novel results that contribute to the search for a crystalline replacement. In Yb doped systems, most end-pumped schemes reported have been using relatively low-power single-emitter diodes. The thesis presents experiments with Yb:KGW microchips end-pumped by high-power diode bars. Another common limitation of end-pumped Yb microchip lasers is the thermal lens that destabilizes the cavity and decreases the beam quality. The approach to reduce the thermal lens by using an athermal propagation direction has been evaluated and the results are presented in the thesis. In the search for a crystalline host material for Er-Yb systems, borates have been found increasingly interesting. Consequently, we started out by investigating Gadolinium-calcium-oxoborate, GdCOB, which could be grown in platinum crucibles. It was found that the cw performance of such monolithic microchips is quite comparable to glass hosts in terms of slope efficiency, but the threshold is significantly larger. As for Q-switched performance, which is essential to most Er-Yb applications, the first efficient Q-switched results with a crystalline host is presented in the thesis. Similar to the cw regime, the slope efficiencies are comparable to glass, while the threshold is quite high. However, the perhaps most important parameter, maximum output power before thermal fracture, is neither significantly improved nor worsened compared with phosphate glass. This is believed to be due to higher threshold and a stronger thermal expansion that negates the benefit of a thermal conductivity that is only 2-3 times higher. To find a host material that could withstand higher pump powers, we turned our attention to the double-tungstates KGW and KYW, which have higher thermal conductivity and higher cross-sections. They have, however, energy level lifetimes which differ significantly from glass or borates and as a consequence, a thorough spectroscopic investigation has been undertaken to optimize dopant concentrations. Laser experiments on crystals with dopant concentrations based on this investigation are expected in the near future. When pumping Yb:KGW with a high-power diode bar, we achieved output powers of 9 – 12.4 W under different experimental conditions with incident powers of 18.3 – 26 W. The incident power of 26 W in one design was enough to fracture the crystal. Using a crystal cut for propagation along an athermal direction and comparing it with an identical b-cut crystal, we found that the thermal lens in the athermally oriented crystal was about a factor two weaker at the same absorbed power. / QC 20101116

Orientador: Maria Clara Filippini Ierardi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T03:30:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nascimento_AlexMaiado_M.pdf: 9829466 bytes, checksum: 78b8c487039e438993230c1c4d52544c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Neste trabalho procurou-se observar as mudanças microestruturais e os efeitos na resistência à corrosão dos aços inoxidáveis duplex UNS S32304 e S32205, bastante utilizados pela indústria petrolífera, após realização de tratamentos superficiais por refusão a laser. Foram realizados inicialmente vários testes para a determinação experimental dos parâmetros de processo. Após a escolha otimizada dos parâmetros, as mudanças microestruturais foram analisadas por microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura - MEV, difração de raios- X e microdureza Vickers. Com isso, obteve-se dados que puderam ser comparados a condição inicial das ligas. Para analisar o comportamento corrosivo das ligas, antes e após os tratamentos, foram feitos ensaios de polarização cíclica com utilização da solução de 3,5% de NaCI (água do mar artificial), já que os aços inoxidáveis duplex estão sendo bastante utilizados em situações offshore na indústria do petróleo. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que quando tratadas superficialmente a laser, devido à rápida resolidificação, as ligas praticamente ferritizaram, e como o teor de nitrogênio existente na composição de ambas ligas é superior ao seu limite de solubilidade na ferrita, ocorreu uma precipitação de Cr2N(nitretos de cromo) na matriz ferrítica o que promoveu uma perda de resistência à corrosão, porém um aumento significativo de dureza superficial / Abstract: The objective of this work is to observe the micros1ructural changes and effects on corrosion resistance of the duplex stainless steels UNS S32304 and S32205, commonly used by the petroleum industry, following the execution of laser surface remelting treatments. Various initial tests were carried out to determine the parameters for the experimental process. Following the optimum choice of parameters, microstructural changes were analyzed by means of optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction and Vickers Microhardness. In this way, data was obtained, which could then be compared with the starting condition of the alloys. In order to analyze the corrosive behavior of the alloys before and after the treatments, cyclic polarization tests were carried out. A solution of 3.5% NaCI (artificial sea water) was utilized, as duplex stainless steels are regularly used by the petroleum industry in offshore locations. The results obtained showed that when treated superflcially by laser, due to rapid resolidification, the alloys became almost ferritic, and since the leveI of nitrogen in the composition of both alloys is superior to their solubility limit in ferrite, a precipitation of Cr2N (chromium nitrides) occurred in the ferritic matrix, causing loss of corrosion resistance, thus signifying an increase in surface hardness / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: João Batista Fogagnolo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T19:20:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_AdilsonVitor_M.pdf: 9962654 bytes, checksum: f1f7f3888d618e2a6c70858afd45723b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The abstract is available with the full electronic document / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

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In recent years, the study of stimulated emission from and by biological systems has gained wide spread attention as a promising technology platform for novel biointegrated laser. However, the photonic properties and the associated physics of many biological laser systems are not yet fully understood and many promising resonator architectures and laser classes have not yet transitioned into the biological world. In this thesis, we investigate the fundamental photonic properties of lasers based on single biological cells and explore the potential of distributed feedback (DFB) gratings as novel biointegrated laser resonators. We show how the easy and flexible fabrication of DFB resonators helps to realize optofluidic and solid-state biological lasers. Lasing characteristics, such as tunable and single mode emission, are investigated and different applications are explored. Fourier-space emission studies on different biological lasers give insight in to the photonic dispersion relation of the system and the fundamental creation of lasing modes and their confinement in living systems. The first purely water based optofluidic DFB laser is demonstrated and novel sensing applications are suggested. This device shows low threshold lasing due to an optimized mode shape, which is achieved by a low refractive index substrate and the use of a mixed-order grating. Next, by integrating a high refractive index interlayer on a DFB resonator, a laser device incorporating the novel solid-state biological gain material green fluorescent protein (GFP) is realized. Lastly, we show how the thickness of organic polymer lasers can be reduced to its fundamental limit (< 500 nm) and the resulting membrane like laser devices can be applied to and operated on various body parts to potentially complement biometric identification.

Laseres de estado sólido que operan en la región espectral de seguridad ocular alrededor de los 2 micrómetros (2µm) son de elevado interés en la actualidad debido a su potencial aplicación en los campos de la medicina, teledetección remota y como fuentes de bombeo en osciladores ópticos paramétricos (OPOs) para conversión en el infrarrojo medio. La transición láser en las 2 µm es posible en los iones de tulio (Tm) ligeramente por debajo de las 2 µm y en iones de holmio (Ho) ligeramente por encima de las 2 µm. La generación láser en iones de Tm es relativamente simple con la utilización de láseres de diodo como fuentes de bombeo, sin embargo, los láseres basados en Ho se han conseguido tradicionalmente en el pasado mediante el codopaje con Tm o mediante bombeo directo del nivel emisor del Ho. Recientemente, diodos láser que operan a 1.9 µm han aparecido en el mercado con buena eficiencia y con alto potencial para el escalado en potencia de los láseres de Ho. Los láseres de Ho son más apropiados que los láseres de Tm especialmente para aplicaciones médicas por dos razones: La longitud de onda láser ligeramente por encima de las 2 µm, donde el agua (mayor componente del cuerpo humano) presenta una ligera menor absorción que la típica longitud de onda láser del Tm, hace que el láser penetre más en el tejido humano. La segunda razón es que los láseres de Ho pueden operar en régimen pulsado generando mayores energías por pulso que los láseres de Tm debido al mayor tiempo de vida del nivel emisor 5I7 y las aplicaciones médicas requieren por lo general régimen pulsado para evitar daño térmico del tejido. Numerosos óxidos y fluoruros cristalinos han demostrado ser adecuadas matrices para Ho, sin embargo, poca atención se ha puesto en los dobles tungstatos cristalinos de fase monoclínica, de fórmula química KRE(WO4)2, brevemente KREW, donde RE = Y, Gd y Lu conocidos por ser matrices láser muy eficientes para la generación láser a potencias intermedias. Estos cristales anisotrópicos presentan una elevada sección eficaz de absorción y emisión cuando son dopados con iones lantánidos y especialmente para ciertas polarizaciones. Considerando el potencial del Ho y las buenas propiedades de KREW, nuestro trabajo se centra en la investigación de las prestaciones láser en cristales de KREW dopados con Ho utilitzando tanto Tm o Yb como iones sensibilizadores y utilizando fuentes de bombeo emitiendo a 1.9 µm que permiten la excitación directa del nivel emisor. En esta tesis, presentamos los resultados basados en el crecimiento cristalino de monocristales de Ho:KREW, codopajes (Ho,Tm) y (Ho,Yb):KLuW a diferentes concentraciones de Ho, su caracterización en términos de estructura, composición y espectroscopia y finalmente la generación láser alrededor de 2.1 µm. / Eye-safe solid-state lasers that operate in the 2µm spectral range are the subject of interest in the present years because of their potential applications in the field of remote sensing, medicine and as a pump source for Optical Parametric Oscillators (OPOs). Laser transitions around 2 µm are possible in the trivalent lanthanide ions Tm3+ (Tm) (slightly below 2 µm) and Ho3+ (Ho) (slightly above 2 µm). Laser generation in Tm ions is easily achieved with comfortable diode pump sources, however, Ho lasers have usually been achieved in the past either by co-doping the active medium with Tm or by direct pumping of the Ho ions with Tm lasers. Recently, relatively cheap diodes emitting around 1.9 µm are in the market to realize Ho lasers with great potential for power scaling. Ho lasers are more suitable than Tm lasers especially for medical applications because of two reasons: The laser wavelength is slightly above 2µm, where water (main component of human tissue) shows slightly less absorption than the typical wavelength of Tm leading to a deeper penetration in human tissue. The second reason is that Ho lasers can operate in pulsed regime delivering higher energies than Tm lasers due to the longer lifetime of the emitting level 5I7 and medical applications are required to be generally in pulsed regime to avoid thermal damage of human tissue. Many oxide and fluoride crystals were shown to be suitable host for Ho, however little attention was paid to the monoclinic potassium rare earth double tungstate crystal, shortly KRE(WO4)2 or KREW, where RE= Y, Gd, Lu known to be very efficient rare earth solid state hosts for generating intermediate power levels. These anisotropic crystals exhibit very high absorption and emission cross sections when doped with lanthanide ions and especially for selected polarizations. Considering the potentialities of Ho and good properties of KREW, our work focuses in the investigation of the laser performances of a Ho doped KREW either by using Tm or Yb as sensitizers and by using in-band pump sources emitting around 1.9 µm, where the development of compact solid state infrared laser emitting at 2.1 µm for intermediate power levels is followed. Here, in this thesis, we present the results based on growth of single doped Ho:KREW, co-doped (Ho,Tm) and (Ho,Yb):KLuW crystals of several doping concentrations, their characterisation in terms of structure, composition and spectroscopy and finally dedicated for the laser generation around 2.1 µm from these materials, which was highly successful.

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Au cours des dernières décennies, les métamatériaux ont montré qu'ils pouvaient avoir des propriétés étonnantes, permettant d'imaginer et de réaliser des dispositifs tels que des lentilles à indice négatif, des dispositifs de camouflage ou des lentilles parfaitement plates. Aussi, font-ils aujourd'hui l'objet d'une intense recherche. Cette thèse, inscrite dans le projet ANR METAPHOTONIQUE, avait pour objectif principal d'étudier la possibilité d'utiliser des métamatériaux pour l'optique guidée à la longueur d'onde télécom. Ceci a requis une meilleure compréhension du comportement des métamatériaux, ce qui nous a orientés vers l'étude de modèles effectifs. La récupération des paramètres optiques effectifs a nécessité de pouvoir simuler la réponse des métamatériaux sous une illumination en incidence oblique, ce qui a requis l'implémentation de telles méthodes en FDTD. Aux cours de nos travaux, nous avons aussi mis en évidence un phénomène de rotation de la polarisation de modes guidés suite à leur interaction avec des métamatériaux asymétriques. Nous avons alors pu concevoir et caractériser un dispositif pour l'optique guidée destiné faire tourner la polarisation de la lumière sur une longueur deux fois plus courte que la longueur d'onde. Enfin, un objectif secondaire a été de déterminer si les pertes dues à la présence de nanostructures métalliques dans nos métamatériaux pouvaient être compensées grâce à l'utilisation de matériaux à gain. Un modèle permettant de décrire de tels matériaux en FDTD a donc été étudié et implémenté / Over the last decades, metamaterials have been shown to exhibit extraordinary properties. These properties could allow the design of new devices such as negative refractive index lenses, cloaking devices and perfectly flat lenses. This PhD is part of the ANR METAPHOTONIQUE project and its main objective was to study the potential of metamaterials for integrated photonics at telecommunication wavelengths. This required to first better understand the behavior of metamaterials, which led us to study effective index models. The retrieval of effective optical parameters required to be able to simulate the optical response of metamaterials under oblique incidence excitation. Due to this, we had to study and implement such methods for FDTD computations. Our work also showed that asymmetrical metamaterials possessed the ability to make the polarization of guided modes rotate. This allowed us to design and characterize a potential device for integrated photonics, which effectively converts the polarization of guided modes over lengths shorter than half the wavelength. A secondary goal of this PhD was to study the potential compensation of losses occuring within the metallic nanostructures of our metamaterials through the use of materials with gain. Thus, a model allowing us to simulate such materials in FDTD has been implemented