Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1997. / Restricted until June 2000. Bibliography: leaves 230-274.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2006. / [School of Medicine] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2004. / Bibliography: leaves 93-115.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2006. / [School of Medicine] Department of Physiology and Biophysics. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>The demand of healthier products is increasing, and more people are more interested of what they eat. Statistics show that the consumption of snacks is rising.</p><p>Hyperglycemia leads to an increased risk for complications in type II diabetes mellitus. Increased levels of postprandial plasma glucose may also lead to equal or maybe more harmful effects than fasting hyperglycemia. When the levels of postprandial plasma glucose are decreased, the development of cardiovascular complications is delayed, why it is important to lower the snacks consumption especially snacks that brings hunger quickly after they are eaten. Because of these factors, healthier products were developed in this study. The aim was to develop a wafer chocolate product that gives higher satiating effect and healthier blood glucose levels compared to one of Cloetta’s chocolate products. Two raw materials were used, a new carbohydrate and a new fat. The new carbohydrate is a healthier sugar alternative than sucrose, since it leads to lower and prolonged increase in blood glucose and insulin levels. The new fat is based on natural oil that is believed to be healthy, mainly due to its satiating effect. The effects of these two materials on blood glucose response and satiety were examined in two products. Furthermore, the products were made of fat reduced milk chocolate in which sucrose in the chocolate mass was 100 % replaced with the new carbohydrate, dietary fibre and fruit concentrate. Only one of the products contained the new fat. The products, together with Cloetta’s chocolate product were consumed by 17 healthy subjects. Blood glucose response and satiating effect after product intake were examined during a period of 3 days.</p><p>When blood glucose response was analyzed, a slight indication that the products were relatively healthier than placebo, due to placebo’s unhealthy fluctuations, was found. No clear differences regarding blood sugar maxima were found. Placebo showed, as expected, the highest blood glucose maxima and the largest incremental area under curve, but the maxima of the new fat-lacking product was less than half as high as that of the new fatcontaining product and the area was smaller too, which was not expected. The results regarding the hunger levels were not as expected either since the new fat-lacking product was most satiating while the new fatcontaining product was the least satiating. Despite that, 57 % of the subjects reported they would by such products in the future.</p><p>Several biases may have played a role in the results, for example whether or not subjects followed the criteria (e.g. lunch time, exercise), stress, worry, individual energy requirement and how serious and focused the subjects were. However, for further research, increasing the new fat content to 3 g, a bigger sized product, different filling, more subjects and more repeats of same measurements is recommended.</p><p> </p><p> </p> / <p> </p><p><strong><p>SVENSK SAMMANFATTNING</p></strong></p><p>Efterfrågan på hälsosammare produkter ökar, och fler människor blir mer intresserade av vad de äter. Statistik visar att konsumtionen av mellanmål ökar.</p><p>Hyperglykemi leder till en ökad risk för komplikationer i typ II-diabetiker. Ökade nivåer av postprandiell plasmaglukos kan leda till lika eller mer skadliga effekter än fastande hyperglykemi. När nivåerna av postprandiell plasmaglukos är lägre reduceras utvecklingen av kardiovaskulära komplikationer, därför är det viktigt att minska småätandet, speciellt av mellanmål som leder till hunger snart efter att de har ätits. På grund av dessa faktorer har hälsosammare produkter utvecklats i denna studie. Syftet var att utveckla en kexchokladprodukt som har högre mättnadseffekt samt hälsosammare blodsockernivåer jämfört med en av Cloettas chokladprodukter. Två produkter som alternativ till Cloettas chokladprodukter utvecklades. I dessa användes en ny kolhydrat och ett nytt fett. Den nya kolhydraten är ett hälsosammare sockeralternativ än sukros, då den leder till en lägre och förlängd ökning av blodglukos- och insulinnivåer. Det nya fettet är baserat på en naturlig olja som är hälsosam på grund av dess mättande effekt. Effekten av dessa två ämnen undersöktes. Vidare så gjordes de två produkterna av fettreducerad mjölkchoklad i vilken sukros i chokladmassan var 100 % ersatt med den nya kolhydraten, kostfiber samt fruktkoncentrat. endast en av produkterna innehöll det nya fettet. Produkterna, tillsammans med Cloettas chokladprodukt (placebo) konsumerades av 17 friska personer. Blodsockerresponsen och den mättande effekten efter produktintaget undersöktes under 3 timmars period per dag i totalt 3 dagar.</p><p>När blodglukosrespons analyserades hittades en svag indikation på att produkterna var relativt hälsosammare än placebo, på grund av de ohälsosamma fluktuationerna. Inga klara skillnader med avseende på blodsockermaxima hittades. Placebo visade, som väntat, det högsta blodglukosmaximum och den största arean under kurvan, men maximum för produkten utan det nya fettet var mindre än hälften så högt som det för produkten med det nya fettet och även arean under kurvan var mindre, vilket inte var förväntat. De upplevda hungernivåerna var inte heller som förväntat då produkten som saknar det nya fettet mättade flest personer medan produkten innehållande nya fettet mättade minst antal personer. Trots det så kunde 57 % av deltagarna tänka sig köpa sådana produkter i framtiden.</p><p>Flera faktorer kan ha påverkat resultatet, till exempel huruvida försökspersonerna följde kriterierna (t.ex. lunchtid, träning), stress, oro, individuella energibehov samt hur allvarliga och fokuserade personerna var när de angav hungernivåerna. För vidare studier rekommenderas ett högre innehåll av det nya fettet (3 g), en större produkt, annorlunda fruktbaserad fyllning och fler deltagare och flera upprepningar av samma mätningar.</p><p> </p>

The aim of this thesis is to assess the influence of the polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially DHA and EPA in the diet on the animal organism in accordance to the levels of total HDL and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides in plasma. As experimental animals were used rats and they were divided into 3 groups of 10 pieces: control group with the addition of 6 % Carthamus tinctorius (n-6 flares), the group with the addition of 6 % fish oil (n-3: EPA, DHA fish) and the group with 6 % addition of oil from Schizochytrium (n-3: DHA, DHA). After 40 days the animals were putted to death according to relevant regulations. Blood lipids were obtained from blood samples by spectrophotometry. Value of polyunsaturated fatty acids of n-3 and n-6 was set by gas chromatography in the liver, muscle and adipose tissue. In accordance to the increase of content n-3 PUFA in group with fish oil and with oil from Schizochytrium, total and LDL cholesterol was reduced in comparison of samples in control group. In comparison to the control group were TAG reduced only in the group with addition of oil.

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and results from progression of atherosclerosis, which is triggered in part by elevated plasma concentrations of LDL cholesterol. Genome-wide association studies have identified many loci that are associated with circulating lipid levels and bioinformatics tools have been implemented to prioritize positional candidate genes. This project aims to better understand the genetics underlying the regulation of plasma LDL levels and their effect of atherosclerosis using a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model system. A multiplex line with the genes abcg5, abcg8, myrf, col4a3bpa, col4a3bpb, st3gal3, ywhaqa and ywhaqb targeted by CRISPR/Cas9 technique was established using zebrafish with fluorescently labeled macrophages (Tg[mpeg1:mCherry]) and neutrophils (Tg[mpo:EGFP]). Monodansylpentane cadaverase was used to visualize lipids droplets, together with macrophages and neutrophils, in 384 overfed larvae, allowing the visualization and quantification of vascular atherogenic traits at 10 days post-fertilization. Euthanized larvae were homogenized for the quantification of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, glucose and protein levels. DNA was extracted and larvae were paired-end sequenced for the CRISPR-targeted sites. Linear regression analysis to compare the wild-type larvae against homozygous mutants and additive models for orthologous genes were performed. The lower accumulation of lipids and the lower co-localization of macrophages and neutrophils in the vasculature suggested that the larvae with mutations in the gene abcg5, abcg8, col4a3bpb, and ywhaqb resulted in larvae more protected against atherosclerotic phenotype. The study suggested that loss of function of the targeted genes was associated with atherogenic traits, helping to understand the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Obesity is a systemic low grade inflammation, that is associated to the increased production of proinflammatory molecules by adipose tissue. Besides, the adiposity elevated induces cellular apoptosis and release of a large amounts of free fatty acids from disrupted adipocyte. These molecules tend to accumulate in the liver and other body tissues like skeletal muscles causing a phenomenon known as lipotoxicity. Evidence suggests that in addition to fatty acids there are other molecules that could have a severe effect lipotoxicity. This is the case of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). The IL-1β is a major inflammatory cytokines in immunity system. Studies suggest that its continued production may act by reducing the glucose influx, and induces the free radicals production contributing to the maintenance of a state of oxidative stress. For this reason, some authors have suggested that IL-1β would be a molecule glicolipotóxic. In humans the expression of IL-1B is under strong genetic control. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of C to T at nucleotide position +3953 of the IL-1B gene appears to be functional because it has been associated with increased production of IL-1β in vivo. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the association between the polymorphism +3953 IL-1B gene with obesity, the influence on glycemic control, lipid and oxidized LDL molecule (oxLDL). For this, two studies were performed. The first was a case-control study with 880 Caucasian individuals, classified to obesity (non-obese = 283, overweight = 334, obese = 263), age between 18-92 years, and genotyped to IL-1B +3953 polymorphism. It was measured the bioanthropometric variables (DBP, SBP, IBM, height, weight, waist circumference) and serum parameters of blood glucose, lipid profile. In the second study, we included 225 subjects genotyped previously and measured the oxLDL serum levels, besides bioanthropometric and lipid profile measures. In both studies the volunteers did not smoke and had no cardiovascular disease or chronic degenerative diseases that could affect results. The IL-1B polymorphism genotypes were determined by PCR-RFLP and biochemical parameters by spectrophotometry. The first study results showed that the C allele (CC and CT) had a higher frequency in the group of obese and overweight when compared to the non obese group. The odds ratio showed 1.340 (95% CI: 1.119-1.605) times more chance of the obese group being CC carriers compared to non-obese group independent of gender and age. The second study showed that TT genotype carriers presented lower levels of oxLDL than patients with other genotypes. However no significant influence was observed of this polymorphism in blood glucose levels. Multivariate analysis showed that this result is independent of sex, age, obesity and hypertension. Thus, these results support the hypothesis that IL-1β is a molecule indeed obesogenic and lipotoxicity as previously suggested from animal models studies. Key-word: obesity. Interleukin-1beta. Oxidized-LDL / A obesidade é um inflamação sistêmica de baixo grau associado a elevada liberação de moléculas pró-inflamatórias pelo tecido adiposo. O aumento da adiposidade resulta em necrose tecidual e liberação de ácidos graxos, a partir dos adipócitos, que tendem a se acumular em outros tecidos corporais causando um fenômeno conhecido como lipotoxicidade. A IL-1β é uma das principais citocinas pró-inflamatórias do sistema imune, e a sua produção continuada pode agir diminuindo o influxo da glicose para dentro da célula, e induzir a produção de radicais livres contribuindo para a manutenção de um estado de estresse oxidativo. Por este motivo, alguns autores sugeriram que a IL- 1β seria uma molécula glicolipotóxica. Nos seres humanos a IL-1β possui um polimorfismo +3953 do gene da IL-1B parece ser funcional pois tem sido associado a variações na produção da IL-1β in vivo. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi o de analisar a associação entre o polimorfismo +3953 do gene da IL-1B com a obesidade, a influencia nos níveis glicêmicos, lipídicos e da molécula de LDL- oxidado (LDL-ox). Para isso, foram realizados dois estudos. O primeiro foi um estudo caso-controle com 880 indivíduos Caucasianos classificados para obesidade (não obesos= 283, sobrepeso=334, obesos= 263), com idade entre 18 e 92 anos, genotipados para IL-1B +3953 determinados por PCR-RFLP. As variáveis PAD, PAS, circunferência abdominal, IMC, altura, peso, bem como o perfil glicêmico e lipídico foram medidos. No segundo estudo foram selecionados 225 indivíduos, previamente genotipados para IL-1B +3953, e medido os níveis séricos de LDL-ox, além das medidas bioantropométricas e perfil glicêmico e lipídico. Em ambos os estudos os voluntários não fumavam e não apresentavam doenças cardiovasculares ou crônico-degenerativas que pudessem interferir nos resultados. Os resultados, do primeiro estudo, mostraram que o alelo C (CT CC) apresentou uma frequência maior no grupo dos obesos e sobrepeso quando comparado ao grupo dos não obesos. A chance dos indivíduos obesos de serem portadores do genótipo CC foi de 1,34 (IC 95%, 1,119- 1,605). Estes resultados foram independente do gênero e idade. O segundo estudo mostrou que indivíduos com o genótipo CC e CT apresentaram níveis mais elevados de LDL-ox do que os portadores do genótipo TT. A análise multivariada mostrou que este resultado é independente do gênero, idade e obesidade. Entretanto, em ambos os estudos, não foi observada influência deste polimorfismo nos níveis glicêmicos. Assim, podemos concluir que a IL-1β é uma molécula, com efeito obesogênico e lipotóxico, corroborando estudos prévios em modelos animais.