OBJECTIVES: To assess the profile preferences of laypeople in (USA, Switzerland, Lebanon, South Africa, Japan, Saudi Arabia and Turkey), and to assess if gender, age, race, education and income had influence on decision. METHODS: 535 laypersons rated fifty profile silhouettes of profile after altering the lip in five 1 mm increments in the sagittal direction and nose in three sagittal and vertical directions, creating 45 combinations. Demographics were collected. The soft tissue values were incorporated. ANOVA with post hocTukey test were used to compare difference in means in each location. Multivariate regression model was used to assess the effect of demographics on preference. RESULTS: The mean preference was significantly different across locations at p-value of <.0001. In the United States and Lebanon, the most preferred profile was original lip and nose, in Switzerland and South Africa, was L-2, N A -1, V -1, in Japan and Saudi Arabia, was L0, N A +1, V-1, and in Turkey, was L+2, N A -1, V+1. Profile change, location, gender and race were significant confounders at p-value of <.0001, <.0001, <.0001 and 0.02 respectively, on the other hand, age, education and income were not. CONCLUSION: Layperson’s perception of lip and nose position is different among the seven locations. Layperson prefer profiles within one standard deviation from the norms for Caucasians behind the E-line. Layperson is not reliable in their rating of lip changes within ∓2 mm. Gender and race are significant confounders unlike age, education and income.

Every year, approximately 3000 people die as the result of physical trauma in Sweden (Gedeborg, Chen, Thiblin, &amp; Byberg, 2012). Many of these deaths occurs outside of the hospital and are preventable, including some caused by hemorrhage. One hemorrhage control device is the tourniquet which can be used in a civilian pre-hospital setting. The effects of stress on a laypersons tourniquet application ability is unknown and to date only one study have examined the effects of stress on tourniquet application in a military population (Schreckengaust, Littlejohn, &amp; Zarow, 2014). The purpose of this study was to investigate how the performance of two first aid interventions, tourniquet application and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), is affected by stress in immediate (layperson) and first (professional) responders. A total of 55 participants followed a brief educational program about hemorrhage control. Their ability to apply a tourniquet and perform CPR was tested in a calm classroom scenario and a stressful scenario, which consisted of paintball fire and an obstacle course. Stress was assessed through subjective reports of stress, physiological heart rate and heart rate variability measurements, and subjective workload and with a secondary task. The results showed differences of elicited stress reaction between the conditions and groups. Tourniquet and CPR performance was moderately affected by stress. Participants across all groups experienced more stress reactions during the stressful scenario, and laypersons did experience more stress reactions than professional first responders. In conclusion, the method did make participants experience more stress reactions in terms of psychological, physiological and performance adaptations in the stressful scenario. However, the results need to be replicated and a list of suggested improvements are given, such as: examining the fidelity of the scenarios, validating the tourniquet application assessment method, and examining the relationship between tourniquet application performance and self-assessed performance.

Educating medical laypeople in first aid for massive bleeds improves the injured person’s chance of survival when they act as an immediate responder. Although research has been done on different stressors that affect the medical laypeople’s first aid ability, the effect of cold remains unexplored. Cold has been found to decrease finger dexterity and could hence have a negative effect on the first aid ability. This study investigates the potential effect of cold on medical laypeople’s tourniquet application ability and their experienced stress. The results show that 8 degrees C hand-skin temperature significantly increases the total time and time until bleeding control is achieved. Cold exposure can decrease the chance of survival for the injured person when an immediate responder provides first aid for a massive bleed. Future research should therefore be aimed at finding suitable mitigation strategies for the effect and testing their viability in the presence of additional stressors.

This dissertation in industrial design focuses on the gap between the context of design and the context of use. It aims to open up design to the layperson and investigate an active role for the layperson in the design of everyday products. Over the last century, the industrial paradigm has institutionalised and professionalised many practices, including product design. A binary spectrum of production and consumption has been established with distinct roles for the professional designer, who engages in production, and the consumer, who engages in consumption. However, this clear distinction has been blurred recently and the consumer, or layperson, is no longer involved only in consumption, but also in production. In this research I have explored and examined the participation of the layperson, or the non-professional, in design, which I refer to as lay design. It constitutes a shift for the professional designer from knowing what a future user would like to have towards knowing what a layperson would like to design, which is for most designers an unfamiliar way of thinking. I specifically investigated how the layperson can be involved in design through the use of so-called digital-physical toolkits, software applications where one designs in a digital environment and which outputs a physical product. Lay design is enabled by two developments: On the one hand, the creation of variable designs is enabled by computational design, and on the other hand, the fabrication of variable products is enabled by 3D printing. The two main questions that I focused on are: How will the roles of the professional designer and the layperson change when the latter engages in the design of personal products and how can designers develop digital-physical toolkits for the layperson to collaboratively create value and meaning? The theory that I drew on consists of existing approaches which involve the layperson in design, such as mass customisation, meta-design, and co-design, and I used the theory of technological mediation to analyse and discuss the mediating role of toolkits in lay design. I investigated the research questions through a series of studies, both analytical and experimental. For the experiments I took a constructive design research approach, which means that I engaged in the making of toolkit and product prototypes in order to obtain insights and an understanding of the subject. The main contribution of this research is a framework of lay design that consists of a set of principles and guidelines that enables the professional designer to develop digital-physical toolkits that empower the layperson to engage in the design of everyday products. Through the participation of the layperson in the design process, lay design constitutes value created by both the professional and lay designer, thereby eliminating the separation of production and consumption. The framework’s principles outline the basic ideas of lay design while the guidelines support the professional designer in the development of toolkits and their products in practice. Lay design is concerned with the layperson designing personal products and is therefore primarily self-serving. It deals with creating meaningful products by enabling the layperson to personify designs, meaning that the designed product cannot exist without its originator. This research established an understanding of design spaces and toolkits and of the roles the professional designer, layperson, and toolkits play. The implications of lay design concern the role of the professional designer, the way value is created, a shared accountability, and also the way designers are educated regarding the tool-sets, skill-sets, mindset, and knowledge.

A parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) é a principal causa de morte em países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimentos, ocorrendo principalmente em ambientes extra hospitalares. Frente a esse panorama mundial considerado um problema de saúde pública atual, a capacitação de leigos no Suporte Básico de Vida (SBV) com uso da simulação clínica tem papel relevante para a melhoria das taxas de sobrevivência das vítimas de PCR. Estudo com objetivo de avaliar o conhecimento (teórico) e das habilidades (práticas) de leigos antes e após a sua participação no curso de SBV para leigos submetidos a estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem, aula expositivo-dialogada e atividade prática em laboratório de habilidades ou aula simulada no atendimento a PCR/RCP com SBV para leigos. Estudo com delineamento quase experimental, abordagem quantitativa com delineamento tempo-série. A população consistiu dos estudantes do primeiro ao quarto semestre de graduação da Faculdade de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso e a amostra de 104 estudantes que participaram do curso em SBV para leigos em duas etapas. Na etapa I todos os estudantes foram submetidos ao pré teste teórico, à aula expositivo-dialogada seguida de atividade prática em laboratório de habilidades com manequim de média fidelidade e uso do Desfibrilador Externo Automático (DEA), simulação clínica em laboratório utilizando o mesmo manequim e DEA e pós teste teórico imediato. A Etapa II ocorreu de 15 a 20 dias após a primeira e todos os estudantes foram submetidos à simulação clínica em laboratório utilizando o mesmo manequim de média fidelidade e DEA seguido de pós teste teórico mediato. Elaboraram-se os instrumentos de avaliação teórica, cenário de simulação e OSCE - avaliação clínica objetiva e estruturada no cenário de simulação com (checklist), validados em aparência e conteúdo por comitê de juízes. A estratégia de coleta de dados foi o curso de SBV para leigos. Foram avaliados as avaliações teóricas e OSCE (Exame Clínico Objetivo Estruturado) - avaliação clínica estruturada em Laboratório de Simulação, este último empregando como ferramenta o manequim de média-fidelidade e DEA. A atividade foi filmada e analisada por três avaliadores. Analisaram-se os desfechos nas etapas I e II do curso de SBV para leigos: desempenho teórico nos testes teóricos e práticos no OSCE, tempo de execução total e de cada domínio do OSCE e a qualidade das compressões torácicas externas (CTE) quanto a frequencia e profundidade em 120 segundos de reanimação cardiopulmonar (RCP). Resultados: 86 estudantes eram do sexo feminino e 18 do sexo masculino, a idade média 23,32±6,66 anos. No pré-teste a nota média foi de 3,52±2,03, e a mediana 3,0. No pós-teste imediato (pós 1) a nota média foi 8,01±1,19 (mediana 8,0) e no pós teste mediato (pós 2) foi de 7,41±2,68 (mediana 8,5). Comparando-se as médias obtidas no pré-teste, pós 1 e pós 2 há diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,001) com retenção do conhecimento. Comparando as notas do pós 1 e pós 2 teóricos evidenciou diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,019) com perda do conhecimento no pós 2. A média no OSCE na etapa I (pós 1) foi 3,63±0,30 e na etapa II (pós 2) de 3,63±0,31; comparou-se tais notas verificando-se que não há diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,966). O tempo médio de execução do OSCE no pós 1 foi de 156,96±8,16s e no pós 2 foi de 138,68±43,58s, havendo diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,001). O domínio de intervenção do OSCE \"Chegada em Cena\" apresentou média 20,78±6,20s no pós 1 e 16,46±4,56s no pós 2, o domínio \"Checar a responsividade\" média de 6,38±3,48s no pós 1 e 5,13±2,36s no pós 2, o domínio \"Usar o DEA\" média de 77,30±14,45s no pós 1 e 66,80±11,44s no pós 2, todos com diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,001). Avaliando a qualidade das CTE a profundidade média atingida em milímetros (mm) apresentou média de 36,26±9,62 (mediana 35,00) no pós 1 e 39,36±10,96 (mediana 40,00) no pós 2. O nº de CTE média por minuto apresentou média de 116,01±21,72 (mediana 116,00) no pós 1 e 98,94±19,52 (mediana 100,00) no pós 2, o nº total de compressões (CTE) em 120 segundos apresentou média de 227,88±41,81 (mediana 226,00) no pós 1 e 197,31±30,42 (mediana 195,50) no pós 2, o nº de CTE muito superficiais média de 132,20±89,94 (mediana 146,50) no pós 1 e 74,96±75,76 (mediana 53,00) no pós 2, todos com diferenças estatisticamente significante (p<0,001). Já o nº de CTE incompletas apresentou média de 25,09±56,95 (mediana 0,00) no pós 1 e 14,51±35,45 (mediana 0,00) no pós 2 com diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,012). No presente estudo, apesar de diferentes estratégias de ensino abordarem o SBV para leigos, os resultados demonstram que as mesmas foram eficazes e os objetivos de aprendizagem foram alcançados, pois houve incremento nas notas obtidas nos pós-testes e no OSCE tanto na etapa I quanto na etapa II em relação ao conhecimento prévio e habilidades, porém houve perda da retenção de conhecimento e habilidade de 15 a 20 dias após o curso de SBV para leigos o que reforça a necessidade da capacitação permanente / Cardiac arrest is the leading cause of death in developed and developing countries, and mainly occurs in non-hospital environments. With this global scenario, which is considered a present public health problem, training laypeople in Basic Life Support (BLS) with clinical simulation has an important role in improving survival rate of the cardiac arrest victims. This present study aims to evaluate the knowledge (theoretical) and skills (practical) of laypeople before and after the BLS training underwent to teaching and learning strategies, expository and dialogue class and practical activities in skills lab or simulation class in CPR/CPA. This study has an almost experimental, quantitative and time-series approach. The population study is composed of students from the first to fourth semester of Nursing at Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT) and the sample of 104 participants in BLS for laypeople in two steps. In Step 1, all the students had to undergo to the theoretical pretest, expository and dialogue class followed by practical activity in the skills lab with a mid-fidelity manikin and using automated external defibrillator (AED), clinical simulation in the lab using the same manikin and AED and immediate theoretical posttest. Step 2 occurred from the 15th to 20th days after the first one and all the students had to undergo to clinical simulation in the lab using the same mid-fidelity manikin and AED followed by immediate theoretical posttest. It was elaborated theoretical evaluation tools, simulation scenario and OSCE - objective structured clinical examination in the clinical scenario with checklist, validated in aspect and content by a judges committee. The data collection strategy was the BLS for laypeople. It was evaluated the theoretical tests and OSCE (objective structured clinical examination) - clinical examination structured in Simulation Lab, using as tool the mid-fidelity manikin and AED. The activity was filmed and analysed by three evaluators. The outcomes of Step 1 and 2 of BLS for laypeople were analysed: theoretical performance on theoretical and practical tests in OSCE, total execution time, each OSCE realm and the quality of external chest compression (ECC) such as frequency and deepness in 120 seconds of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Outcomes: 86 female and 18 male students, median age 23.32±6.66. Median score in pretest was 3.52±2.03 and the average 3.0. At immediate posttest (post 1) the median was 8.01±1.19 (average = 8.0) and at immediate posttest (post 2) 7.41±2.68 (average = 8.5). Comparing the pretest averages and posttests 1 and 2, there is a statistically significant difference (p<0.001) of knowledge retention. Comparing theoretical posttests 1 and 2 revealed the statistically significant difference (p=0.019) with knowledge loss at posttest 2. Step 1 OSCE average (posttest 1) was 3.63±0.30 and Step 2 (posttest 2) 3.63±0.31; when compared, these scores demonstrated that there is not a statistically significant difference (p=0.966). The OSCE execution time average at posttest 1 was 156,96±8,16 seconds and at posttest 2 138.68±43.58 seconds, which demonstrated statistically significant difference (p<0.001). OSCE intervention realm \"Arrival on the scene\" showed posttest 1 20,78±6,20s and posttest 2 16,46±4,56s averages, the realm \"Check Responsiveness\" had averages of 6,38±3,48s in posttest 1 and 5,13±2,36s in posttest 2, the realm \"Using DEA\" averages of 77,30±14,45s in posttest 1 and posttest 2 of 66,80±11,44s, all of them with statistically significant difference (p<0,001). Evaluating the quality of ECT the reached deepness average in millimeters (mm) resulted 36.26±9.62 (average 35.00) in posttest 1 and 39.36±10.96 (average 40.00) in posttest 2. The number of ECC per minute showed 116.01±21.72 (average 116.00) in posttest 1 and 98.94±19.52 (average 100.00) in posttest 2, the total of compressions (ECC) in 120 seconds showed 227.88±41.81 (average 226.00) and 197.31±30.42 (average 195,50) in posttest 2, the number of surface ECC 132.20±89.94 (average 146.50) and 74.96±75.76 (average 53,00) in posttest 2, all of them with statistically significant difference (p<0,001). In the incomplete ECC showed 25.09±56.95 (average 0,00) in posttest 1 and 14.51±35.45 (average 0,00) in posttest 2 with statistically significant difference (p=0,012). In this present study, besides the different teaching strategies approaches for laypeople, the outcomes demonstrate that they were effective and the learning goals reached, since the posttests had higher scores in previous knowledge and skills of steps 1 and 2 of OSCE. However it showed a loss of knowledge and skills retention in 15 to 20 days after the BLS training for laypeople, what demonstrates the need of permanent training

The thesis concentrates on the topic of laypersons who take part in pastoral activities of Salesians. The relationship of Salesians and laypersons was covered in the 24th general chapter. The first part defines the concepts of Educational Pastoral Community, Salesian Educational Pastoral Project and it concerns with the role of a layperson in them. Then, it concentrates on the salesian family, salesian movement and it introduces the elements that are important for the salesian identity. One part of it is also a view of church documents and chosen theologians on laypersons. The second part concerns with a quantitative research that verifies the conclusions of the 24th general chapter.

A parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) é a principal causa de morte em países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimentos, ocorrendo principalmente em ambientes extra hospitalares. Frente a esse panorama mundial considerado um problema de saúde pública atual, a capacitação de leigos no Suporte Básico de Vida (SBV) com uso da simulação clínica tem papel relevante para a melhoria das taxas de sobrevivência das vítimas de PCR. Estudo com objetivo de avaliar o conhecimento (teórico) e das habilidades (práticas) de leigos antes e após a sua participação no curso de SBV para leigos submetidos a estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem, aula expositivo-dialogada e atividade prática em laboratório de habilidades ou aula simulada no atendimento a PCR/RCP com SBV para leigos. Estudo com delineamento quase experimental, abordagem quantitativa com delineamento tempo-série. A população consistiu dos estudantes do primeiro ao quarto semestre de graduação da Faculdade de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso e a amostra de 104 estudantes que participaram do curso em SBV para leigos em duas etapas. Na etapa I todos os estudantes foram submetidos ao pré teste teórico, à aula expositivo-dialogada seguida de atividade prática em laboratório de habilidades com manequim de média fidelidade e uso do Desfibrilador Externo Automático (DEA), simulação clínica em laboratório utilizando o mesmo manequim e DEA e pós teste teórico imediato. A Etapa II ocorreu de 15 a 20 dias após a primeira e todos os estudantes foram submetidos à simulação clínica em laboratório utilizando o mesmo manequim de média fidelidade e DEA seguido de pós teste teórico mediato. Elaboraram-se os instrumentos de avaliação teórica, cenário de simulação e OSCE - avaliação clínica objetiva e estruturada no cenário de simulação com (checklist), validados em aparência e conteúdo por comitê de juízes. A estratégia de coleta de dados foi o curso de SBV para leigos. Foram avaliados as avaliações teóricas e OSCE (Exame Clínico Objetivo Estruturado) - avaliação clínica estruturada em Laboratório de Simulação, este último empregando como ferramenta o manequim de média-fidelidade e DEA. A atividade foi filmada e analisada por três avaliadores. Analisaram-se os desfechos nas etapas I e II do curso de SBV para leigos: desempenho teórico nos testes teóricos e práticos no OSCE, tempo de execução total e de cada domínio do OSCE e a qualidade das compressões torácicas externas (CTE) quanto a frequencia e profundidade em 120 segundos de reanimação cardiopulmonar (RCP). Resultados: 86 estudantes eram do sexo feminino e 18 do sexo masculino, a idade média 23,32±6,66 anos. No pré-teste a nota média foi de 3,52±2,03, e a mediana 3,0. No pós-teste imediato (pós 1) a nota média foi 8,01±1,19 (mediana 8,0) e no pós teste mediato (pós 2) foi de 7,41±2,68 (mediana 8,5). Comparando-se as médias obtidas no pré-teste, pós 1 e pós 2 há diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,001) com retenção do conhecimento. Comparando as notas do pós 1 e pós 2 teóricos evidenciou diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,019) com perda do conhecimento no pós 2. A média no OSCE na etapa I (pós 1) foi 3,63±0,30 e na etapa II (pós 2) de 3,63±0,31; comparou-se tais notas verificando-se que não há diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,966). O tempo médio de execução do OSCE no pós 1 foi de 156,96±8,16s e no pós 2 foi de 138,68±43,58s, havendo diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,001). O domínio de intervenção do OSCE \"Chegada em Cena\" apresentou média 20,78±6,20s no pós 1 e 16,46±4,56s no pós 2, o domínio \"Checar a responsividade\" média de 6,38±3,48s no pós 1 e 5,13±2,36s no pós 2, o domínio \"Usar o DEA\" média de 77,30±14,45s no pós 1 e 66,80±11,44s no pós 2, todos com diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,001). Avaliando a qualidade das CTE a profundidade média atingida em milímetros (mm) apresentou média de 36,26±9,62 (mediana 35,00) no pós 1 e 39,36±10,96 (mediana 40,00) no pós 2. O nº de CTE média por minuto apresentou média de 116,01±21,72 (mediana 116,00) no pós 1 e 98,94±19,52 (mediana 100,00) no pós 2, o nº total de compressões (CTE) em 120 segundos apresentou média de 227,88±41,81 (mediana 226,00) no pós 1 e 197,31±30,42 (mediana 195,50) no pós 2, o nº de CTE muito superficiais média de 132,20±89,94 (mediana 146,50) no pós 1 e 74,96±75,76 (mediana 53,00) no pós 2, todos com diferenças estatisticamente significante (p<0,001). Já o nº de CTE incompletas apresentou média de 25,09±56,95 (mediana 0,00) no pós 1 e 14,51±35,45 (mediana 0,00) no pós 2 com diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,012). No presente estudo, apesar de diferentes estratégias de ensino abordarem o SBV para leigos, os resultados demonstram que as mesmas foram eficazes e os objetivos de aprendizagem foram alcançados, pois houve incremento nas notas obtidas nos pós-testes e no OSCE tanto na etapa I quanto na etapa II em relação ao conhecimento prévio e habilidades, porém houve perda da retenção de conhecimento e habilidade de 15 a 20 dias após o curso de SBV para leigos o que reforça a necessidade da capacitação permanente / Cardiac arrest is the leading cause of death in developed and developing countries, and mainly occurs in non-hospital environments. With this global scenario, which is considered a present public health problem, training laypeople in Basic Life Support (BLS) with clinical simulation has an important role in improving survival rate of the cardiac arrest victims. This present study aims to evaluate the knowledge (theoretical) and skills (practical) of laypeople before and after the BLS training underwent to teaching and learning strategies, expository and dialogue class and practical activities in skills lab or simulation class in CPR/CPA. This study has an almost experimental, quantitative and time-series approach. The population study is composed of students from the first to fourth semester of Nursing at Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT) and the sample of 104 participants in BLS for laypeople in two steps. In Step 1, all the students had to undergo to the theoretical pretest, expository and dialogue class followed by practical activity in the skills lab with a mid-fidelity manikin and using automated external defibrillator (AED), clinical simulation in the lab using the same manikin and AED and immediate theoretical posttest. Step 2 occurred from the 15th to 20th days after the first one and all the students had to undergo to clinical simulation in the lab using the same mid-fidelity manikin and AED followed by immediate theoretical posttest. It was elaborated theoretical evaluation tools, simulation scenario and OSCE - objective structured clinical examination in the clinical scenario with checklist, validated in aspect and content by a judges committee. The data collection strategy was the BLS for laypeople. It was evaluated the theoretical tests and OSCE (objective structured clinical examination) - clinical examination structured in Simulation Lab, using as tool the mid-fidelity manikin and AED. The activity was filmed and analysed by three evaluators. The outcomes of Step 1 and 2 of BLS for laypeople were analysed: theoretical performance on theoretical and practical tests in OSCE, total execution time, each OSCE realm and the quality of external chest compression (ECC) such as frequency and deepness in 120 seconds of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Outcomes: 86 female and 18 male students, median age 23.32±6.66. Median score in pretest was 3.52±2.03 and the average 3.0. At immediate posttest (post 1) the median was 8.01±1.19 (average = 8.0) and at immediate posttest (post 2) 7.41±2.68 (average = 8.5). Comparing the pretest averages and posttests 1 and 2, there is a statistically significant difference (p<0.001) of knowledge retention. Comparing theoretical posttests 1 and 2 revealed the statistically significant difference (p=0.019) with knowledge loss at posttest 2. Step 1 OSCE average (posttest 1) was 3.63±0.30 and Step 2 (posttest 2) 3.63±0.31; when compared, these scores demonstrated that there is not a statistically significant difference (p=0.966). The OSCE execution time average at posttest 1 was 156,96±8,16 seconds and at posttest 2 138.68±43.58 seconds, which demonstrated statistically significant difference (p<0.001). OSCE intervention realm \"Arrival on the scene\" showed posttest 1 20,78±6,20s and posttest 2 16,46±4,56s averages, the realm \"Check Responsiveness\" had averages of 6,38±3,48s in posttest 1 and 5,13±2,36s in posttest 2, the realm \"Using DEA\" averages of 77,30±14,45s in posttest 1 and posttest 2 of 66,80±11,44s, all of them with statistically significant difference (p<0,001). Evaluating the quality of ECT the reached deepness average in millimeters (mm) resulted 36.26±9.62 (average 35.00) in posttest 1 and 39.36±10.96 (average 40.00) in posttest 2. The number of ECC per minute showed 116.01±21.72 (average 116.00) in posttest 1 and 98.94±19.52 (average 100.00) in posttest 2, the total of compressions (ECC) in 120 seconds showed 227.88±41.81 (average 226.00) and 197.31±30.42 (average 195,50) in posttest 2, the number of surface ECC 132.20±89.94 (average 146.50) and 74.96±75.76 (average 53,00) in posttest 2, all of them with statistically significant difference (p<0,001). In the incomplete ECC showed 25.09±56.95 (average 0,00) in posttest 1 and 14.51±35.45 (average 0,00) in posttest 2 with statistically significant difference (p=0,012). In this present study, besides the different teaching strategies approaches for laypeople, the outcomes demonstrate that they were effective and the learning goals reached, since the posttests had higher scores in previous knowledge and skills of steps 1 and 2 of OSCE. However it showed a loss of knowledge and skills retention in 15 to 20 days after the BLS training for laypeople, what demonstrates the need of permanent training

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I Sverige är socialtjänsten formellt underställd politiken. Denna studies syfte var att undersöka socialtjänstens enhetschefers perspektiv på socialnämndpolitikernas roll och möjlighet att påverka socialtjänstens arbete. Studien hade en kvalitativ ansats och datamaterialet samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem enhetschefer för olika myndighetsutövande enheter inom socialtjänsten. Tematisk analys, rollteori och teori om social makt valdes ut till analysen. Studiens huvudresultat visade att enhetschefer ansåg att socialnämndspolitikerna ska sätta övergripande mål och riktlinjer för socialtjänstens arbete utan att detaljstyra. Tillit till tjänstepersonernas kompetens är viktigt. Politikerna har makten över strukturella beslut som exempelvis budget, medan socialsekreterarna har störst inflytande över individärenden. Enhetscheferna önskade högre budget för att kunna öka antalet anställda. Till skillnad från tidigare forskning visade resultatet i denna studie att tjänstepersonerna oftast är de som står för yrkesetiken. Goda relationer och tätare samarbete beskrevs som gynnsamma faktorer för framtida samarbete vilket är relevant för yrkesutövande att stäva efter. / Swedish social services are formally subordinated to municipal politics. This study’s purpose was to examine the perspective of middle managers in social services regarding the role of social committee politicians and their capacity to influence the work of social services. This qualitative study obtained data through semi-structured interviews with five middle managers. Thematic analysis, role theory and theory of social power were chosen for the analysis. Main results of the study showed that managers expect politicians to set the overall goals and guidelines, but not control in detail. Politicians have power over structural decisions such as budget, while social secretaries exert the greatest influence over individual matters. In contrast to previous research, this study showed that social workers more common than politicians take responsibility for professional ethics. Good relationships and closer cooperation were described as favorable factors for future cooperation, which is relevant for professionals to strive for.