In the 21st century Muslims can be found as minorities in what can be described as secular, democratic western countries. The research presented in this study will trace the process by which this community arrived in Western Europe and in particular Britain. Furthermore, it will explain how the community developed its faith identity within this context by detailing three particular stances they have adopted, namely; assimilation, isolation, integration. The thesis argues that rather than the assumption which exists that applying Traditional Islam causes Muslims to isolate from the indigenous population and form a 'state within a state' it actually gives the religious confidence and identity to integrate within the wider society. The study also focuses on Islamic Law as interpreted by the 'anaf' Law school and highlights in detail the multi-pronged and robust nature of its legal theory and subsequent application. There is an opportunity whilst determining the context to challenge the so-called 'classical' Islam's view of the world, especially the view that all non-Muslim lands are d'r al-'arb. The research details a novel understanding of the classical view and discusses how the state's attitude towards Islam and Muslims determines its territorial ruling. In conclusion, the study has shown that the traditional interpretive model inherently possesses the flexibility, relevance and applicability to take into consideration minority-status of Muslims in Britain adhering to the 'anaf' Law School. This is manifest by the ability this model has to deal with contemporary issues in wide ranging subjects like Medicine, Politics and Finance As a result it facilitates their integration within this secular society whilst remaining true to their faith.

This thesis investigates competition law, State aid law and free-movement law in their interaction with Article 11 TFEU’s obligation to integrate environmental protection requirements into all activities and policies of the Union. The Article is formulated in broad and sweeping terms which makes integrating environmental protection requirements complex and context-dependent. The challenge of integrating environmental considerations is further increased as such integration in competition, State aid and free- movement law is different from other areas of EU action. The three areas are the core provisions protecting the internal market by prohibiting certain actions of the Member States and undertakings. Unlike in other areas, the EU is therefore not in the position to develop or design the actions but has to scrutinise the measure according to pre-established parameters. To address this challenge, a novel functional approach to environmental integration is developed. The approach should facilitate a better understanding of environmental integration and in particular its application to competition law, State aid and free-movement law. An important element of this thesis equally the comparison between the three areas of law. It sheds light on conceptual issues that are not only relevant to the integration of environmental protection. The comparison advances the understanding in relation to questions such as how restrictions are defined and how the respective balancing tests are applied. The contribution of this research is therefore twofold. One the one hand, it compares how the different tests in competition, State aid and free-movement law operate, thereby offering opportunities for cross-fertilisation. On the other hand, this comparison and the improvements suggested as a result help to conceptualise environmental integration thereby paving the way for a more transparent and consistent integration of environmental protection in competition, State aid and free-movement law.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:22:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Erick Menezes de Oliveira Junior.pdf: 1229644 bytes, checksum: a5c545b4a7b8a9d0a1fd18a0be83498e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-09 / The process of globalization and regional integration are directly related, which have been given greater importance from the neoliberal model of rule implemented by the end of the last century. It will demonstrate, that Brazil and Argentina the most delayed the integration process because of mutual distrust and a model of development toward the reality of inner states. Thus, only started the construction of a regional integration from 1985, when they realized the need to strengthen in the international arena. With this objective was formed Mercosur in 1991, which despite its audacious goals, establishment of a Common Market, presents a simplistic legal structure. So, will consider the main legal instruments that guided the formation of Mercosur, notably, the Treaty of Asuncion and the Protocol of Ouro Preto, and the organs that are part of that organization. It will examine how it is carried out the relationship between the domestic and international standards, noting the main theories of matter, and the positioning of Argentina and Brazil in the face of that issue. There will be specifically the reality of Mercosur, looking as if it handles the incorporation of legal rules arising from derivatives and the economic bloc by States Parties, notably by Brazil. In addition, there will be the current stage of the process of regional integration, from the analysis of the Law of Integration and the necessity of carrying out change the rules of Mercosur and the National Law of States Parties with the aim to deepen the process regional integration / O processo de globalização e da integração regional são institutos diretamente relacionados, que passaram a ter maior importância a partir do modelo de Estado neoliberal implantado no final do século passado. Demonstrar-se-á, que o Brasil e a Argentina retardaram ao máximo o processo de integração em virtude das desconfianças recíprocas e por um modelo de desenvolvimento voltado para a realidade interna dos Estados. Assim, só iniciaram a construção de uma integração regional a partir de 1985, quando perceberam a necessidade de se fortalecerem no cenário internacional. Com esse objetivo fora constituído o Mercosul em 1991, que apesar de seus objetivos audaciosos, constituição de um Mercado Comum, apresenta uma estrutura jurídica simplista. Assim, serão analisados os principais instrumentos jurídicos que nortearam a constituição do Mercosul, notadamente, o Tratado de Assunção e do Protocolo de Ouro Preto, bem como, os órgãos que fazem parte dessa Organização. Analisar-se-á como se processa o relacionamento entre as normas internacionais e as internas, verificando as principais teorias acerca da matéria, bem como, o posicionamento da Argentina e do Brasil em face dessa temática. Observar-se-á especificamente a realidade do Mercosul, analisando como se processa a incorporação das normas jurídicas originárias e derivadas advindas dessa Bloco Econômico pelos Estados-Partes, notadamente, pelo Brasil. Ademais, verificar-se-á o atual estágio do processo de integração regional, a partir da análise do Direito da Integração e a necessidade da realização de mudança das normas do Mercosul e do Direito Interno dos Estados-Partes com o fito de se aprofundar o processo de integração regional

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:57:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Erick Menezes de Oliveira Junior.pdf: 1229644 bytes, checksum: a5c545b4a7b8a9d0a1fd18a0be83498e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-09 / The process of globalization and regional integration are directly related, which have been given greater importance from the neoliberal model of rule implemented by the end of the last century. It will demonstrate, that Brazil and Argentina the most delayed the integration process because of mutual distrust and a model of development toward the reality of inner states. Thus, only started the construction of a regional integration from 1985, when they realized the need to strengthen in the international arena. With this objective was formed Mercosur in 1991, which despite its audacious goals, establishment of a Common Market, presents a simplistic legal structure. So, will consider the main legal instruments that guided the formation of Mercosur, notably, the Treaty of Asuncion and the Protocol of Ouro Preto, and the organs that are part of that organization. It will examine how it is carried out the relationship between the domestic and international standards, noting the main theories of matter, and the positioning of Argentina and Brazil in the face of that issue. There will be specifically the reality of Mercosur, looking as if it handles the incorporation of legal rules arising from derivatives and the economic bloc by States Parties, notably by Brazil. In addition, there will be the current stage of the process of regional integration, from the analysis of the Law of Integration and the necessity of carrying out change the rules of Mercosur and the National Law of States Parties with the aim to deepen the process regional integration / O processo de globalização e da integração regional são institutos diretamente relacionados, que passaram a ter maior importância a partir do modelo de Estado neoliberal implantado no final do século passado. Demonstrar-se-á, que o Brasil e a Argentina retardaram ao máximo o processo de integração em virtude das desconfianças recíprocas e por um modelo de desenvolvimento voltado para a realidade interna dos Estados. Assim, só iniciaram a construção de uma integração regional a partir de 1985, quando perceberam a necessidade de se fortalecerem no cenário internacional. Com esse objetivo fora constituído o Mercosul em 1991, que apesar de seus objetivos audaciosos, constituição de um Mercado Comum, apresenta uma estrutura jurídica simplista. Assim, serão analisados os principais instrumentos jurídicos que nortearam a constituição do Mercosul, notadamente, o Tratado de Assunção e do Protocolo de Ouro Preto, bem como, os órgãos que fazem parte dessa Organização. Analisar-se-á como se processa o relacionamento entre as normas internacionais e as internas, verificando as principais teorias acerca da matéria, bem como, o posicionamento da Argentina e do Brasil em face dessa temática. Observar-se-á especificamente a realidade do Mercosul, analisando como se processa a incorporação das normas jurídicas originárias e derivadas advindas dessa Bloco Econômico pelos Estados-Partes, notadamente, pelo Brasil. Ademais, verificar-se-á o atual estágio do processo de integração regional, a partir da análise do Direito da Integração e a necessidade da realização de mudança das normas do Mercosul e do Direito Interno dos Estados-Partes com o fito de se aprofundar o processo de integração regional