This thesis project solve problematic of thermal proces in lead-acid batteries. There are decribed history of lead – acid batteries, distributions of batteries, overview of construction lead – acid batteries and VRLA batteries and is decribed thermal runaway proces and basic termal process. They are listed here practical results and the measurements is concluded.

Lead-acid battery serves as the primary power source for vehicles. The total lifetime is determined by the parameters identified in the production, but also handling the operation and maintenance. This work deals with the effect of additives in the electrolyte added before and after the formation of cells lead-acid battery. The work deals with the influence of these additives during cyclic mode.

This master's thesis deals with the issue of lead-acid batteries, their charging methods and issue of thermal processes in lead-acid batteries. The thesis is divided into three main parts. The first section describes the theoretical knowledge of lead-acid batteries, such as history of lead-acid battery, structure, principle of operation, methods of charging and thermal processes taking place in the lead-acid battery. The second part describes in detail the production of experimental electrodes. The last section describes the automatic data logger for measuring and experiments, which were focused on pulse charging method with variable duty cycle pulses.

The thrive to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 7 is never been easy, and numbers are still showing that Sub-Saharan Africa is lagging in access to electricity index. Most of the energy poor communities residing in the rural part of the region, this by itself is a conundrum with multifaceted implications. The high capital expenditure for renewable energy technologies, the low paying ability of the society in Sub-Saharan Africa, the unavailability of anchor customer’s and so on needs new means of approaching the access problem. This study aims to enlighten policy makers on promoting energy as input to production than merely focusing on the access issue. In the report, a renewable mini-grid powering a local economic activity of a remote agrarian village in Ethiopia is discussed. Through a simulation study using PVsyst and Homer Pro tools, a yearly optimized PV diesel hybrid system with rounded up lowest LCOE of $0.17/kWh is obtained for the village in the case study. The LCOE of the mini-grid with lead acid battery and Li-ion battery is also studied at a yearly average operating temperature range of 10 to 40 ℃. The simulation-based study demonstrated that mini-grid systems with lead acid and Li-ion battery have fairly comparable LCOE between 10 to 20 ℃, however the Li-ion battery results in a lower LCOE for operating temperature beyond 25 ℃. The study has shown that mini-grids with productive energy can be cost effective option for powering areas where the grid-connection is cost and time intensive to address the energy poverty issue by 2030 or after.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第21879号 / エネ博第380号 / 新制||エネ||74(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー基礎科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 高井 茂臣, 教授 萩原 理加, 教授 佐川 尚 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Lead-acid batteries today are commonly used in the automotive industry with a considerable span of purposes, yet historically, a primary purpose of cranking the engine at ignition which does demand a high current drainage from a battery. These high drainages later result in a health implication which can be hard to detect without the proper tools and this thesis focuses on the development of those tools.To insure the health of a battery turns out to be a handy feature for most drivers today and early signs of deterioration may even warn a user in advance of damage or failure to insure that proper care is taken with a goal to extend every battery’s lifespan.The results of this thesis demonstrates great accuracy for the tools necessary for an accurate health estimation yet lacks extensive testing data to clearly verify an actual health estimation. Where the chapter of Further Work includes specific tests, error corrections and examples of how to achieve even greater accuracies. / Blybatterier används idag vanligen inom bilindustrin för ett stort antal ändamål, men historiskt sett har det ett primärt syfte att driva startmotorn vid tändning, vilket kräver en hög ström brukas från batteriet. Dessa höga strömmar resulterar senare i en hälsopåverkan som kan vara svår att upptäcka utan de korrekta verktygen och denna avhandling fokuserar på utvecklingen av just dessa verktyg.Att fastställa batteriets hälsa är en användbar tillgång för de flesta förare idag och tidiga tecken på försämring kan till och med varna en användare i förväg om nära förestående skador och således försäkra sig om att lämpliga åtgärder vidtas, med ett mål att förlänga alla batteriernas livslängd.Resultaten av denna avhandling visar en stor noggrannhet för de verktyg som behövs för en exakt hälsoestimering men saknar omfattande testdata för att tydligt verifiera denna estimering. I kapitlet “Further Work” ingår specifika tester, felkorrigeringar och exempel på hur man uppnår en ännu större noggrannhet.

The balance of the supply of renewable energy sources with electricity demand will become increasingly difficult with further penetration of renewable energy sources. Traditionally, large stationary batteries have been used to store renewable energy in excess of electricity demand and dispatch the stored energy to meet future electricity demand. Cool thermal energy storage is a feasible renewable energy balancing solution that has economic and environmental advantages over utility scale stationary lead-acid batteries. Two technologies, ice harvesters and internal-melt ice-on-coil cool thermal energy storage, have the capability to store excess renewable energy and use the energy to displace electricity used for building cooling systems. When implemented by a utility, cool thermal energy storage can replace large utility scale batteries for renewable energy balancing in utility regions with high renewable energy penetration. The California Independent System Operator (CAISO) region and the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) are utility regions with large solar and wind resources, respectively, that can benefit from installation of cool thermal energy storage systems for renewable energy balancing. With proper scheduling of energy dispatched from cool thermal energy storage, these technologies can be effective in displacing peak power capacity for the region, in displacing traditional building cooling equipment, and in recovering renewable energy that would otherwise be curtailed. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T15:14:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Carolina_ Moreno.pdf: 1431859 bytes, checksum: 0d4aa5c4361adead46314fbf8e1b8619 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / Electricity is one of the main raw materials used in poultry production and it is central to operate and maintain the poultry farms in operation. An aviary requires electricity to supply the various motors and electrical devices that are part of the lighting systems, exhausting, heating, food, among others. Aiming to provide incentives for poultry producers, specifically in the state of Paraná, in 2007, the Poultry Night Program was implemented, in which the government grants discounts in electricity tariff for poultry farmers at night. In this work it was proposed different energy storage systems by using lead-acid batteries and nickel chloride and sodium batteries for supplying loads of four poultry located in the city of Francisco Alves, PR, over a year. For this, it was studied the feasibility of using energy storage systems with battery bank in the higher tariff period and charging the battery bank in the reduced tariff period, comprising of 9:30 PM to 6:00AM (next day). For this project, the two storage systems proved to be uneconomical, since the initial investments by the battery banks are very high compared with the costs avoided with electricity through the use of these systems. KEYWORDS: energy / A energia elétrica é um dos principais insumos utilizados na produção avícola, sendo fundamental para operar e manter os aviários de frango de corte em funcionamento. Um aviário necessita de energia elétrica para alimentar os diversos motores e dispositivos elétricos que compõem os sistemas de iluminação, exaustão, aquecimento, alimentação, entre outros. Visando dar incentivo aos produtores de frangos de corte, especificamente no estado do Paraná, em 2007, foi implantado o Programa Avicultura Noturna, no qual o governo concede descontos na tarifa de energia elétrica para avicultores no período noturno. Neste trabalho foram propostos diferentes sistemas de armazenamento de energia através da utilização de baterias de chumbo-ácido e baterias de cloreto de níquel e sódio para alimentar o conjunto de cargas de quatro aviários situados no município de Francisco Alves-PR, ao longo de um ano de alojamento de aves. Para isto foi estudada a viabilidade de utilização dos sistemas de armazenamento de energia através de banco de baterias no período de tarifa mais elevada e carregamento do banco de baterias no período de tarifa reduzida, que compreende das 21h 30 min às 6 horas (dia seguinte). Para este projeto, os dois sistemas de armazenamento propostos se mostraram inviáveis economicamente, uma vez que o investimento inicial dos bancos de baterias são muito elevados se comparados com os gastos evitados com energia elétrica através do uso destes sistemas.

[pt] Este trabalho visa a analisar criticamente os procedimentos disponíveis para ensaios de baterias e sugerir modificações que os aperfeiçoem no âmbito do Programa Brasileiro de Etiquetagem (PBE), de modo a fornecer elementos que permitam avaliar o desempenho de Sistemas Fotovoltaicos para geração de energia elétrica em uma gama variada de situações. Para cada um dos procedimentos avaliados utilizou-se uma bateria com características elétricas semelhantes, porém, de fabricantes diferentes. Os resultados foram posteriormente processados utilizando-se o programa MATLAB. Com base na incerteza de medição estimada da capacidade da bateria, foram estabelecidos critérios para qualificação e aceitação do seu desempenho.Como ponto crítico dos ensaios, foi observado que a temperatura de teste e o nível de tensão de carga devem ser cuidadosamente estabelecidos para que os resultados sejam representativos do desempenho da bateria. Foi concluído que a temperatura e a corrente de descarga são as variáveis de maior influência na medição da capacidade da bateria, e que a eficácia dos critérios para qualificação e aceitação do desempenho da bateria fica comprometida sem a utilização de sua incerteza de medição. / [en] The purpose of this work is to critically analyze the available procedures to test batteries and to suggest modifications that improve them in the context of the Brazilian Labeling Program (PBE), in order to provide elements to evaluate the performance of Photovoltaic Systems for electric energy generation under different operating conditions. Different types of batteries were used for each of the two testing procedures, from different manufactures. The results were processed using a MATLAB software. The uncertainty of measurement of the measured battery load was used to establish a criterium for qualifications and acceptance of its performance. As a critical point, it is observed that test temperature was a key factor and must be carefully taken into account so that the results be representative of the battery performance. Finally it was concluded that temperature and the discharge current have a larger contribution to measuring its load, and that the qualification and acceptance criterium is not complete if the uncertainty of measurement is not taken into account.

Used lead-acid batteries are the main raw material in secondary lead production. Technologicalprogress in the car industry, have raised concerns regarding the lead-acid battery’s leading positionas electrochemical storage system in the future. However, the lead-acid battery industry isadvancing with innovations, such as hybrid and micro-hybrid vehicles, and is believed to have acontinued important role in the rechargeable battery market. Lead is one of the most investigatedmetal due to concerns from society regarding the negative effect on human health and theenvironment. Consequently, that has led to tighter controls and regulations of the lead processingindustry which, in turn, has led to technological improvement concerning design and operation ofthe lead processing plants. Used lead-acid batteries have a complex composition with a variety ofcomponents made of lead (i.e., metallic, oxide or sulphate) and non-lead materials (plastics andelectrolyte). Traditionally, battery recycling is done without separating those components.However, to optimise the use of resources and decrease the environmental impact of secondarylead production, a pre-treatment step to the batteries recycling is desired. The pre-treatment iscomprised of breaking the batteries and separation of the battery components. The aim of the present thesis, was to study the components of a used lead-acid battery, which willbe the outgoing material of a future plastic separation plant at Boliden Bergsöe, and their effect onthe process. Furthermore, the study aimed at investigating the possibilities to adjust the feedcomposition for further process optimisation and improvement of the process quality in terms ofenergy usages and environmental impact. This was done by characterise, through qualitative andquantitative composition and mass distribution, the fractions in a used lead-acid car battery. Four lead-acid car batteries were provided for dismantling to study mass distribution, and toliberate the components for further analysis. The analytical techniques used in this study werequalitative and quantitative (Rietveld) XRD analysis, SEM-EDS and TGA. The result showed thatoverestimated amount of battery separators (PE) has been used at production planning in energyandemission calculations, which can cause financial losses due to overpaid emission tax. The pastefraction showed a large variation in mass between the studied batteries and consists mostly ofPbSO4. Large variation in the paste mass may cause uneven sulphur emission from smelter.Consequently, this reinforces the need for implementation of the separation of the battery feed fora better control of the paste addition to the smelter. When PE decomposes in the shaft furnace the remaining ash will mainly consist of silica, whichwill affect the sulphur uptake in the shaft furnace. The large content of silica leads to a lower energycontribution to the process; however, a lower content of hydrocarbons leads to lower CO2emissions. If a desulphurisation of the pastes would be implemented, it is believed to affect theprocess through a decreased need of coke and iron. A reduced usage of coke and iron would lowerthe production costs and lead to decreased CO2 emissions. A desulphurisation will also decreasethe lead sulphate content in the feed, thus lead to better control of the sulphur emissions. This study provides additional support and further insight into composition and mass distributionof the components in a lead-acid battery. Furthermore, the study indicates possible impact of thefuture separation on the new feed properties and on the subsequent processing.