In the beginning of my research I focused on transformations of the urban leftover and void space found in between buildings, street networks, parks or other institutionalized public spaces into urban places of character. By studying the spatial qualities of different places and their relation to human activities in those places I came up with the main question of my thesis: Can a space be designed loose and/or can it be loosened by design? The concept of “heterotopia”, as described by Michel Foucault in his essay “Of Other Spaces: Utopias and Heterotopias”, is a place functioning in nonhegemonic conditions, the place of “otherness” that has more layers of meaning than meet the eye. That concept proved to be the best description and the bounding frame of the design part of my research. / Master of Science / This Urban Design thesis explores questions of complexity and layering in the structure of the city. The places that lack social and structural richness are often perceived as dull and absent of character. My questions are mainly focused on how this character can be introduced and what makes space a place. The main body of this study is conceptual graphical research on how, when and where the imaginary place can approximate and meet reality creating a type of city very different from the traditional image. This concept was intended to explore how the city can be made radically different without being a utopia or dystopia in its essence.

4 ABSTRACT This thesis provides a description of the incipient grammaticalization of like between the end of the Old English period and the beginning of the Middle English period. During the examined time period, like was gradually losing the attributes that defined its categorial status as an adjective and began to function as the head of a prepositional phrase. Since the process of grammaticalization is inherently gradual, both the adjectival and the prepositional like were found to coexist as a result of the process of layering. Therefore, 10 parameters were established to determine which instances of like were more adjective-like and which were more preposition- like. The empirical part is based on the analysis of the 371 instances of the OE variants of like found in The York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose (YCOE) and the 232 instances of the ME variants of like found in The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English, second edition (PPCME2). The sample is examined from the morphological as well as the syntactic point of view. Compared to the YCOE corpus, the findings in the PPCME2 corpus revealed a more advanced stage of grammaticalization. While some of the changes are not specific to like and affected other adjectives as well (the loss of inflectional endings, the fixed...

Como mudam os instrumentos de política pública? A pergunta que intitula este trabalho pode ser respondida através de uma característica principal: gradualismo. Parte dos modelos explicativos que visam compreender transformações em políticas públicas partem de uma análise de fatores e processos exógenos. Estas abordagens constantemente privilegiam a ótica de um dos atores que participam do jogo da distribuição de recursos da política, sejam estes o governo, a sociedade civil, os capitais, ou quaisquer outros atores imersos nestas disputas. Ainda que o olhar para as atuações dos atores seja fundamental, há dois riscos intrínsecos a esta estratégia, são eles: a formação de um viés explicativo de acordo com as premissas dos atores onde se estabelece o enfoque analítico e o abandono dos fatores e processos causais que ocorrem de forma endógena à política. Este trabalho visa oferecer um enfoque analítico que se dá por dentro da política pública, através da análise dos seus instrumentos. Em paralelo à formação de conjunturas críticas externas abruptas, que fogem ao controle dos atores imersos ao jogo, há um processo gradual de mudanças que só é possível captar através deste tipo de abordagem. A análise do instrumento das Operações Urbanas em São Paulo permite compreender como estas alterações internas ocorrem de maneira paulatina e gradual através de um processo de layering - ao passo que conjunturas mais abruptas acontecem de maneira exógena ao instrumento. A combinação destes processos é o que viabiliza transformações mais amplas no instrumento, que são, por fim, institucionalizadas. / How does a public policy instrument change? The question that entitles this dissertation may be answered through a mains characteristic: gradualism. Some of the explanatory models which aim to understand transformations in public policies choose the analysis of external factors and processes. These frameworks constantly privilege the focus on one of the actors whose are embedded on the distributional policy game, being them the government, civil society, private companies or any other actors. Even if the look at these actors remains important, there are two intrinsic risks in this strategy: the existence of an explanatory bias, according to the specific premises of the actors chosen as the analytical focuses and the neglect of the causal factors and processes that happen inside the policy. This or offers an analytical emphasis that occurs endogenously to the policy, through the analysis of its instruments. Simultaneously to the formation of external abrupt critical junctures, there is a gradual changing process which is only able to comprehend through this endogenous look into the policy and its instruments. The analysis of the Urban Operations instrument in São Paulo aims to explicit how this changes happens in a gradual way through a layering process whereas critical junctures emerge in the external environment. The combination of these to processes is what enable broader transformations in the policy instrument, which are ultimately, institutionalized.

La tendance actuelle des réseaux de capteurs sans fil est d’avoir un seul réseau supportant plusieurs applications et fournissant plusieurs QoS. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les techniques de cross-layering afin d’améliorer les performances et de fournir de la QoS. Tout d’abord, nous généralisons le concept de la méthode d’accès MaCARI en proposant une architecture multi-couches où plusieurs combinaisons de protocoles MAC-routage sont utilisées. Une file d’attente est associée à chaque combinaison, et chaque combinaison est activée pour une période précise. Le but est de profiter de ces combinaisons pour offrir différentes QoS. Cependant, cette architecture cause un problème de dimensionnement des périodes, ce qui a un impact sur les performances du réseau. Nous proposons, ensuite, des techniques de cross-layering en échangeant les paquets entre les différentes files d’attente afin de résoudre le problème de dimensionnement. Durant sa période, chaque combinaison traite tous les paquets de sa file d’attente ainsi que les paquets des files d’attente d’autres périodes. Nous montrons par simulation que notre approche améliore les performances du réseau. / The current trend in wireless sensor networks is to have a single network supporting serveral applications and providing several QoS. In this thesis, we study the cross-layering techniques in order to improve the network performance and provide several QoS. Fistly, we generalize the concept of the access method MaCARI by proposing a multi-stack architecture in which several MAC-routing combination protocols are used. A queue is associated to each combination, and each combination is active for a specified period. The purpose consists in using these combinations in order to provide different QoS. However, this architecture yields to a dimensioning problem for the periods reducing the network performance. Secondly, we propose cross-layering techniques by exchanging packets between different queues to solve the dimensioning problem. During its period, each combination treats all the packets of its queue and the packets related to queues associated to other periods. We show by simulations that our approach improves the network performance.

Como mudam os instrumentos de política pública? A pergunta que intitula este trabalho pode ser respondida através de uma característica principal: gradualismo. Parte dos modelos explicativos que visam compreender transformações em políticas públicas partem de uma análise de fatores e processos exógenos. Estas abordagens constantemente privilegiam a ótica de um dos atores que participam do jogo da distribuição de recursos da política, sejam estes o governo, a sociedade civil, os capitais, ou quaisquer outros atores imersos nestas disputas. Ainda que o olhar para as atuações dos atores seja fundamental, há dois riscos intrínsecos a esta estratégia, são eles: a formação de um viés explicativo de acordo com as premissas dos atores onde se estabelece o enfoque analítico e o abandono dos fatores e processos causais que ocorrem de forma endógena à política. Este trabalho visa oferecer um enfoque analítico que se dá por dentro da política pública, através da análise dos seus instrumentos. Em paralelo à formação de conjunturas críticas externas abruptas, que fogem ao controle dos atores imersos ao jogo, há um processo gradual de mudanças que só é possível captar através deste tipo de abordagem. A análise do instrumento das Operações Urbanas em São Paulo permite compreender como estas alterações internas ocorrem de maneira paulatina e gradual através de um processo de layering - ao passo que conjunturas mais abruptas acontecem de maneira exógena ao instrumento. A combinação destes processos é o que viabiliza transformações mais amplas no instrumento, que são, por fim, institucionalizadas. / How does a public policy instrument change? The question that entitles this dissertation may be answered through a mains characteristic: gradualism. Some of the explanatory models which aim to understand transformations in public policies choose the analysis of external factors and processes. These frameworks constantly privilege the focus on one of the actors whose are embedded on the distributional policy game, being them the government, civil society, private companies or any other actors. Even if the look at these actors remains important, there are two intrinsic risks in this strategy: the existence of an explanatory bias, according to the specific premises of the actors chosen as the analytical focuses and the neglect of the causal factors and processes that happen inside the policy. This or offers an analytical emphasis that occurs endogenously to the policy, through the analysis of its instruments. Simultaneously to the formation of external abrupt critical junctures, there is a gradual changing process which is only able to comprehend through this endogenous look into the policy and its instruments. The analysis of the Urban Operations instrument in São Paulo aims to explicit how this changes happens in a gradual way through a layering process whereas critical junctures emerge in the external environment. The combination of these to processes is what enable broader transformations in the policy instrument, which are ultimately, institutionalized.

Orbicular and comb layer textures in igneous environments are evidence of an unusual heating and cooling regime in small pockets at the edges of crystallizing magmas. Changes in the composition of a magma spark rapid changes in temperature, which cause the temporary suppression of normal crystal nucleation. As the superheated or supercooled magma returns to equilibrium temperature, crystallization occurs exclusively on pre-existing nucleation surfaces (floating xenoliths or wall rocks), creating orbicular and comb layering textures. Orbs and comb layers collected from two localities in the central Sierra Nevada Batholith were analyzed to determine 1) how they formed and 2) what their formation history reveals about the emplacement histories of their respective host plutons. Geochemical analysis including XRF, U-Pb dating and Sr-Nd and O isotope analysis was used to constrain the characteristics of the orbicular magma. Cathodoluminescence as well as macro and microscale petrography was used to determine the specific growth history of the orbs and comb layers. This study shows that orbs and comb layers from both localities formed due to superheating caused by the influx of water into the orbicular melt. Subsequent cooling was caused by mixing–induced depolymerization and fluid enrichment (Big Meadows Creek) or emplacement into a cooler host rock (Deer Creek). Both locations studied are 2–3 Ma younger than their host plutons, indicating that the processes which form orb and comb layers may cause late melting and magma remobilization in larger plutons.

Les travaux présentés portent sur les étapes successives qui ont conduit au développement dans les années 1980 d'un modèle numérique qui simule l'évolution temporelle d'un manteau neigeux saisonnier en fonction des conditions météorologiques. Une première partie décrit le développement d'un modèle de neige multi-couches qui calcule les échanges d'énergie entre la neige et l'atmosphère et simule les principaux processus physiques qui contrôlent les échanges au sein du manteau neigeux.Une deuxième partie décrit comment ont été quantifiées les lois de métamorphose de la neige humide et de la neige sèche soumise à un faible gradient de température, de façon à compléter les connaissances existantes et proposer un jeu relativement complet de lois de métamorphoses de la neige saisonnière. Une troisième partie décrit l'implémentation de ces lois dans le modèle numérique, permettant ainsi de simuler la stratification du manteau neigeux, fonctionnalité qui n'existait dans aucun autre modèle à cette époque. Une évaluation détaillée de ce modèle sur le site du Col de Porte est présentée. La dernière partie introduit trois applications originales qui ont ensuite exploité les fonctionnalités de ce modèle : la simulation en temps réel de l'état caractéristique du manteau neigeux dans les Alpes françaises, l'étude de l'impact du changement climatique sur l'enneigement et la simulation de l'état du manteau neigeux dans un modèle hydrologique distribué / The thesis describes the different steps which lead during the 1980's to the development of an original numerical snow model. This model aimed at simulating the evolution of a seasonal snow cover as a function of the prevailing meteorological conditions. A first part describes the methods and algorithms used to compute the energy and mass exchange at the snow/atmosphere interface and inside the snowpack. The second part describes the experimental study which made possible the quantification of the metamorphism rate of snow samples submitted to weak temperature gradient and to liquid water content, in order to complete pre-existing knowledge on metamorphism. A third part describes the implementation of a set of metamorphism laws into the preliminary version of the snow model, which lead to the availability of the first numerical model able to simulate seasonal snowpack layering. The evaluation of the model at Col de Porte is presented. The last part introduces three applications of this model: real time monitoring of snowpack characteristics in the French Alps, assessment of the impact of climate change on snow climatology and simulation of the snowpack in a distributed hydrological model

Despite considerable uncertainties regarding the exact contribution of anthropogenic climate change to disaster risk, rising losses from extreme events have highlighted the need to comprehensively address climate-related risk. This requires linking climate adaptation to disaster risk management (DRM), leading to what has been broadly referred to as climate risk management (CRM). While this concept has received attention in debate, important gaps remain in terms of operationalizing it with applicable methods and tools for specific risks and decision-contexts. By developing and applying a methodological approach to CRM in the decision context of sovereign risk (flooding) in Austria we test the usefulness of CRM, and based on these insights, inform applications in other decision contexts. Our methodological approach builds on multiple lines of evidence and methods. These comprise of a broad stakeholder engagement process, empirical analysis of public budgets, and risk-focused economic modelling. We find that a CRM framework is able to inform instrumental as well as reflexive and participatory debate in practice. Due to the complex interaction of social-ecological systems with climate risks, and taking into account the likelihood of future contingent climate-related fiscal liabilities increasing substantially as a result of socioeconomic developments and climate change, we identify the need for advanced learning processes and iterative updates of CRM management plans. We suggest that strategies comprising a portfolio of policy measures to reduce and manage climate-related risks are particularly effective if they tailor individual instruments to the specific requirements of different risk layers. (authors' abstract)

My art has become rooted in a process of layering. I layer materials to explore technique and to express the concept of inside versus outside. The evidence of multiple layers of materials is symbolically connected to what is happening within my own life. I want the viewer to see an indication of deeper layers of process and materials rather than just the polished surface of an artwork. This layering process can also be seen as a metaphor for human nature, what we see on the outside is not always what is on the inside.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / The attack of choice for a professional attacker is system subversion: the insertion of a trap door that allows the attacker to bypass an operating system's protection controls. This attack provides significant capabilities and a low risk of detection. One potential design is a trap door that itself accepts new programming instructions. This allows an attacker to decide the capabilities of the artifice at the time of attack rather than prior to its insertion. Early tiger teams recognized the possibility of this design and compared it to the two-card bootstrap loader used in mainframes, since both exhibit the characteristics of compactness and adaptability. This thesis demonstrates that it is relatively easy to create a bootstrapped trap door. The demonstrated artifice consists of 6 lines of C code that, when inserted into the Windows XP operating system, accept additional arbitrary code from the attacker, allowing subversion in any manner the attacker chooses. The threat from subversion is both extremely potent and eminently feasible. Popular risk mitigation strategies that rely on defense-in-depth are ineffective against subversion. This thesis focuses on how the use of the principles of layering, modularity, and information hiding can contribute to high-assurance development methodologies by increasing system comprehensibility. / Civilian, Naval Postgraduate School