There is little consensus on what forced the climate of southern Africa to change during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Because of southern Africa's latitudinal position, changes in seasonal precipitation can help resolve the influence of internal climate factors such as groundwater and external climate forcers such as large scale atmospheric circulation patterns. This paper presents a simple model of groundwater discharge based on permeability and topography in comparison with general circulation model precipitation results and paleoenvironmental proxy records. Results show that during the LGM the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) likely weakened and moved slightly further south while the westerlies likely expanded slightly northward, with no significant change in strength. The climate and groundwater results were compared to the distribution of LGM and pre-LGM archaeological sites. Results show that the Later Stone Age peoples of southern Africa were likely inhabiting a relatively wet environment rather than an arid one.

There is little consensus on what forced the climate of southern Africa to change during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Because of southern Africa's latitudinal position, changes in seasonal precipitation can help resolve the influence of internal climate factors such as groundwater and external climate forcers such as large scale atmospheric circulation patterns. This paper presents a simple model of groundwater discharge based on permeability and topography in comparison with general circulation model precipitation results and paleoenvironmental proxy records. Results show that during the LGM the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) likely weakened and moved slightly further south while the westerlies likely expanded slightly northward, with no significant change in strength. The climate and groundwater results were compared to the distribution of LGM and pre-LGM archaeological sites. Results show that the Later Stone Age peoples of southern Africa were likely inhabiting a relatively wet environment rather than an arid one.

In this study, the utilization of palliative care services, acute care services, and location of death for clients who were palliative and receiving services from Champlain Community Care Access Centre (CCAC) in Ontario during their last month of life were investigated. An adaptation of Andersen?s Behavioral Model of Health Services Utilization provided context and structure to this study. This is an historical, quantitative descriptive study using chart audits for data collection. The data on CCAC clients who were palliative and who died during the month of July 2009 were tracked during their last month of life. Collection of socio-demographic data, services provided through CCAC, emergency department visits, hospital admissions, and location of death provided the data for this study. The clients who died at home used more CCAC services than those who died at other locations and frequently community palliative care physicians provided their medical care. The findings of this study included: 1) The majority of the clients, who expressed a preference, died in their preferred location. 2) The role of community palliative care physicians was an important component of the services that supported the clients to die in their location of choice. 3) Over 25% of the study sample died in a hospital and the clients used a large number of in-patient hospital days with one quarter of the hospital deaths taking place in an emergency department or an intensive care unit. 4) During the last month of life, 25% of the clients received chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. 5) The clients who died at home used more CCAC services than those who died in other locations and who used institutional resources. The implications for practice, policy, research, and education are discussed.

The initial aim of the roll out of smart electricity meters in Sweden was to allow remote readings of the households’ monthly electricity consumption for billing purposes. Since then the transition towards a smart grid has become a more prioritized matter. In the roll out of next generation smart meters more attention is therefore given to how the Distribution System Operator (DSO) can benefit from the meter through different smart grid applications. This study uses a qualitative research method to identify three general fields of application and 15 specific concepts corresponding to ways in which the DSO can create added value from the information provided by the smart meter. The benefits of one of these concepts, the so-called “last gasp” and “first breath” functionality, are assessed in a business case. The study concludes that the three main areas of smart meter applications are operating the grid, planning the grid and utility in the customers’ household. The study also shows that the outcomes of the business case on the “last gasp” and “first breath” functionality are highly dependent on the cost of the functionality, however the investment can still be motivated through increased customer satisfaction andimproved outage management. The general conclusion is that the smart meter will play an essential role in providing the control and information needed in the transition to a smarter grid.

Satirical news programs are a very popular concept where people tune in to them for a laugh and might leave with a bit more knowledge on the subjects reported. With the popularity of such shows growing the media’s covering of them grows as well. The question is then how the media portrays these satirical news shows. In this study a framing analysis is used to analyse articles by four American news outlets – two traditional and two modern – to assess how the media is portraying the newer satirical news program Last Week Tonight with John Oliver. There has been a lot of research done on how satirical programs affect the world around them but this study instead looks at how the media chooses to portray such a show. The focus is on whether the media treats the program as entertainment or more like another news outlet and what kind of effect that could have on the two genres satire and news. This study shows that the media presents the program as not just a comedy show that makes fun of news but also as a credible source of information. It is portrayed as a bit of both and one is not shown to contradict the other. This indicates that the distinction between genres such as satire and news is blurring which in turn can make it harder for the audience to separate the two and thereby make it more difficult to know what is news and what is not.

L’amélioration des microsystèmes grâce à leur intégration en 3 dimensions (3D) est liée au développement des interconnexions verticales, appelées through silicion via (TSV). Afin d’obtenir une densité d’intégration maximum et les meilleures performances électriques possibles, ces interconnexions sont d’un diamètre le plus petit possible (facteur de forme élevé) et idéalement remplies de cuivre. Dans ces conditions, la fabrication de TSV représente un défi. L’une des étapes les plus critiques est l’isolation électrique du TSV de cuivre qui doit être réalisée sans endommager les microdispositifs déjà présent sur le substrat. Cette étape est traditionnellement accomplie par le dépôt de dioxyde de silicium (SiO2), compliqué à mettre en œuvre et coûteux pour des TSV de cuivre à facteur de forme élevés. Le procédé d’électrogreffage d’un film isolant de poly-4-vinylpirydine (P4VP) a été proposé comme alternative au SiO2. Ce procédé a déjà été prouvé pour isoler des TSV usinés dans du silicium ne contenant aucun dispositif, mais reste a être démontré dans les conditions d’intégration 3D. Cette thèse a pour but de démontrer la compatibilité du procédé d’isolation par électrogreffage de P4VP de TSV de cuivre à facteur de forme élevé, dans les conditions d’intégration 3D et d’en déduire l’impact sur la fiabilité des microdispositifs à leur proximité. Cette thèse rapporte la fabrication des premiers TSV de cuivre à facteur de forme élevé, isolés par P4VP, dans les conditions d’intégration 3D d’un microsystème. Nous avons observé la vulnérabilité des microdispositifs aux attaques successives des solutions traditionnellement utilisées pour préparer le substrat de silicium à l’électrogreffage. Cependant, en remplaçant les solutions les plus agressives par des techniques plus douces, la fabrication des TSV isolés par P4VP a été démontrée. L’influence de la préparation de surface du silicium sur l’épaisseur du film greffé a ensuite été étudiée. L’analyse comparative des voltammogrammes révèle que la présence d’un oxyde créé chimiquement permet d’obtenir des films de P4VP plus épais que lorsque le substrat est désoxydé. Le rôle des états de surface générés par la présence de l’oxyde a été investigué par l’analyse de courbes Mott-Schottky. Ces expériences ont mis en évidence l’influence des états de surface sur la création d’une zone d’inversion dans le silicium, favorisant l’accumulation d’électrons nécessaire à l’électro-initiation du procédé d’électrogreffage. Enfin, la thèse rapporte la première mesure des contraintes résiduelles associées à la conception de TSV isolés par P4VP. Ces mesures révèlent que l’utilisation de l’isolant électrogreffé, comparativement au SiO2, permet de réduire considérablement les contraintes dans le silicium à proximité des TSV. Ainsi, l’utilisation du polymère de P4VP devrait permettre d’augmenter la densité d’intégration d’un microsystème tout en assurant sa fiabilité.

The principle of subsidiarity in a criminal law Summary The Master's degree thesis analyzes the principle of subsidiarity in a criminal law as an actual topic beacause this principle is included in the new czech penal code in art. 12 para 2: "The crime responsibility and its consequences can be applied only in social harmful cases if an application of an other kind of a law responsibility is insufficient." However before the new penal code was passed the czech Constitutional Court and Supreme Court had dealed with the principle of subsidiarity in a criminal law in their judgments. The first chapter reports on a general definition of the principle of subsidiarity and the ultima ratio principle and concludes that the phrasing in the citied art. 12 para 2 is too "thin" because the criminal law should be subsidiary not only to the other law but also to the all social tools. The second chapter deals with the principle of subsidiarity as a rule for an interpretation. In the new czech penal code this principle can be used only for the interpretation of these words describing crimes which are not expressed to unequivocal. The next chapter refers to the german "theory of law goods" (Rechtsgutstheorie) and the term social harm. The judgements of the german Constitutional Court are taken into consideration. The...

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Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciada en Lengua y Literatura Inglesa / The scope of this work is to understand the ways in which different elements concerning a postmodern view of Paul Auster’s In the Country of Last Things come together to conform a comprehensive understanding of this narrative. I plan on considering urban subjects and their movements within the city by means of space ―the place they occupy inside the city, their activities―how they plan on surviving, and the ways in which history and memory collide to form a sense of community that is long gone. Also, elements such as the city itself as a place where interactions between people living in duress are conducted, and the space as background for those interactions. All of these aspects will play part in finally acknowledging to what extent is this a city of ‘Last things’ a place which is on the verge of destruction, but that recycles and transforms the last things into new ones. This will take on the form of the point of view of a newcomer to the city, someone who experiences these new situations as she finds herself into them, with the fresh eyes of someone who has been outside it, and understands what the difficulties are in finding a sense of belonging in a place which does not lend itself to do so, but in doing so finds herself entangled in the city’s movements.

The purpose of this thesis is to enlighten Boetten Bygg ABconcerning Lean Construction and its methods, which can benefittheir work towards reduction of non-valuable activities during theproduction phase. The examination took place at two projects thatBoetten is working with in Sigtuna and Sollentuna. Both projectswere in the same phase. The method used were to visit the projectsand get an overview of how they’re working today. This was done byattending weekly meetings between the leading parties from Boettenas well as the leading persons from each of the contractors, wealso handed out a survey where the participants evaluate theproblems that can occur. The literature study lifts the basic principles of LeanConstruction, where we have chosen to focus on three differentLean methods that may help Boetten to decrease the wastingactivities in their future projects. We adressed the procurementof a project to lift the pros and cons that this contributes. Byusing this theory, we have discussed the subject round thequestion formulation: •Where in the production process is the biggest potential fordecreasing wasting activities? •Which Lean methods would generate the most valuable improvementadjusted to their organization? •How can Boetten go through with a change in the productionprocess? The gathered result shows the three dominating problem areas werewaiting, the arrangement on the construction site and thecommunication between involved parties. Based on the result wediscussed Boettens way of working to narrate, with grounds fromthe literature study, how an improvement may be carried out. Thestudy shows that an implementation of Lean Construction has thepossibility to minimize the wastage. The methods which wereconsidered to make the biggest change concerning wastingactivities were 5S, Just-In-Time and Last Planner. In order forthis to be possible, a strategy decision is required at amanagement level