Este trabalho busca compreender a articulação do cinema moderno da América Latina com a literatura que lhe era contemporânea e a tradição letrada latino-americana na construção de um projeto nacional-continental. Para isto, recorre-se à análise de três filmes: Cabezas cortadas (Glauber Rocha, Brasil/Espanha, 1970), Una pelea cubana contra los demonios (Tomás Gutiérrez Alea, Cuba, 1971) e La nación clandestina (Jorge Sanjinés, Bolívia/Espanha, 1989). Cabezas cortadas apresenta múltiplas relações com a literatura: a afinidade com os \"romances de ditadores\" publicados na América Latina nos anos 1970; além disso, ao pretender-se uma apropriação \"borgeana\" de Shakespeare, o filme se situa, no panorama latino-americano, dentro de um amplo movimento de revisão da obra do bardo. Com Una pelea cubana contra los demonios Gutiérrez Alea adaptou estudo histórico homônimo de Fernando Ortiz, publicado em 1959. No filme observa-se um diálogo mais amplo com a obra de Ortiz, para além da pesquisa histórica que lhe serve de inspiração. Quanto a La nación clandestina e o desenvolvimento da obra de Sanjinés, estes podem ser compreendidos através de uma comparação com o chamado neo-indigenismo literário da região andina. Se, como afirmou Jean-Claude Bernardet, o cinema brasileiro encontrou temas e formas na literatura, a tese que aqui se apresenta é de que o mesmo pode ser afirmado com relação ao cinema moderno da América Latina em geral: os cineastas fundaram os alicerces para a criação de um \"cinema latino-americano\" nas letras, terreno em que uma consciência latino-americana mais se havia enraizado até então / This research seeks to understand how modern Latin American cinema articulates itself with the literature of the same period and with Latin America literary tradition in building a nationalcontinental project. To achieve this goal we have the analysis of three modern Latin-American movies and their links with literature. The films are Glauber Rocha\'s Cabezas cortadas (1970), Tomás Gutiérrez Alea\'s Una pelea cubana contra los demonios (1971) and Jorge Sanjinés\' La nación clandestina (1989). In the case of Cabezas cortadas, what interested me the most was the idea of analyzing the movie as something akin to the \"dictator novels\" that were published around the 1970s, same time as the movie was produced; also, by attempting to be a \"Borgean\" appropriation of Shakespeare the movie inserts itself in a broad revision of the playwright\'s work within the Latin American panorama, as it was produced at a time in which The Tempest was being revisited by Caribbean writers. With Una pelea cubana contra los demonios, Gutiérrez Alea has adapted Fernando Ortiz\'s historical investigation published in 1959. In the movie we see a broader dialogue with Ortiz\'s work, beyond the historical research that inspires it. As for La nación clandestina and the development of Sanjinés\' work, these may be understood from a comparison with the so-called literary neo-indigenism of the Andes region. If Brazilian cinema has found themes and forms in literature, as states Jean-Claude Bernardet, the present thesis states that the same may be said about modern Latin American film in general: the moviemakers have created in literature the foundation for a \"Latin American Cinema\", the field in which a Latin American consciousness had spread its roots the furthest at the time.

Este trabalho busca compreender a articulação do cinema moderno da América Latina com a literatura que lhe era contemporânea e a tradição letrada latino-americana na construção de um projeto nacional-continental. Para isto, recorre-se à análise de três filmes: Cabezas cortadas (Glauber Rocha, Brasil/Espanha, 1970), Una pelea cubana contra los demonios (Tomás Gutiérrez Alea, Cuba, 1971) e La nación clandestina (Jorge Sanjinés, Bolívia/Espanha, 1989). Cabezas cortadas apresenta múltiplas relações com a literatura: a afinidade com os \"romances de ditadores\" publicados na América Latina nos anos 1970; além disso, ao pretender-se uma apropriação \"borgeana\" de Shakespeare, o filme se situa, no panorama latino-americano, dentro de um amplo movimento de revisão da obra do bardo. Com Una pelea cubana contra los demonios Gutiérrez Alea adaptou estudo histórico homônimo de Fernando Ortiz, publicado em 1959. No filme observa-se um diálogo mais amplo com a obra de Ortiz, para além da pesquisa histórica que lhe serve de inspiração. Quanto a La nación clandestina e o desenvolvimento da obra de Sanjinés, estes podem ser compreendidos através de uma comparação com o chamado neo-indigenismo literário da região andina. Se, como afirmou Jean-Claude Bernardet, o cinema brasileiro encontrou temas e formas na literatura, a tese que aqui se apresenta é de que o mesmo pode ser afirmado com relação ao cinema moderno da América Latina em geral: os cineastas fundaram os alicerces para a criação de um \"cinema latino-americano\" nas letras, terreno em que uma consciência latino-americana mais se havia enraizado até então / This research seeks to understand how modern Latin American cinema articulates itself with the literature of the same period and with Latin America literary tradition in building a nationalcontinental project. To achieve this goal we have the analysis of three modern Latin-American movies and their links with literature. The films are Glauber Rocha\'s Cabezas cortadas (1970), Tomás Gutiérrez Alea\'s Una pelea cubana contra los demonios (1971) and Jorge Sanjinés\' La nación clandestina (1989). In the case of Cabezas cortadas, what interested me the most was the idea of analyzing the movie as something akin to the \"dictator novels\" that were published around the 1970s, same time as the movie was produced; also, by attempting to be a \"Borgean\" appropriation of Shakespeare the movie inserts itself in a broad revision of the playwright\'s work within the Latin American panorama, as it was produced at a time in which The Tempest was being revisited by Caribbean writers. With Una pelea cubana contra los demonios, Gutiérrez Alea has adapted Fernando Ortiz\'s historical investigation published in 1959. In the movie we see a broader dialogue with Ortiz\'s work, beyond the historical research that inspires it. As for La nación clandestina and the development of Sanjinés\' work, these may be understood from a comparison with the so-called literary neo-indigenism of the Andes region. If Brazilian cinema has found themes and forms in literature, as states Jean-Claude Bernardet, the present thesis states that the same may be said about modern Latin American film in general: the moviemakers have created in literature the foundation for a \"Latin American Cinema\", the field in which a Latin American consciousness had spread its roots the furthest at the time.

A presente pesquisa é um estudo da história e do funcionamento do Memorial da América Latina, entre os anos de 1987 e 2017. A instituição foi pensada para ser um centro cívico, cultural e acadêmico destinado a promover a integração latino-americana por meio da cultura. O monumento é gerido pela Fundação Memorial da América Latina (FMAL) e vinculado à Secretaria de Cultura do Governo do Estado de São Paulo. Tem-se como problema: o Memorial se tornou o que deveria ser? A partir desse questionamento, foi traçado o objetivo geral de verificar se a concepção do Memorial, pensada por seus idealizadores, orienta a sua atuação. Nesse sentido, foram escolhidos como objetivos específicos: Relatar o processo histórico de concepção do Memorial; Apresentar o debate sobre a América Latina e o Brasil; Especificar o pensamento de Darcy Ribeiro e seu aporte no projeto cultural do Memorial; e detalhar a atuação da FMAL em seus diversos âmbitos desde a sua criação, bem como a evolução de sua programação. Trata-se de pesquisa de natureza descritiva quanto ao objetivo e documental quanto ao procedimento técnico. As técnicas utilizadas para o levantamento de dados foram: pesquisa bibliográfica e pesquisa documental nos acervos da Biblioteca Latino-americana Victor Civita, da Fundação Darcy Ribeiro, bem como entrevista com ex-funcionário da FMAL. Dentre os resultados, destaca-se uma compreensão mais verossímil das motivações políticas que culminaram na criação do Memorial e do formato institucional adotado, não obstante os impasses decorrentes dessas escolhas ao longo do tempo, explicitando mudanças substanciais de programação, conteúdo e sentido da instituição, mais recentemente. / This research is a study of the history and functioning of the Memorial of Latin America (MAL), between 1987 and 2017. The institution was thought to be a civic, cultural and academic center destined to promote Latin American integration by culture. The monument is managed by the Latin American Memorial Foundation (FMAL) and linked to the Culture Secretariat of the Government of the State of São Paulo. There is the problem: did Memorial become what it should be? From this questioning, the general objective was to verify if the design of the Memorial, thought by its creators, guides its action. In this sense, the following specific objectives were chosen: Report the historical process of conception of the Memorial; Present the debate on Latin America and Brazil; Specify the thought of Darcy Ribeiro and his contribution in the cultural project of the Memorial; and to detail the performance of FMAL in its various spheres since its inception, as well as the evolution of its programming. It is a research of descriptive nature regarding the objective and documentary related to the technical procedure. The techniques used for the data collection were: bibliographic research and documentary research in the collections of the Latin American Library Victor Civita, of the Darcy Ribeiro Foundation, as well an interview with a former employee of FMAL. Among the results, a more credible understanding of the political motivations that culminated in the creation of the MAL and of the adopted institutional format is highlighted, notwithstanding the impasses arising from these choices over time, explaining substantial changes in programming, content and meaning of the institution, more recently.

Pour respecter les droits d’auteur, la version électronique de cette thèse a été dépouillée de certains documents visuels. La version intégrale de la thèse a été déposée à la Division de la gestion des documents et des archives. / Notre recherche doctorale porte sur la critique d’art latino-américaniste. Cette génération de critiques d’art est née à la fin des années 1960. Elle a atteint son apogée dans la seconde moitié de la décennie suivante et a connu un déclin progressif au cours des années 1980 et de la première moitié des années 1990. Le latino-américanisme est un type de continentalisme, c’est-à-dire un mouvement de promotion de l’identité historique, politique et culturelle des pays d’Amérique latine en vue de la protection d’intérêts communs dans le cadre des relations internationales. Dans la seconde moitié du 20e siècle, il est d’ailleurs indissociable de la guerre froide, des mouvements anticolonialistes et anti-impérialistes et des utopies révolutionnaires largement disséminées dans les milieux artistiques et intellectuels d’Amérique latine. En effet, la critique d’art latino-américaniste s’est caractérisée principalement par son engagement dans le débat sur la spécificité de l’art latino-américain, son histoire et ses aspirations théoriques, esthétiques et politiques pour l’avenir. Nous éloignant de l’histoire des idées au profit du cadre plus large de l’histoire sociale, dans cette thèse doctorale nous nous intéressons particulièrement à la constitution et à la progressive consolidation des réseaux de sociabilité intellectuelle qui ont créé les conditions de possibilité pour le développement de ce projet critique. Il s’agit de la multiplication des espaces de rencontre et de débat en Amérique latine, ainsi qu’au sein d’institutions culturelles internationales et d’organisations multilatérales, avec notamment la réalisation de projets éditoriaux et muséologiques collectifs ayant fortement favorisé l’intégration culturelle latino-américaine. L’analyse de ces espaces et de ces projets est au cœur de nos réflexions. / This doctoral research focuses on the Latin Americanist art criticism. This generation of art critics originated in the late 1960s. It peaked in the second half of the following decade and experienced a gradual decline during the 1980s and first half of the 1990s. Latin Americanism is a type of continentalism, a movement for the promotion of the historical, political and cultural identity of the countries of Latin America with the aim of protecting common interests within international relations. In the second half of the 20th century, it was strongly linked to the Cold War, anti-colonialist and anti-imperialist movements and revolutionary utopias widely disseminated in artistic and intellectual circles in Latin America. Furthermore, Latin American art criticism was characterized mainly by its engagement in the debate on the specificity of Latin American art, its history and its theoretical, aesthetic and political aspirations for the future. Moving away from the history of ideas in favour of the broader framework of social history, this doctoral thesis is particularly interested in the constitution and the progressive consolidation of the networks of intellectual sociability which created the conditions of possibility for the development of this critical project. This involves the multiplication of meeting and debate spaces in Latin America, as well as within international cultural institutions and multilateral organizations, with the realization of collective editorial and museological projects that have strongly favoured the integration of Latin American cultures. The analysis of these spaces and these projects is at the heart of our reflections.