Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-03-10T21:45:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ElioPessoaCazuza_DISSERT.pdf: 2126001 bytes, checksum: 4fa47b05b18f49f1aa7cb69c7272dd79 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-17T23:16:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ElioPessoaCazuza_DISSERT.pdf: 2126001 bytes, checksum: 4fa47b05b18f49f1aa7cb69c7272dd79 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-17T23:16:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ElioPessoaCazuza_DISSERT.pdf: 2126001 bytes, checksum: 4fa47b05b18f49f1aa7cb69c7272dd79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-28 / Os Dist?rbios Ionosf?ricos Propagantes (TID?s) s?o irregularidades no plasma ionosf?rico propagando-se com velocidades da ordem de dezenas a poucas centenas de metros por segundo. Nesse trabalho, detectamos e caracterizamos os do tipo LSTID?s (Large scale Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances) em baixas latitudes durante intensas tempestades geomagn?ticas e sua propaga??o sobre o setor brasileiro. Esse trabalho apresenta-se como o primeiro a relatar, de forma sistematizada, propaga??es de ondas de gravidade sobre NatalRN. Utilizamos registros ionosf?ricos obtidos a partir de digissondas do tipo CADI (Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde) localizada em Natal-RN e do tipo DSP (Digisonde Portable Souder) localizadas em Cachoeira Paulista-SP, Fortaleza-CE e S?o Lu?s-MA, adotando uma s?rie de dados de 12 anos colhidos pelo Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). Relacionamos tanto dias calmos, os quais antecediam as tempestades, quanto dias geomagneticamente perturbados, durante os anos de 2000 e 2012, englobando um per?odo de m?xima e m?nima atividade solar. Apresentando as varia??es ocorridas nas densidades eletr?nicas da regi?o F da ionosfera sobre o setor brasileiro, principalmente pr?ximo ao equador (Natal, Fortaleza e S?o Lu?s), causadas por dist?rbios ionosf?ricos propagantes na regi?o equatorial durante intensas tempestades geomagn?ticas. Como sabemos, de acordo com a literatura, nessa ?rea o fen?meno contribui positivamente para o surgimento de LSTID?s na regi?o auroral, que podem se deslocar para a regi?o equatorial onde poucos casos t?m sido documentados e estudados de forma sistematizada. A partir da observa??o de assinaturas de TID?s em registros de ionogramas foi realizado um estudo da morfologia desses eventos e comparados com as principais caracter?sticas de onda durante grandes tempestades magn?ticas, isto ? DST < (-200 nT) e KP > 6. Com isso, obtivemos suas caracter?sticas principais, como: per?odo, comprimento de onda vertical, velocidade de fase e velocidade de propaga??o, bem como o atraso desses dist?rbios em rela??o ao in?cio das tempestades magn?ticas para o setor brasileiro. / The Ionospheric Disturbances ? TIDs ? are irregularities on the ionospheric plasma propagating in speeds in the order of tens to a few hundreds of meters per second. This present study detected and characterized the TIDs of LSTIDs (Large Scale Travelling Ionospheric Disturbance) type at low latitudes during intense geomagnetic storms and its propagation over the Brazilian sector. This work also shows as being the first to report systematically propagation of gravity waves over Natal. For this purpose, we used ionospheric records obtained from type of digisonde CADI (Canadiam Advanced Digital Ionosonde) located in Natal and the type DSP (Digisonde Portable Souder) located in Cachoeira Paulista, Fortaleza and S?o Luis, whereupon we used a dataset of 12 years collected by INPE (National Institute of Space Research). In this study, both calm days, that preceded the storms, and the geomagnetically disturbed days were related during the years 2000 and 1012, which cover a period of maximum and minimum solar activity. And it is presented the variations that happened in the electron density from region F of the ionosphere over the Brazilian sector, especially near the Equator (Natal, Fortaleza and S?o Luis), caused by ionospheric disturbances in the equatorial region during intense geomagnetic storms, because, as we know of the literature in this area, this phenomenon contributes positively to the emergence of LSTIDs in the auroral region, which may move to the equatorial region where a few cases have been documented and studied systematically. From the observation of signatures if TIDs in ionogram records, a study of the morphology of these events was performed and compared with the main characteristics of the wave of this phenomenon during great magnetic storms, i.e., DST <(-200 nT) and KP > 6. Thus, we obtained the main characteristics of TIDs over our region, i.e., period, vertical wavelength, phase and propagation speed, as well as the delay of these disturbances compared to the beginning of the magnetic storms to the Brazilian Sector.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-06-06T22:06:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CleitonCruzSerafim_DISSERT.pdf: 2617910 bytes, checksum: 72783f303b98e3db20a11f0c802eae1e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-09T00:24:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CleitonCruzSerafim_DISSERT.pdf: 2617910 bytes, checksum: 72783f303b98e3db20a11f0c802eae1e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-09T00:24:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CleitonCruzSerafim_DISSERT.pdf: 2617910 bytes, checksum: 72783f303b98e3db20a11f0c802eae1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-18 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho, est?o sendo apresentados os resultados da investiga??o sobre a varia??o da deriva vertical do plasma da camada F que comumente ocorre nos per?odos pr?ximos ao p?r-do-sol (entre 21UT ? 22UT), e que consiste em uma subida no per?odo do dia e uma descida no per?odo noturno da camada F sobre os munic?pios de Natal/RN (33.7? O, 5.6? S), Fortaleza/CE (38.45? O, 3.9? S) e Cachoeira Paulista/SP (45.0?O, 22.7? S). Para isso, utilizou-se dados (ionogramas) de altura virtual ( h' ) em fun??o da frequ?ncia para a camada F da ionosfera. Esses dados foram coletados por meio da ionossonda tipo CADI (Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde) para as cidades de Natal e Fortaleza, e pela digissonda DPS para a cidade de Cachoeira Paulista. Foram considerados apenas os dados dispon?veis de 2000, ano de solar m?ximo. Com os dados de altura virtual ( h' ) reduzidos nas frequ?ncias de 5 e 6MHz, o passo seguinte foi o c?lculo do Vz. Os resultados mostraram que a variabilidade da velocidade de deriva vertical da camada F da ionosfera em per?odos de tempestades magn?ticas est? relacionada tanto ? penetra??o de campos el?tricos quanto aos campos el?tricos do d?namo perturbado. / In this work are presented the results of research on the variation of vertical plasma drift from the F layer that commonly occurs during the period close to the going down of the sun (between 21UT - 22UT), and consisting of an increase in the F layer in time of day and a drop at night on the cities of Natal / RN (The 33.7?, 5.6? S), Fortaleza / CE (38.45? O, 3.9? S) and Cachoeira Paulista / SP (45.0?O, 22.7? S ). Thus, data was used (ionograms) virtual height t ( h' ) as a function of the frequency F for the layer of the ionosphere. These data were collected through ionossonda type CADI (Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde) to the cities of Natal and Fortaleza, and the Digisonde DPS to the town of Cachoeira Paulista. They considered only the data available 2000 maximum solar year. With the virtual height ( h' ) data reduced in the frequencies of 6MHz and 5MHz, the next step was to calculate. The results showed that the variability of the vertical drift rate F ionospheric layer periods of magnetic storms is related both to the penetration of the electric fields as the disturbance dynamo electric fields.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20183号 / 理博第4268号 / 新制||理||1613(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)教授 家森 俊彦, 教授 田口 聡, 教授 塩谷 雅人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Solar thermal collectors at high latitudes have been studied, with emphasis on concentrating collectors. A novel design of concentrating collector, the Maximum Reflector Collector (MaReCo), especially designed for high latitudes, has been investigated optically and thermally. The MaReCo is an asymmetrical compound parabolic concentrator with a bi-facial absorber. The collector can be adapted to various installation conditions, for example stand-alone, roof- or wall mounted. MaReCo prototypes have been built and outdoor-tested. The evaluation showed that all types work as expected and that the highest annually delivered energy output, 340 kWh/m2, is found for the roof MaReCo. A study of the heat-losses from the stand-alone MaReCo lead to the conclusion that teflon transparent insulation should be placed around the absorber, which decreases the U-value by about 30%. A method was developed to theoretically study the projected radiation distribution incident on the MaReCo bi-facial absorber. The study showed that the geometry of the collectors could be improved by slight changes in the acceptance intervals. It also indicated that the MaReCo design concept could be used also at mid-European latitudes if the geometry is changed. A novel method was used to perform outdoor measurements of the distribution of concentrated light on the absorber and then to calculate the annually collected zero-loss energy, Ea,corr, together with the annual optical efficiency factor. A study using this method indicated that the absorber should be mounted along the 20º optical axis instead of along the 65º optical axis, which leads to an increase of about 20% in Ea,corr. The same absorber mounting is suggested from heat loss measurements. The Ea,corr at 20º absorber mounting angle can be increased by 5% if the absorber fin thickness is changed from 0.5 to 1 mm and by 13% if two 71.5 mm wide fins are used instead of one that is 143 mm wide. If the Ea,corr for the standard stand-alone MaReCo with 143 mm wide absorber mounted at 65º is compared to that of a collector with a 71.5 mm wide absorber mounted at 20º, the theoretical increase is 38%.

Au cours des dernières décennies, l'étude des paléoenvironnements de l’Hemisphere Sud s’est développée avec les informations fournies par l'analyse des carottes de glace polaires et plus récemment à partir des carottes de glace prélevées dans les Andes. Bien que les zones tropicales et subtropicales de l'Amérique du Sud jouent un rôle majeur dans la chimie atmosphérique globale en raison de l’existence de réservoirs importants, les échanges entre l’équateur et les hautes latitudes sud restent encore peu documentés. Même si d’autres archives apportent des informations sur le climat passé, il existe peu de données de la composition atmosphérique des moyennes latitudes de l’Hémisphère Sud, aussi bien en termes de variabilité naturelle que d’impact anthropique.Ce travail est basé sur l'analyse d'une carotte de glace de 122 m extraite d’un site d'altitude en Patagonie (Monte San Valentin 46º 35' S, 73º19' W, 3723 m). Outre l’établissement de profils à haute résolution des ions minéraux et organiques obtenus par chromatographie ionique, nous avons réalisé une étude des précipitations susceptibles d'influencer le site, fournissant ainsi une base pour l'interprétation de l'archive de glace.Ce site se caractérise par l’enregistrement d’événements à caractère marin et continental. Nous avons démontré que, sur ce glacier, les contributions marines primaires et secondaires ne sont pas synchrones et qu’elles sont très probablement sousreprésentées dans le profil en raison de processus d'accumulation. Contrairement au sel de mer, une partie importante des aérosols biogéniques marins est associée à un apport influencé par des contributions continentales diluées. L’apport continental est complexe : il est composé d’événements ponctuels de combustion, de retombées volcaniques et d’émissions par les sols. Il correspond à presque la moitié de la quantité totale de sulfate déposé. Cette contribution importante et omniprésente de sulfate est associée au nitrate et au chlorure, mais mieux cerner son origine nécessiterait des recherches plus poussées. La comparaison de notre archive glaciochimique avec des éruptions volcaniques datées et le début de la colonisation en Patagonie nous a permis de proposer quelques repères pour la datation de la carotte, qui reste à ce jour encore incertaine. Enfin, aucune tendance anthropique claire n’a été décelée à partir de l’évolution du bruit de fond des espèces continentales, excepté l'ammonium, lui pouvant être mis en relation avec l’utilisation croissante d'engrais après les années 1960. / Although tropical and subtropical South America play an important role in atmospheric global and hemispheric chemistry due to the coexistence of big reservoirs with large-scale atmospheric patterns, exchanges between tropics and higher latitudes have remained poorly documented. During the last few decades, the study of past climate and atmospheric composition has benefited greatly by information provided by ice core analysis. In the Southern Hemisphere, a large amount of data is now available from polar ice cores and more recently from ice cores recovered in the Andes. Despite a few studies on climate reconstruction, there is a lack of information on past atmospheric composition in Southern mid-latitudes, in terms of both natural variability and anthropogenic impact. This work is based on the analysis of a 122 m ice core extracted from a high altitude site in the Northern Patagonian Icefield (Monte San Valentin 46º 35'S, 73º19' W, summit at 4032 m.a.s.l., drilling plateau at 3723 m.a.s.l.). Besides high-resolution measurements of mineral and organic ions, a study of the precipitation events likely to influence the site was conducted in order to provide a basis for the interpretation of the ice archive. The selected site registers precipitation events of marine and continental origin. We have demonstrated that marine primary and biogenic contributions are not synchronous and they are very likely underrepresented along the ice archive due to the effect of accumulation processes. Contrary to sea salt, a significant part of marine biogenic aerosol is associated with a complex and diluted continental fingerprint. The continental imprint was studied in terms of background trends and major events involving combustion processes, urban pollution, volcanic and soil emissions. This set of mixed sources is responsible for almost half of the total sulfate input. This important and ubiquitous sulfate concentration is related to that of nitrate and chloride and its understanding in terms of sources and transport needs further research. A comparison of our records with documented volcanic eruptions and Patagonian settlement periods allowed us to propose a few dating horizons, although an accurate dating of the entire core has not been possible so far. Background trends of continental species do not show any trend that can be clearly associated with an anthropogenic influence, except for ammonium, which increases likely in response to fertilizer consumption after ca. 1960.

Since the turn of the last century, a substantial increase in nutrient load to the Baltic Sea is apparent. Adding the ongoing environmental change with raising temperatures and increased precipitation, this will continue to have a prominent environmental impact on our coastal ecosystems, especially in northern latitudes. Constructed wetlands are becoming more important as a mitigation measure to retain nutrients, however, they are until this day not well studied in northern latitudes. In this paper, nutrient retention in a newly constructed wetland is studied during its first month after activation, as well as potential downstream effects in associated sea bay. An additional literature study compiles information about the current knowledge, use and functionality of wetlands surrounding the Baltic Sea. This is done to widen knowledge regarding effectiveness of wetlands as nutrient traps in general, as well as to compare with the studied wetland. A net retention of 30 % for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total phosphorus (TP) was found, as well as 27 % for total nitrogen (TN), 25 % for phosphate (PO43-) and 21 % for nitrate (NO3-). TP was found to be within range of expected retention capacity, when comparing with wetlands included in the synthesis. TN retention, however, seemed to be somewhat greater than in other wetland studies. Furthermore, the retention varied and seemed to be highest during an increased discharge, in the beginning and end of March. This was partly reflected by greater inlet concentrations and transports in most of the parameters during the initial time period. Decreasing temporal trends was seen in concentrations of DOC, total nutrients and NO3- concentrations in the sea bay, indicating an immediate downstream effect of the wetland installation. Findings from the synthesis indicate that there are very few studies in, and thus little knowledge about, wetlands in northern climate. Overall, the results from the pioneer northern wetland in Sörleviken suggest that net retention is possible during its first month post-activation.

Process domains categorizes sections of streams according to its local dominant processes. These processes often reflect on the local ecology and the streams appearance. But the underlying reason why these different process domains are formed are still not completely certain. In this study the distribution of the process domains: lakes, rapids and slow-flowing reaches in the Bjur River catchment were compared to the geological factors of slope, surficial geology and landforms to see if any connections could be found. The possibility of using GIS (geographic information systems) and remote data to distinguish these stream types and to connect them to the different studied geological factors were also examined. The hypothesis for this study is that the geological factors of slope, surficial geology and landforms all should have an influence over the distribution of the process domains in Bjur River. The analysis was executed through map-studies in ArcGIS and statistical analysis in Excel. All process domains showed statistical significance towards the studied geological factors. The slope was generally steeper in the rapids than in slow-flowing reaches and lakes. The surficial geology displayed more fine-grained sediment (peat) in proximity to lakes and slow-flowing reaches whilst till was more abundant close to rapids. Hilly moraine landscapes were most common around lakes, while rapids displayed a high percentage of glacio-fluvially eroded area. Slow-flowing reaches also showed to have around 44% of its studied points around glacio-fluvially eroded area, and 43% at areas without any major landforms. Even if the statistical analysis and figures display a difference between the different process domains, it is still difficult to say which of these geological factors that plays the most crucial role for their development. However, by using remote data and through studies over slope, adjacent surficial geology and landforms the different process domains can be differentiated from one another.

Le suivi des milieux sub-polaires est important, tant ils devraient évoluer face à l'augmentation des températures attendue dans ces régions au cours des prochaines décennies. Pour pallier au manque de stations météorologiques affectant les hautes latitudes, la télédétection spatiale est une<br />alternative intéressante, offrant une couverture spatiale quasi-globale. Ce projet s'inscrit dans le développement de méthodes pour extraire de<br />ces données des informations relatives à la surface des latitudes nord (>50°N). Pour cela, les données du capteur SSM/I (special sensor microwave imager), situées dans la gamme spectrale des micro-ondes, présentent certains avantages : indépendantes des radiations solaires ; faible influence atmosphérique. L''approche basée sur les températures de brillance à 19 et 37 GHz, aboutit à trois paramètres géophysiques de surface : une cartographie quotidienne de l'étendue du couvert nival de 1988 à 2002 ; une étendue de l'eau de surface (étendues d'eau libre, petits lacs, réservoirs, milieux humides associés à une végétation peu dense) ; une température caractérisant la surface et l'air proche du sol. <br />Pour pallier à la variation quotidienne de l'heure d'acquisition des données satellites, une méthode de normalisation des températures aboutit à une serie horaire. Ceci permet l' étude d'indicateurs climatiques, comme la somme des degrés jours positifs. Les tendances confirment les tendances climatiques observées : augmentation de la température (+0.8 +/- 0.4 °c pour l'ensemble du territoire canada/alaska entre 1992 et 2002)<br />et diminution de la superficie du couvert nival. Ces bases de données originales présentent également un intérêt pour la validation des<br />modèles de climat à l'échelle régionale.

<p>The boreal forests represent 8 % of all forested areas on the earth and have a significant role in the control of greenhouse gases and an impact on global climate change. The main objective of this thesis is to increase the understanding of how evaporation and heat-flux processes in the boreal forest zone are affecting the regional and global climate.</p><p>A meteorological mesoscale model with an advanced land-surface parameterization has been utilized to study aggregation of fluxes of water vapour and heat. The model has been compared against four other methods for flux estimation in a southern boreal landscape. The results show that the mesoscale model is successfully reproducing 24-hour averages of fractionally weighted mast measurements of sensible and latent heat flux.</p><p>The model was also evaluated against in-situ observations of surface fluxes and other meteorological variables. The results reveal that a correct initialization of soil moisture is crucial to simulate a realistic partitioning of the sensible and latent heat fluxes. Significant differences in surface fluxes and friction velocities between two apparently similar forest sites indicate the need for careful assessment of areal representativity when comparing mesoscale model results with in-situ observations.</p><p>A parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation of high-latitude sparse forests was implemented and tested in the model that significantly improved the simulation of high wintertime midday sensible heat fluxes. A scheme for heat storage in vegetation was also implemented which improved the results, but the scheme needs further evaluation for high latitude forests.</p><p>Two commonly used strategies for the description of land-surface heterogeneity, the effective parameter approach and the mosaic approach, were tested in the mesoscale model against airborne observations of sensible and latent heat fluxes. The results show that the mosaic approach produces better results especially when small lakes are present in model grid-squares.</p> / <p>Norra halvklotets barrskogsbälte representerar 8 % av all skogsbeklädd mark på jorden och har stor betydelse för kontrollen av växthusgaser och påverkan på globala klimatförändringar. Syftet med denna avhandling är att öka förståelsen av hur avdunstning och värmeflöden i den boreala skogszonen påverkar klimatet regionalt och globalt.</p><p>En meteorologisk mesoskalemodell med en avancerad landyteparameterisering har använts för att studera aggregering av avdunstning och värmeflöden. Modellen jämfördes med fyra andra metoder för uppskattning av värmeflöden i den boreala skogszonens södra delar. Resultaten visade att mesoskalemodellen reproducerar 24-timmarsmedelvärden av sensibelt och latent värmeflöde från areellt viktade mastmätningar med bra resultat.</p><p>Modellen utvärderades även mot markbaserade mätningar av sensibelt och latent värme och andra meteorologiska variabler. Resultaten visar att en korrekt initialisering av markvatteninnehållet är avgörande för att simulera en realistisk uppdelning av de sensibla och latenta värmeflödena. Markanta skillnader i markyteflöden och friktionshastigheter mellan två liknande skogsmätstationer påvisar nödvändigheten av en noggrann bedömning av den areella representativiteten när man jämför resultat från mesoskalemodellen med markbaserade mätningar.</p><p>En parameterisering för absorption av solstrålning i glesa skogsbestånd på höga breddgrader infördes och testades i modellen vilket markant förbättrade simuleringen av de höga sensibla värmeflöden som observerats vid middagstid på vintern. Ett uttryck för att beskriva värmelagring i vegetationen infördes också vilket förbättrade resultaten, men uttrycket behöver vidare utvärdering för skogsbestånd på höga breddgrader.</p><p>Två ofta använda strategier för att beskriva markytans heterogenitet, effektiva parametermetoden och mosaikmetoden, testades i mesoskalemodellen mot flygburna observationer av sensibla och latenta värmeflöden. Resultaten visar att mosaikmetoden ger bättre resultat särskilt när mindre sjöar förekommer i modellrutorna.</p>

The boreal forests represent 8 % of all forested areas on the earth and have a significant role in the control of greenhouse gases and an impact on global climate change. The main objective of this thesis is to increase the understanding of how evaporation and heat-flux processes in the boreal forest zone are affecting the regional and global climate. A meteorological mesoscale model with an advanced land-surface parameterization has been utilized to study aggregation of fluxes of water vapour and heat. The model has been compared against four other methods for flux estimation in a southern boreal landscape. The results show that the mesoscale model is successfully reproducing 24-hour averages of fractionally weighted mast measurements of sensible and latent heat flux. The model was also evaluated against in-situ observations of surface fluxes and other meteorological variables. The results reveal that a correct initialization of soil moisture is crucial to simulate a realistic partitioning of the sensible and latent heat fluxes. Significant differences in surface fluxes and friction velocities between two apparently similar forest sites indicate the need for careful assessment of areal representativity when comparing mesoscale model results with in-situ observations. A parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation of high-latitude sparse forests was implemented and tested in the model that significantly improved the simulation of high wintertime midday sensible heat fluxes. A scheme for heat storage in vegetation was also implemented which improved the results, but the scheme needs further evaluation for high latitude forests. Two commonly used strategies for the description of land-surface heterogeneity, the effective parameter approach and the mosaic approach, were tested in the mesoscale model against airborne observations of sensible and latent heat fluxes. The results show that the mosaic approach produces better results especially when small lakes are present in model grid-squares. / Norra halvklotets barrskogsbälte representerar 8 % av all skogsbeklädd mark på jorden och har stor betydelse för kontrollen av växthusgaser och påverkan på globala klimatförändringar. Syftet med denna avhandling är att öka förståelsen av hur avdunstning och värmeflöden i den boreala skogszonen påverkar klimatet regionalt och globalt. En meteorologisk mesoskalemodell med en avancerad landyteparameterisering har använts för att studera aggregering av avdunstning och värmeflöden. Modellen jämfördes med fyra andra metoder för uppskattning av värmeflöden i den boreala skogszonens södra delar. Resultaten visade att mesoskalemodellen reproducerar 24-timmarsmedelvärden av sensibelt och latent värmeflöde från areellt viktade mastmätningar med bra resultat. Modellen utvärderades även mot markbaserade mätningar av sensibelt och latent värme och andra meteorologiska variabler. Resultaten visar att en korrekt initialisering av markvatteninnehållet är avgörande för att simulera en realistisk uppdelning av de sensibla och latenta värmeflödena. Markanta skillnader i markyteflöden och friktionshastigheter mellan två liknande skogsmätstationer påvisar nödvändigheten av en noggrann bedömning av den areella representativiteten när man jämför resultat från mesoskalemodellen med markbaserade mätningar. En parameterisering för absorption av solstrålning i glesa skogsbestånd på höga breddgrader infördes och testades i modellen vilket markant förbättrade simuleringen av de höga sensibla värmeflöden som observerats vid middagstid på vintern. Ett uttryck för att beskriva värmelagring i vegetationen infördes också vilket förbättrade resultaten, men uttrycket behöver vidare utvärdering för skogsbestånd på höga breddgrader. Två ofta använda strategier för att beskriva markytans heterogenitet, effektiva parametermetoden och mosaikmetoden, testades i mesoskalemodellen mot flygburna observationer av sensibla och latenta värmeflöden. Resultaten visar att mosaikmetoden ger bättre resultat särskilt när mindre sjöar förekommer i modellrutorna.