Submitted by Priscila Nascimento (pnascimento@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2012-11-09T13:57:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 antonio-gomes-pinto-ferreira.pdf: 3200920 bytes, checksum: 45691c2f346703ac5db93dd4465b77f3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-09T13:57:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 antonio-gomes-pinto-ferreira.pdf: 3200920 bytes, checksum: 45691c2f346703ac5db93dd4465b77f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / Nesta dissertação apresentamos o modelo utilizado pelo Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz, para absorver uma nova tecnologia de produção de reativos para diagnóstico, de alta complexidade (imunocromatografia e fluxo lateral) e estratégico para a área de saúde de nosso país. Inicialmente, porque permitirá a produção de um Kitde diagnóstico (“Teste Rápido HIV-1/2 – Bio-Manguinhos”), de alto impacto social, indispensável para ampliar as ações de saúde pública em DST/Aids e, emseguida porque será capaz de democratizar o diagnóstico da infecção pelo HIV no Brasil. A absorção desta nova tecnologia redundará em uma economia de divisas para o Brasil com a conseqüente interrupção de grandes compras de Kits importados, além de gerar um potencial a ser futuramente usado no desenvolvimento e produçãode Kits para o diagnóstico de outras importantes enfermidades que acometem a população brasileira, com baixo custo. Finalmente, devido às repercussões positivasem outros setores relacionados à produção, melhorando e fortalecendo a área de Reativos para Diagnóstico de Bio-Manguinhos. Estes são argumentos significativos para a implementação deste projeto baseado em transferência de tecnologia. Bio-Manguinhos estabeleceu as articulações necessárias junto ao Ministério da Saúde, especialmente junto ao PNDST/Aids, utilizando a “demanda do setor público brasileiro”, por um período de três anos, como contrapartida nas negociações com a empresa cedente da tecnologia, evitando, desta forma, qualquer gasto adicional de recursos públicos para absorver as referidas tecnologias. A Aids, ou SIDA, ainda é um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública no mundo, apresentando números absolutamente alarmantes – cerca de 40 milhões de pessoas infectadas pelo HIV, 5 milhões de novos casos por ano e 3,5 milhões de óbitos em 2004. No Brasil, apesar de ser adotada uma boa política de assistência e tratamento, que vem sendo citada como exemplo no mundo inteiro, ainda convivemos com uma epidemia que continua a se alastrar em ritmo preocupante, com estimativa de 600.000 brasileiros infectados. Atualmente, estamos presenciando uma revolução científica e tecnológica impar e, neste contexto, Bio-Manguinhos vem tendo como missão “contribuir para a melhoria dos padrões de saúde pública brasileira, através da pesquisa tecnológica e da produção de imunobiológicos necessários para atender à demanda gerada pelo quadro epidemiológico do país”. Assim, esta Instituição vem investindo, intensamente, em projetos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D), bem como na aquisição e incorporação de novas tecnologias para a produção, em escala industrial, de produtos capazes de suprir as demandas dos programas nacionais de saúde pública do Ministério da Saúde. Neste contexto, vem seguindo as tendências na área de Reativos para Diagnóstico laboratorial que estão voltadas, principalmente, para uma melhor orientação da conduta terapêutica com diagnósticos mais precisos, diferenciais e mais precoces na detecção das doenças, maior rapidez nos resultados e realização dos testes afins nos próprios locais de atendimento de pacientes. / This dissertation describes the model adopted by Bio-Manguinhos in the incorporation of a brand-new technology (immunochromatography and lateral flow) for the production of reagents for diagnosis. This technology is strategic and extremely valuable for the country, as it allows for the production of a low-cost diagnostic kit (Rapid Test HIV-1/2 – Bio-Manguinhos) that will, in turn, promote the dissemination of more extensive public health measures in the prevention and control of STD/Aids, including the socialization of HIV diagnosis in Brazil. Also, the substitution of large bulks of imported tests by their nationally produced equivalent will result in great, monetary savings by the Brazilian Ministry of Health and that the technological platform applied in such tests can also be used in the development of rapid tests designed for the diagnosis of other endemic diseases that afflict the Brazilian population. Finally, due to the positive repercussions it may have on other production sectors, this initiative will ameliorateand strengthen the area of Reagents for Diagnosis in Bio-Manguinhos. All of these arguments, represented strong incentives for the establishment of the partnership, being essential for the implementation of the technology transfer process. Bio-Manguinhos undertook the necessary negotiationswith MoH, especially with the National Program for STD/Aids, offering a share of the Brazilian public market for a period of three years in exchange for the technology to be transferred by the American company that detains it, thus avoidingany extra use of public funds by the Brazilian government. Aids is still one of the biggest public health problems in the world today, presenting impacting figures: approximately 40 million people are infected with HIV worldwide, with 5 million new cases diagnosed per year and 3.5 million deaths being reported in 2004. Despite Brazil´s policy for universal Aids treatment and assistance coverage – which is considered an example for the rest of the world – the country, with its estimated 600,000 HIV positive citizens, still deals with an epidemic that continues to spread at alarming rates. Certainly, much is yet expected to result from today´s scientific and technological revolution. Within this context, Bio-Manguinhos, whose mission is to “contribute to the improvement of the Brazilian public health standards through technological research and development and the production of immunobiologicals necessary for the fulfillment of the demands generated by the country´s epidemiological status”, has been investing heavily in R&D projects as well as in the acquisition and incorporation of new technologies for the large scale manufacture of products that will feed MoH´s national public health programs. One of the new tendencies in the field of reagents for laboratorial diagnosis is geared toward guiding a better therapeutic approach and calls for a more precise, differential and early disease diagnosis. The time required to obtain results also tends to be shorter and the tests, designed in much simpler formats, can beperformed faster, without need for extensive professional expertise or fully – equipped facilities.

Trifft herabfallender Regen auf Waldflächen, so wird dieser Niederschlag umverteilt zu Interzeption, Stammabfluss, durchfallenden und abtropfenden Niederschlag. Besonders hohe Stammablaufmengen im Kronenzentrum und markante Abtropfstellen am Kronenrand einzelner Baumarten lassen sich zudem nur erklären, wenn am jeweiligen Messplatz unter Baumkronen eine weitere Niederschlagskomponente zugelassen wird, mit der laterale Wasserbewegungen innerhalb der expliziten Einzelbaumkrone beschrieben und bilanziert werden (lateraler [Zu- oder Ab-]Fluss). Ziel dieser Arbeit war es deshalb, der niederschlagsabhängigen und kleinräumigen Dynamik dieser Umverteilung im Wald am Beispiel der Baumarten Buche (Fagus sylvatica L.) und Fichte (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) durch Aufnahmen und Auswertungen in zwei Mischbeständen beider Baumarten nachzugehen. Wiederholende Niederschlagsaufzeichnungen einzelner Regenereignisse wurden hierzu in Relation zur jeweiligen Freilandniederschlagsmenge, zur Art der Messplatzüberschirmung im Kronendach und zur Distanz des Messplatzes zum ihn dominierenden Baum varianz- und regressionsanalytisch untersucht und um Ergebnisse aus Stammablaufanalysen und Streumodellen ergänzt. Auf dieser Basis konnten Kausalmodelle zur Schätzung des Unterkronenniederschlages mit hoher Güte hergeleitet werden, die im Detail ein baumartspezifisches räumliches Verhalten der einzelnen Niederschlagskomponenten beim Passieren der Baumkrone belegen. Neben den Besonderheiten, die sich bei Messungen in Bestandeslücken einstellen, ergeben sich so z.B. in der Vegetationsperiode je nach Messplatzposition und Freilandniederschlagsmenge Unterschiede im Niederschlag unter beiden Baumartenkronen von bis zu 35 % des Freilandniederschlages je Einzelereignis und zwar stets zugunsten der Buchenüberschirmung. Am Stammfuss von Buchen kann darüber hinaus zusätzliches Wasser durch den Stammabfluss eingetragen werden. Hierfür notwenige Wassermengen können plausibel aus dem nachgewiesenen lateralen Wasserabfluss im inneren Kronendrittel von Buchen gedeckt werden. Über ein räumlich konkretes Interzeptionsmodell, kombiniert mit Blattflächenschätzungen für Einzelbäume konkreter Dimension, konnte ein räumliches LAI-Modell für Buchen abgeleitet werden, dass höchste LAI-Werte im Kronenzentrum annimmt. Da der Bestandesniederschlag hinsichtlich Niederschlagsmenge, Bestockung, Belaubungszustand und zum räumlich konkreten Messplatz unter der einzelnen Baumkrone veränderlich ist, wird die gewissenhaftere Berücksichtigung dieser Einflussvariablen angeregt und der bisher häufig praktizierten pauschalen Aufteilung des Niederschlages in einzelne Niederschlagskomponenten auf Basis von Flächen- und Messphasendurchschnittswerten widersprochen. / Forests redistribute the precipitation falling on their canopy into interception, stemflow, drip or direct throughfall. Extremely high amounts of stemflow in the centre of the crown and distinct drip points along the crown edge of certain tree species can only be explained by admitting an additional precipitation component at these measurement locations that describes and captures the lateral movement of water within the individual tree crown (lateral in- or outflow). The aim of this study was therefore to analyse these precipitation-dependent, small-scale dynamics of precipitation redistribution in forests using field-measurements from two mixed stands of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Periodic measurements of individual precipitation events were examined in relation to the respective gross precipitation, the type of canopy above a plot and the distance of a plot to its dominant sheltering canopy tree using variance and regression analysis, and complemented with stemflow analyses and litterfall models. Using this dataset, causal models for the high-precision estimation of throughfall were derived, showing tree species-specific pathways of the individual precipitation components through the tree crown. Apart from the particularities of measurements in canopy gaps, differences in throughfall between spruce and beech during the vegetation period amount to up to 35 % of gross precipitation per event, in favour of the beech canopy and depending on plot location. At the stem base of beech trees additional water can reach the forest floor via stemflow. The amount of water required to generate this stemflow can plausibly be explained by means of the verified lateral water flow in the inner third of beech crowns. Using a spatially explicit interception model combined with LAI estimates for specific individual trees, a spatial LAI model was developed for beech, showing maximal LAI values in the crown centre. As the net forest precipitation is sensitive with respect to precipitation amount, stand type, foliage status and the spatially explicit plot location below an individual tree crown, this study recommends the consideration of these influential factors and contradicts the commonly practiced blanket partitioning of precipitation into individual components based on spatial and temporal averages.

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